INTRODUCTION

The Bernard Papers is a comprehensive selection of the correspondence and other papers of Sir Francis Bernard (1712-79), governor of colonial Massachusetts between 1760 and 1769. This volume is the first of a projected three volumes of edited transcripts concerning his administration in Massachusetts and will be followed by a calendar of documents covering his life and career. The project aims to address a lacuna in published documentary resources pertaining to Massachusetts on the eve of the American Revolution.1 The erratic publication of colonial records may not have appreciably hindered scholarship on this period yet comparative studies of colonial government during the imperial crisis remain logistically awkward and very expensive for scholars conducting transatlantic research. Massachusetts is a case in point: the province’s legislative proceedings are available in series, but the vast majority of manuscripts generated by the provincial executive are not, including the governors’ official correspondence.

Bernard’s papers, which are held by repositories in both Great Britain and the United States, are a fecund resource, for his administration coincided with the onset of sustained opposition to British colonial policies. While much of Bernard’s time was taken up by routine governmental matters rarely is the historical record he bequeathed ever mundane. His correspondence discusses, inter alia, the dissipation of the good feelings in Massachusetts that heralded victory over the French in 1763, long-running disputes with the provincial legislature over Crown requisitions, and the emergence of colonial radicalism in 1765. Bernard’s letters home were a major source of information for British policymakers, particularly with regard to the decision to send regular soldiers to Boston in 1768 to quell riots and protests.2 While historians have rarely failed to read Bernard’s letters uncritically, often they have worked with a limited range of materials: his unpublished letterbooks mainly (these are described below), some contemporary editions of official letters,3 and a reliable edition of his private correspondence with Lord Barrington.4 These account for a fraction of the available sources.

The project has collected, catalogued, and imaged facsimiles of more than four thousand source texts. To date, items authored or authorized by Bernard include over five hundred holographs; over thirteen hundred scribal copies of letters; and over four hundred and fifty printed versions of letters, speeches, and other official documents bearing his signature; there are also references to over four hundred non-extant letters. The largest single archival collection is the Bernard Papers in Sparks MS 4 at Houghton Library, Harvard University. The thirteen bound volumes contain over 1,680 documents: there are eight letterbooks of copies of private and official correspondence (vols. 1-8) that were largely maintained by clerks; three volumes of original in-letters and occasional autograph drafts (vols. 9-12), and one volume of royal instructions (vol. 13).5

The legibility of Bernard’s letterbooks and their accessibility to New England-based scholars likely dissuaded anyone from editing the governor’s official correspondence. Bernard’s original letters to British ministers and officials are in the National Archives: Public Record Office, the main repository for British state papers. The Colonial Office Records (CO 5) and the War Office Records (WO 34) contain nearly six hundred unpublished letters and manuscripts, none of which are included in the only major serial of British state papers of the American Revolution.6 The documents in CO 5 and WO 34 are well-preserved; while some pieces, such as CO 5/755, are torn at the edges, all are largely intact and in the same order as they were in the eighteenth century. In contrast, the Massachusetts Archives Collection in the State Archives (SC1-45x) was reorganized by subject in the nineteenth century. This particular collection, spread over 328 volumes, contains hundreds of official documents generated by Bernard’s administration, including some correspondence; many are fragile and the microfilm copies are difficult to read.7 Bernard’s papers can also be found elsewhere—in the Massachusetts Historical Society and in English local archives, particularly the Centre for Buckingham Studies and the Lincolnshire Archives; and among the papers of correspondents like Thomas Hutchinson8 or third parties, including British ministers, who received copies of his letters.9

It is not practical or feasible to publish transcripts of all of Bernard’s correspondence, and in selecting items for publication priority has been given to his official letters dealing with colonial government and imperial administration. Most of Bernard’s 175 correspondents were acting in an official or semi-official capacity, but precedence has been accorded his communications with the Board of Trade, the secretary of state, and the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America. Throughout, I have tried to present Bernard’s correspondence as a dialogue. The volume of correspondence between Bernard and General Amherst, however, necessitated a further round of pruning; items that have not been transcribed, Amherst’s out-letters in the main, are occasionally quoted in the source notes and endnotes. The transcripts published here deal mainly with government affairs, but passages wherein Bernard discusses family or personal affairs have not been excised for they are integral to the dialogue. Some previously published material, and maps and enclosures to which Bernard refers in his letters, are included in this and later volumes, but legislative proceedings, warrants, certificates, accounts, proclamations, and record book entries have been omitted. All transcripts have been allocated a number in bold. The source notes and endnotes contain cross-references to transcripts together with references to and occasional extracts from unpublished letters. There is also a back-of-book list to this volume of all extant outgoing and incoming correspondence pertinent to the first three years of his administration in Massachusetts (Appendix 3).

Francis Bernard was born in the parish of Brightwell, Berkshire, in June or July 1712, the only child of the rector, the Rev. Francis Bernard, and his much younger wife, Margery Winlowe of Lewknor, the daughter of an Oxfordshire squire. Francis’s childhood was punctured by tragedy: his father died before he was three years old, and shortly thereafter his mother, Margery, married the incoming rector, the Rev. Anthony Alsop, a noted Latin scholar and Tory; tragically she succumbed to the smallpox just three years later. The trauma and the disruption young Francis indubitably endured were alleviated by Alsop’s attentiveness and the ministrations of Francis’s maternal aunt Sarah Terry and her husband, Moses, a lawyer, who raised him at their home in the ancient market town of Lincoln.

Bernard’s prospects were not impressive, however. The Rev. Bernard possessed modest estates, which he had acquired upon marriage, that were already mortgaged by his wife Margery; all he could leave his son, Francis, was an annuity of £30, £50 on his sixteenth birthday, and the small rents of Margery’s estates. Alsop did not add to his stepson’s income, though he certainly fostered his education and entry both to Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford.10 Francis Bernard duly sought a profession, as did many other sons of impecunious clerics. Instead of entering the church, however, he studied law at the Middle Temple and was admitted to the bar in 1737. He came to embody the nascent professionalism and acquisitiveness of England’s growing band of skilled lawyers. He obtained several middle-ranking offices in the Church of England and local government, where he exercised his talents as an accountant, a procurator, and a judge.11 While Bernard fully embraced the patronage of the local Whig elites, on which his advancement rested, his economic dependency likely strengthened feelings of insecurity.

A propitious marriage, however, brought domestic contentment and stability, and in due course opportunities for advancement beyond local administration. In December 1741, Bernard married Amelia Offley, the daughter of Stephen Offley, the squire of Norton Hall near Sheffield and the high sheriff of Derbyshire. Francis’s marriage to Amelia did not bring him any property,12 but instead ten healthy children and valuable political connections to the Shute Barringtons through Stephen Offely’s second wife, Ann Shute. As far as can be ascertained, Francis and Amelia had a loving and close relationship. They were rarely apart for more than two weeks at a time during their thirty-seven years of marriage, and consequently there is no surviving correspondence between them.13 Nor do the Bernard family papers and estate papers proffer much material of relevance to Bernard’s personal life: Bernard is rarely mentioned by his children in the Spencer Bernard Papers (D/SB) at the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies. The family home, Nether Winchendon House, Bucks., has several portraits of family members, some of which have been reproduced.14

Francis Bernard, c.1741. This portrait was probably commissioned soon after his marriage to Amelia Offley. By permission of Robert Spencer Bernard. Photograph by Charles Crisp, A.B.I.P.P.

Amelia Bernard, c.1741. By permission of Robert Spencer Bernard. Photograph by Charles Crisp, A.B.I.P.P.

By the mid-1750s—when Bernard was in his mid-forties with a large and growing family to support—his career aspirations were contingent upon the patronage of his wife’s cousin William Wildman Barrington, the second viscount Barrington.15 The Barrington-Bernard Correspondence16 is a fount of information about family affairs and their patron-client relationship. Barrington provided Bernard with a conduit into the decision-making process in London, albeit one that the reality of British high politics determined would be opened and closed on a minister’s whim. Through his connection with Prime Minister Thomas Pelham Holles, the duke of Newcastle, Barrington was able to obtain for Bernard the governorship of New Jersey. Bernard was appointed governor on 27 Jan. 1758, and he, his wife, and four of their children arrived at Perth Amboy in April.17 For the most part, New Jersey was an enjoyable experience for the family, and Bernard’s administration was generally successful in as much as it was characterized by an absence of bitter disputes between himself and the colonists or their assembly.18 Bernard often mused that his prospects would be better in another colony, and news that he was to be offered Massachusetts after just eighteen months in post was a welcome surprise.

As Lord Barrington put it, the death of the governor of Jamaica occasioned a “general promotion” of the American governors (No. 4). Bernard was to replace his erstwhile Lincolnshire neighbor, Thomas Pownall, who was generally regarded as having had a very successful administration in the Bay colony.19 On 27 Nov. 1759, the Privy Council approved the Board of Trade’s draft commission for Bernard together with warrants requiring the king’s signature for issuing a patent with the royal seal.20 Two sets of instructions were normally issued to colonial governors: the first outlined his duties and responsibilities under the commission generally, while the other made detailed references to the trade laws. Bernard’s instructions were considered by the Privy Council on 16 Jan.1760, and signed and dated on 18 Mar. (Appendices 1 and 2).21

As might be expected, Bernard and his family’s readjustment to their new life figures prominently in his correspondence. Bernard regretted having to leave the tranquility and fine climate of Perth Amboy (No. 5), and supposed that one day he might retire there. After a first extremely cold winter in Boston, the Bernards enjoyed summers spent in the refurbished apartments at the newly-rebuilt Castle William out in the harbor, where the children had more freedom to roam, but where Bernard had a “narrow escape” in some unspecified incident (No. 89). When the General Court granted Bernard Mount Desert Island (No. 91) off the coast of Maine, in February 1762, he saw it as an opportunity to develop an American estate and permanent residence. Even so, he was careful not to lose touch with influential old friends such as Thomas Pownall (No. 67), Bishop William Warburton (No. 50), and the lawyer Randle Wilbraham (Nos. 30 and 106), whose assistance he might require if and when he returned to England. Bernard freely discussed his aspirations in his letters to Barrington (No. 9 etc), but also—surprisingly—in those to British acquaintances such as William Bollan (No. 22) and Richard Jackson (Nos. 167, 206, 220, and 228). For sure, Barrington, Bollan, Jackson, and the Pownalls were, to varying degrees, potential champions of Bernard’s interests, but the candor that typified his correspondence may have stemmed from anxiety: that the goodwill of others was dependent upon them receiving detailed and regular reports. In the fullness of time, however, Bollan and Thomas Pownall, with good reason, turned against Bernard, and John Pownall—perhaps his most loyal friend—lectured him on political realities; even Barrington’s letters, dispatched from his fashionable home in Cavendish Square, London, often proved disappointing.

Frequently, Bernard’s ruminations disclose a gloomy disposition, probably because Massachusetts was failing to yield what he had hoped. With an annual salary of £1,500, payable by provincial grant, and the governor’s entitlement to a one-third share of prosecutions and fees, Bernard had supposed that he might be able to recoup some of the expenses he had incurred in acquiring his two commissions under George II. Unfortunately, the king’s death on 25 Oct.1760 and the succession of George III entailed a further round of costs for a third commission that virtually wiped out his personal savings; a request for reimbursement was refused (Nos. 22, 24, and 34). Sources of income other than his provincial salary were hard to come by. The pursuit of smugglers, some of whom were well-to-do merchants, exposed the governor to accusations of avarice, while his share of seizures was jeopardized by the commissions to apprehend smugglers given Royal Navy officers on vessels cruising American waters (Nos. 255 and 257).

While Bernard fretted over the family finances he also worried about the three children who had remained in England (albeit in the capable hands of the Terrys and his cousin Jane Beresford). Bernard’s efforts to compensate for being an absent father were clumsy; attentive though he was to settling his sons’ career paths, the boys probably thought their father’s endeavors overbearing regardless how much they benefited. Bernard labored to reserve the Massachusetts Naval Office for his sons (Nos. 32, 34, 65, 82, and 166) and insisted that they join him in Boston. John was placed with a Boston merchant, where he learned the inner workings of the counting house, before opening his own business in the town (Nos. 34 and 89). Bernard also thought that Francis Jr. (or Frank) should be “settled in business” after Oxford University, but the “interview” they had in Boston opened a rift between them: Frank ignored his father’s pleas to settle on a profession and took off for Philadelphia, from whence he ventured to the back country of Pennsylvania and Virginia (see Nos. 168, 246, and 250).

As royal governor, Bernard was both the province’s chief executive and the king’s representative, for which the extant documentation is extensive and comprehensive in its coverage. As chief executive, the governor was part of the General Court, along with the House of Representatives and the Council. He addressed in person and sent messages to the assembly of the House and Council during legislative sessions, and presided over the executive meetings of the Governor’s Council; he approved legislation, issued warrants and certificates, received petitions, and generally functioned as the head of a limited executive.22 Province secretary Andrew Oliver23 routinely forwarded state papers, including accounts and legislative proceedings, to the secretary of the Board of Trade, John Pownall,24 upon which Bernard commented in his own letters (Nos. 98, 109, 114, and 123) and to which the Board responded (Nos. 43 and 87). The province secretary was also responsible for maintaining regular correspondence with the province agent, although Bernard frequently wrote to agents William Bollan25 and Richard Jackson,26 but rarely to Jasper Mauduit,27 whom he regarded as a tool of his critics in the assembly (Nos. 105 and 191).

The Massachusetts royal governor was the king’s captain general and vice admiral and exercised by proxy Crown prerogatives in imperial administration. He was accountable in the first instance to the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, known as the Board of Trade, from whom royal governors received an initial set of instructions supplemented by directives and occasional circulars from the secretary of state. The Board, established in 1696, had considerable influence on colonial policymaking, but never possessed full executive power and remained, strictly speaking, an advisory body to the secretary of state. It was the secretary of state for the Southern Department who was ultimately responsible for the execution of colonial policy, until the creation of the American Department in 1768.28 Bernard was obliged to communicate regularly with the Board of Trade, reserving to the secretary of state only those matters requiring his “immediate direction” (No. 214n2).29 (In 1766, however, in the wake of the Stamp Act crisis, the secretary of state assumed direct control of all channels of communication with the governors, who henceforth merely copied letters to the Board.30) In short, Bernard was expected to provide ministers and officials in London with regular and relevant reports on the state of the province and to ensure that all royal commissions were being obeyed.

There were three British administrations between 1759 and 1763: the Pitt-Newcastle ministry (29 Jun. 1757–26 May 1762),31 which led Britain to victory over France in the Seven Years War, the short-lived Bute ministry (27 May 1762–9 Apr. 1763),32 which negotiated the peace treaty; and the Grenville ministry (16 Apr. 1763–10 Jul. 1765),33 which instituted the reforms that would spark opposition in the American colonies. Bernard’s correspondence touches upon these and other major issues. His letters to secretaries of state William Pitt and the earl of Egremont,34 though formal in style, were never formulaic, and written with considerable confidence. Bernard was not shy to ask favors of Pitt for his sons (No. 66). His early declamation that Massachusetts merchants were not trading with the enemy proved an embarrassing mistake, however (No. 18); a desire to make amends could account for the zeal with which in subsequent letters to Pitt (No. 75) and Egremont (No. 240) he promised to enforce the trade laws. Bernard’s relationship with the earl of Halifax, one of the most influential British colonial policymakers,35 is not in itself of singular significance in this volume, but it laid the foundations for the transmission in 1764 of controversial ideas on the reform of colonial government and imperial administration.

More important at this juncture was Bernard’s correspondence with John Pownall, of which there are thirty-two letters in this volume. Bernard wrote candidly to a knowledgeable and respected friend, and trusted Pownall’s judgment implicitly. Pownall referred Bernard’s letters and enclosures to Board meetings, where occasionally the details were discussed, as when provincial legislation raised points of law requiring advice from Sir Matthew Lamb, K.C.36 Legally contentious items or letters raising policy issues were decided by the Privy Council,37 such as when Bernard requested confirmation of provincial land grants (Nos. 177 and 248, and below).

Bernard’s sanguine expectations for his new posting in part derived from his determination to make a name for himself as a conciliating governor above partisan politics (Nos. 118, 122, and 123). The roots of Bernard’s nonpartisanship lie in English politics, where the Pitt-Newcastle ministry had embarked on a “broad bottom” and the young George III embraced “Britons” without the distinction of party labels. Inevitably, however, Bernard’s emulatory agenda was compromised by the exigencies of wartime and the practicalities of provincial politics. While Bernard was often later criticized for lacking guile and acumen, he was no stranger to political management and intrigue.

In the coming years, Bernard benefited from the advice of Thomas Hutchinson, his long-serving deputy and eventual successor. Unfortunately, he never did explain why he promised Hutchinson the chief justice’s office (No. 19), thereby alienating the Otis family, but the appointment indubitably ensured Hutchinson’s loyalty. There is no surviving correspondence between Bernard and Hutchinson for the period covered by this volume, save one minor letter, but Bernard undoubtedly trusted Hutchinson’s advice on politics, public finance, and a host of other matters. He evidently read a draft of the first volume of Hutchinson’s History of Massachusetts, published in 1764 (see Nos. 216 and 234). The two men were probably wary of each other at first. They subsequently disagreed on many issues, not least of which were the reform of colonial government and the Anglicization of colonial law—both firmly advocated by Bernard. Understanding how their relationship developed is integral to understanding how their respective administrations fashioned responses to the imperial crisis.38

Thomas Hutchinson. Oil on canvas by Edward Truman, 1741.

Massachusetts Historical Society. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

With Hutchinson behind him, Bernard thought his prospects for an “easy administration” augured well. It was not to be, of course. Bernard’s bête noire, James Otis Jr., appears often in the governor’s missives, in which he is portrayed as a resentful but highly effective and intelligent partisan dedicated to “the declared purpose of raising a flame in the government” (No. 192). (See also Nos. 85, 186, 191, and 220.) By the spring of 1762, Bernard convinced himself that it was rare for the assembly to engage in “free deliberation uninfluenced by any motives but a sense of their duty to his Majesty” (No. 102). Thereafter, Bernard’s letters are a vital source in following partisanship, for he began to enumerate internal divisions in both houses (No. 191), a practice he continued for the remainder of his administration.

When Bernard shed his naiveté he cast a perceptive eye on his surroundings. His observations on the differences in judicial procedure between the colonies and England are still informative (No. 175). One lengthy report for the Board of Trade, compiled after three years residence in Massachusetts, also contains valuable information on the law, meteorology, geography, and demography. Those sections wherein he mentions how few families there were left among the indigenous Abenaki tribes of the Penobscot region was as much a surprise to him as it is today enlightening of the destructive consequences of cultural encounters on the frontier (No. 234). The Abenakis’ predicament stands in marked contrast to the Mashpees’ successful struggle for autonomy and the remarkable exploits of Rueben Cognehew (No. 45). There are other nuggets too, such as the sympathy Bernard evinced for those lower-order Bostonians “least able to bear” the socio-economic consequences of the Great Fire of March 1760 (No. 26); another remark alludes to the rise in labor costs due to the labor shortage occasioned by the recruitment drive for the provincial and regular regiments (No. 68).

Bernard’s early successes owed much to the fact that his arrival in the colony coincided with a favorable turning point in the French and Indian War of 1754-63. A royal governor’s military responsibilities were restricted to the province in which he served, and in operational matters concerning the British Army he was subordinate to the commanders-in-chief of North American forces: Gen. Sir Jeffery Amherst, 1758-63, and Gen. Sir Thomas Gage, 1763-75. Bernard’s early letters describe the successful British campaign of 1760 to take Montréal (Nos. 10, 12-14). Transcript No. 20 is Pitt’s notable circular to the colonial governors requesting further resources to finish the job. Bernard was already fully aware of how much the province had contributed in terms of manpower and financial resources, and he was soon obliged to engage in often protracted, discomfiting negotiations with the assembly over Crown requisitions (Nos. 35, 36, 41, 103, etc.). While Amherst, as any general might, fretted over getting the provincials ready for battle, Bernard dwelt on the practical and political difficulties he encountered in trying to persuade the province to raise recruits for the provincial and regular regiments. Bounty jumping seems to have been a particular problem after the province was obliged to raise bounties in order to attract volunteers (Nos. 56 and 92). Bernard provides details of the mechanics of mustering the regiments (Nos. 42, 72, etc.) and notable cases of unsuitable recruits (Nos. 27 and 149). There is mention, too, of desertion and mutiny among the provincials stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, despondent as they were by Amherst’s decision to extend their service and alarmed by the prospect of being sent to the West Indies, where few would have expected to survive beyond the six-month “seasoning” (Nos. 15, 217, and 221). Bernard was not unconcerned by his soldiers’ welfare, as is indicated by his lack of enthusiasm for crushing the mutiny, his determination to prevent officers suttling to their own men at exorbitant prices (Nos. 70 and 71), and his enthusiasm for spruce beer as an alternative to contaminated water and strong rum (No. 69).

Bernard, however, was frustrated by Amherst’s lack of understanding of colonial politics and economics. While both strove to root out abuses in the flag of truce trade with the French colonies (Nos. 18, 47, 49, 112, and 115), the governor was irritated by the general’s initial inflexibility in enforcing an embargo on coastal trade that was damaging to the colonial merchants (Nos. 107, 110, 111, 113, and 121). Disagreements over seemingly peripheral matters—such as Amherst’s reluctance to supply the province with certificates attesting to how many Massachusetts men served in the campaigns of 1758-60 (No. 55)—betray underlying concerns about the province’s ability to service its war debts. While the American colonies had received parliamentary subsidies totaling £200,000 between 1758 and 1760, the subsidy for 1761 was reduced to £133,333. Eventually, Massachusetts was to incur the largest debt of all the colonies—nearly £500,000. The stabilization of the public finances probably would not have been achieved without the close cooperation of the assembly and the governor: both agreed on the necessity of sinking the debt by 1765, even though this required provincial taxes being raised to unprecedented levels and other special measures being adopted.39

As the war drew to a close, one worrisome episode was the French capture of St. John’s, Newfoundland, in the summer of 1762, a diversionary action to British maneuvers in the West Indies. Leaving Brest on 8 May, a French expeditionary force comprising two ships of the line and two frigates, with over five hundred fusiliers on board, arrived at the Bay of Bulls on 23 Jun.; Fort William at St. John’s was quickly captured, and on the 27th the French proceeded to burn British settlements and disable some 460 ships of the fishing fleet—inflicting damage purportedly worth £1 million. Bernard was able to alert Vice-Admiral Sir George Pocock (No. 135), in charge of the British campaign against Havana (which the British took on 13 Aug. after a two-month siege). He also provides a valuable glimpse of what ordinary British soldiers thought of the surrender of Fort William (No. 151). The capture of St. John’s sparked a short-lived “alarm” in Massachusetts: there may not have been any prospect of a French invasion—Bernard did not call the militia to arms—but the disruption to shipping, on top of the recent embargo, was deeply troubling (No. 153). In the event, Col. William Amherst, the general’s brother, landed his force at Torbay on 13 Sept.; he encountered fierce resistance from the French for several days, but after taking the high ground in the battle of Signal Hill and bombarding Fort William, the French capitulated on 18 Sept.40

Military issues aside, Bernard’s correspondence provides much documentation on the displacement of Nova Scotia’s French-speaking population. Perhaps as many as 13,000 Acadians, or French Neutrals as they were known by New Englanders, were forcibly evacuated from Nova Scotia from 1755 onwards, in which business the Massachusetts regiments were given a leading role. The majority of Acadian refugees were Catholics and were relocated to other British colonies in North America, but 1,105 were sent to Massachusetts. The General Court made substantial provision to alleviate the Acadians’ distress (£9,563 by 1763), with variable success, and distributed them throughout the province. The New Englanders’ initial hostility, which was fuelled by anti-Catholicism and suspicions as to the Acadians’ “neutrality,” was soon diluted by genuine compassion and daily contact. Bernard supposed they would integrate with little difficulty, largely because they proved, ironically, to embody the Protestant work ethic (No. 227). Even so, there was little enthusiasm to establish a permanent settlement for the refugees or extend a welcome to the six hundred deported from Nova Scotia by Lt. Gov. Jonathan Belcher in August 1762 (see Nos. 152, 155, 159, 160, 231, 233, and 235). Eventually, the Acadians set out for France, as Bernard mentions, as well as England and Louisiana, while others managed to return to Nova Scotia; the destitution of the remaining Acadians led the Board of Trade to relocate them to Quebec in 1766 at the invitation of Gov. James Murray.

Another material consequence of the warfare and imperial diplomacy that ordained the Acadians’ displacement was that Massachusetts and Nova Scotia were left to squabble over their boundary line, and the territory in between known as Sagadahoc. Massachusetts claimed the St. Croix River as the boundary whereas Nova Scotia set the boundary further west at the Penobscot River (No. 154). Bernard was an effective advocate of the province’s claim, largely because of rather than in spite of his own interests in the matter (Nos. 178, 201, and 216). A royal instruction to the Nova Scotia governor Montague Wilmot in October 1763 established the St. Croix rather than the Penobscot River as the western boundary of Nova Scotia, thus effectively quashing that province’s claims to Sagadahoc. However, the confusion surrounding the identification of the St. Croix was not resolved, and the Crown delayed confirming any provincial grant in Sagadahoc.41

Bernard’s lucid contribution to the boundary dispute was undoubtedly self-interested. The carrot dangled by the province was Mount Desert Island, for which Bernard was obliged to seek confirmation by the Crown. Bernard’s initial optimism that confirmation would be straightforward bordered on arrogance, and the realization that his enjoyment of the island depended on Britain’s recognition of Massachusetts’s title to Sagadahoc was probably more painful than he admits. Moreover, Bernard was also obliged to assist the province to obtain Crown approval for twelve townships to be established on the Penobscot River (Nos. 90, 172, 180, and 212). By way of encouragement, on 12 Jun. 1762 the General Court commended Gov. Bernard for his attentiveness but also resolved to establish a joint boundary commission with Nova Scotia.42 The township grants alarmed Lt. Gov. Belcher, who alerted the Board of Trade to the proposed commission, and in due course Bernard was censured for having consented to the grants and thereby inadvertently traducing Crown prerogatives to settle boundaries (No. 181). When the joint commission failed to meet, the General Court published in February 1763 the committee report setting forth Massachusetts’s claims.43

Bernard was not blinded by his disappointment, and he also began thinking of ways and means to develop Mount Desert Island. He made three voyages to Mount Desert and the Penobscot coast: the journal of the first voyage 28 Sept.-15 Oct. 1762 is printed in full (No. 161); his second visit took place between c.15 Sept. and c.7 Oct. 1763; and the third between 27 Aug. and c.28 Sept. 1764. After surveying the land, Bernard was confident that in time he could establish a viable community of settlers from New England and Europe; they could make their living from lumber, fishing, and the production of hemp and potash, in which matters he sought expert assistance (Nos. 176, 178, 179, and 232). However, Bernard was unable to persuade the British to break the linkage between the provincial boundary disputes and any of the contested provincial land grants, including his own. As the British procrastinated over the Nova Scotia and Quebec boundary lines, the grants were referred back and forth between the Board of Trade and the Privy Council, until 1771, when they were finally confirmed.44

As a chief executive, Bernard did not fare at all badly in defending the province’s interests, but his correspondence is also notable for what it reveals about growing opposition. Critics of the governor seemed to emerge from all quarters, even Harvard College, when Bernard toyed with the idea of chartering a new college in the west of the province. Bernard promptly withdrew his support for the scheme after protests by the Board of Overseers, though this likely cost him the goodwill and loyalty of its most powerful champion, Col. Israel Williams (Nos. 95, 97, and 98). Bernard himself championed the “little Seminary” at Cambridge in a condescending fashion (Nos. 130 and 133), but his inattentiveness to the interests of the province’s Congregationalists—as well as his sense of cultural superiority—did not augur well. New Englanders, troubled by talk of the establishment of an American episcopate, thought that the governor’s staunch Anglicanism belied his claims to be above sectarianism; early in 1762 they set about engineering the replacement of the province agent William Bollan, an Anglican, with Jasper Mauduit, a Dissenter. Bernard could ill afford to remain aloof from the contest and duly strove to obtain the appointment of Richard Jackson, an Anglican, as Mauduit’s solicitor, even though it meant alienating Bollan (Nos. 105, 106, 185, and 186). Equally troublesome was the dispute between the Customhouse and an unmanageable officer, Benjamin Barons, on which Bernard commented upon at length. The suits brought against customs officers by Barons, the merchant John Erving, and the province treasurer, if successful, would have undermined the Customhouse’s ability to enforce the trade laws. On these and other issues, Bernard called upon the Crown to exert itself far more in defense of its imperial servants (see Nos. 60, 62, 64, 67, 85, and 88). It was advice that mostly fell on deaf ears, even when ministers began to consider how to increase colonial revenues–whether by raising duties or improving their collection, or by a combination of the two methods.

Hitherto, Bernard had been loath to criticize British colonial policy (No. 75). After the Barons affair, he seemed less reticent, perhaps because he was more attuned to the grumblings of the merchants. Bernard was obliged to supply Britain with key information about imports and exports of molasses (No. 203) prior to the renewal of the 1733 Molasses Act. The prospect of a hefty tax was “Very alarming” (No. 229), and would do nothing to discourage smuggling, he warned: like the Boston merchants, Bernard argued for a duty of between 1d and 1 ½ d per gallon in any prospective revenue act. He pressed the merchants’ case upon Jackson (Nos. 229 and 245) and also raised it directly with the Board of Trade (No. 256). His louche observation that customs officers normally turned a blind eye to contraband lemons, oil, and Madeira wine (Nos. 240 and 241) probably did not go down too well with officials in London—and certainly not with Surveyor General John Temple, who in 1764 pursued Bernard for corruption.

By the end of the period covered by this volume, Gov. Francis Bernard had adjusted to the vicissitudes of governing a fractious province like Massachusetts. Many of the disputes briefly discussed here have been examined by historians trying to figure out why it was that Massachusetts’s politics experienced upheaval in the decade that followed the peace of 1763.45 Some answers may be found in Bernard’s correspondence. At the beginning of his administration, Bernard was able to embrace the ideal of rising above partisanship, only to find out that the governance of empire was rather more difficult than he expected. When key groups, such as the merchants and the House of Representatives, started criticising British colonial policies, Bernard’s abiding refrain was for them to be patient and wait for the peace. As he confided to Barrington, “the merchants here want redress in regard to several of the Laws of trade: but they don’t use proper means nor take the proper time. I tell ’em again & again that they must wait for the conclusion of peace before they can ask the Ministry to set about civil regulations: and Assure them that at such time I will Assist them to the Utmost of my power” (No. 89). The colonists’ response was no better than lukewarm, and might have been rather more hostile had they known that Bernard hoped to be involved in a British-led “general disquisition of the constitutions of the several Governments” (No. 74). Bernard himself began working on plans to reform colonial government, but reform of that nature was never attempted by subsequent British administrations; instead, ministers continued with their revenue-raising measures without ever properly addressing the colonists’ grievances with the trade laws. A modernizing, centralist agenda and unfulfilled expectations on a grand scale are the fuel of colonial rebellions, and evidence for these abounds in Bernard’s papers. In time, Bernard would lament a missed opportunity to avert a crisis in imperial relations, though whether such an opportunity ever really existed is quite another matter. Subsequent volumes will reveal much more about how Bernard’s administration in Massachusetts struggled to cope with the emergence of colonial radicalism and the upsurge in popular protests.

1. The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is also publishing the Select Correspondence of FB’s deputy and successor Thomas Hutchinson, edited by John Tyler.

2. See Colin Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’: Francis Bernard and the Origins of the American Revolution (Boston, 2001).

3. [Francis Bernard], Select Letters on the Trade and Government of America; and the Principles of Law and Polity, Applied to the American Colonies Written by Governor Bernard in the Years 1763, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (London, 1774); John Almon, A Collection of Interesting, Authentic Papers, Relative to the Dispute Between Great Britain and America; Shewing the Causes and Progress of That Misunderstanding, From 1764 to 1775 (London, 1777).

4. Edward Channing and Archibald Cary Coolidge, eds., The Barrington-Bernard Correspondence and Illustrative Matter, 1760-1770, Harvard Historical Studies Series, vol. 17 (Cambridge, Mass., 1912). Extracts of FB’s correspondence can be found in rare family histories: Sir Thomas Bernard, Life of Sir Francis Bernard (London, 1790); Mrs. Sophie Elizabeth Napier Higgins, The Bernards of Abington and Nether Winchendon: A Family History, 4 vols. (London, 1904).

5. Prof. Jared Sparks donated the Bernard Papers to Harvard in the mid-nineteenth century. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 7. A useful guide is Justin Winsor, Catalogue of the Bound Historical Manuscripts Collected by Jared Sparks and Now Deposited in the Library of Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass., 1871), 4-6. The entire Sparks Collection can be searched using Harvard University Library, Oasis: Online archival Search Information System (http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=hou01999).

6. K. G. Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution, 1770-1783, 21 vols. (Shannon, 1972-1981).

7. There are copies of ten of FB’s out-letters in Letters, 1756-74, Mass. Archives, vol. 56. There are over 180 in-letters in volumes 4, 5, 6, 22, 25-27, 33, and 46. Warrants and certificates bearing FB’s signature, and depositions and petitions received by him are scattered throughout the collection.

8. Thomas Hutchinson Letterbooks, Mass. Archs., vols. 25-27. See also Malcolm Freiberg, ed., Transcripts of the Letterbooks of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, vols. 25-27 (Originals in the Massachusetts Archives Collection) MHS.

9. These include Transcripts of Official Correspondence of the colonial governors with the Board of Trade about the Stamp Act crisis, 1764-1766, Stowe Ms, 264-265, British Library. In the papers of Charles Watson-Wentworth, the marquis of Rockingham and prime minister (1765-66), are early notifications of the Stamp Act Riots in Boston of Aug. 1765: Letters to the Marquis of Rockingham, Fitzwilliam (Wentworth Woodhouse) Muniments, Sheffield Archives. Charles Townshend, a president of the Board of Trade, maintained a file of FB’s letters, mainly extracts, relating to items placed before Parliament during debates on the Stamp Act in Jan. 1766: Charles Townshend Papers, Buccleuch Muniments, RH4/98, Dalkeith House, microfilm by Microform; Charles Townshend Papers, RH4/99, the William L. Clements Library. Charles Jenkinson, a lord commissioner of Customs, and later first earl of Liverpool, kept copies of correspondence relating to the Liberty Riot in Boston of Jun. 1768: Official American Papers, Liverpool Papers, British Library Manuscript Collection, Add 38340. William Legge, the second earl of Dartmouth, received several autograph manuscripts on the reform of the Massachusetts Council, in American Papers, Dartmouth Papers, D(W)1778, Staffordshire Record Office.

10. Probate of the will of the Rev. Francis Bernard, 8 May 1716, PROB 11/552, ff 18-20; Probate of the will of the Rev. Anthony Alsop, 22 Feb. 1720, PROB 11/615, f 92.

11. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 24-42. Lincolnshire Archives holds twenty-eight documents that illuminate FB’s career in Lincoln between 1738, when he obtained his first local office, and 1758, when he left for America. Most of the manuscripts concern the official business of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln and the Diocese of Lincoln. As a church lawyer, FB prosecuted cases (CC85/313734) and kept visitation books (L.C./XX/C) and day-books (Cj/40), while as a deputy registrar he maintained accounts and ledgers (R/Ac). There are no extant records for the period in which FB was commissioner of bails for the Midlands Assizes, nor any concerning his activities in private practice save acting as an agent and accountant for proprietors of the Lincoln Assembly Rooms, 1745-52 (2 Anc 10/6). FB’s correspondence with Charles Monson (1741-42), the Whig MP for Lincoln (1734-54) and recorder of Lincoln, are the earliest surviving personal letters (Mon 25/2/97-99), and reveal FB’s unsuccessful attempts to become Monson’s deputy. Modern transcripts mention FB’s duties as recorder of Boston, Lincs., Betty Coy, et al., Transcription of the Minutes of the Corporation of Boston (Boston, Lincs., 1993). Other items include a subscription list, signed by FB, to raise a Loyalist regiment during the Jacobite rebellion of 1745-46 (Mon 7/10/17-18).

12. The Derbyshire estates of Joseph Offley (1702-51), Amelia Bernard’s half-brother, comprised the family home of Norton Hall and properties in the parishes of Bamford, Coal Aston, and Dronfield and Greenhill (plus land in other counties). The bulk of the property was held in trust for Joseph’s son Edmund who, on reaching his majority in 1754, alienated much of the estate to an Edinburgh clergyman and died shortly thereafter. Amelia and FB assisted in the legal recovery of the estates for Joseph’s daughters Urith (1736-81) and Hannah. Probates of the wills of Joseph Offley and Edmund Offley, 9 Dec. 1754, PROB 11/812: 262-65; Napier Higgins, The Bernards, 1: 210-212.

13. Their longest separation was for eighteen months after FB returned to England in Aug. 1769. Any correspondence that was maintained during their separation may have been left behind when Amelia finally left Boston on 25 Dec. 1770, or, more likely, was lost at sea when the family’s luggage was swept overboard during a storm.

14. In Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’.

15. William Wildman Barrington (1717-93) was the scion of an English Presbyterian family of the Irish peerage. He was the eldest of the five sons of John Shute Barrington (1678-1734), the first viscount Barrington, whose sister, Ann Shute, was Amelia Offley’s mother. Barrington was Amelia Offley’s cousin and godfather to her eldest son. He succeeded his father to the peerage and entered the Irish House of Lords in 1745. In the British parliament, he was an MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1740 to Mar. 1754, and thereafter for Plymouth until 1778. He served as secretary at war from 1755 to Mar. 1761 (and again from 19 Jul. 1765 to 1778); as chancellor of the Exchequer in Mar. 1761; and treasurer of the Navy from May 1762 to 1765. Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790, 3 vols. (London, 1964), 1: 55; Dylan E. Jones, “Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount Barrington (1717-1793),” in ODNB-e (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1535, accessed 12 Nov., 2004); Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 33-34, 41.

16. The letters have been re-transcribed from BP, vols. 1-12 for inclusion in The Bernard Papers. This is not on account of any major deficiencies in the 1912 edition, but because their correspondence, private it though it was, was also an important facet of FB’s communications with the British government. (Colonial governors were not obliged to write the secretary at war in an official capacity). FB’s original letters to Lord Barrington have not been found among Barrington’s papers in Additional MSS, British Library, or in the secretary of war’s papers (WO 1 and WO 4) at the PRO.

17. The baby William, the infants Amelia and Shute, and seven-year-old Thomas traveled with their parents; eleven-year old Jane and thirteen-month old Frances Elizabeth (Fanny) remained in England with the Terrys or Jane Beresford; Francis Jr. and John were still at school in England. Scrope (b.Oct 1758) and Julia were (b.19 Nov. 1759) were born in Perth Amboy. The Bernards first-born son, Joseph, was a baby when he died in the late 1740s. I am grateful to Jonathan Fowler for correcting a previous error regarding Thomas Bernard’s arrival in America. Biographies of all the Bernard children can be found in Higgins, The Bernards, 4 vols., passim.

18. Jordan D. Fiore, “Francis Bernard, Colonial Governor,” Unpublished Ph.D Diss., Boston Univ. (1950), 27-63, 454-458; Donald L. Kemmerer, Path to Freedom: The Struggle for Self-Government in Colonial New Jersey, 1703-1776 (Cos Cob, Conn., 1968), 256-266; Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 43-44. The project does not intend to issue FB’s New Jersey papers. His out-letters are in New Jersey Original Correspondence of Board of Trade, 1754-1760, CO 5/977; there are letterbook copies in BP, vols. 1-2 and receiver letterbook copies in Original Correspondence of Board of Trade: Despatches to Governors and others, 1759-1763, CO 5/214. The in-letters are in BP, 9. Extracts of FB’s official correspondence have been published along with the many of the colony’s official records. William A. Whitehead, ed., Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey, 42 vols.: vol. 9 (1757-67), eds. Frederick W. Ricord and William Nelson (Newark, 1885).

19. Thomas Pownall (1722-1805) had been lieutenant governor and acting governor of New Jersey, 1753-57, and governor of Massachusetts, 1757-60.

20. Orders in Council, 1755-1759, CO 5/22, f 204, and mutatis mutandis for the other governors involved, ff 208-211, 214.

21. APC, 4: 777.

22. FB sent holographs and copies of his speeches, messages, and addresses to the Council and the House of Representatives to Britain. They are in Assembly, Massachusetts, 1761-1768, CO 5/842-CO 5/843, and CO 5/844. The Council’s record books are Council Executive Records, 1760-1769, CO 5/823 and CO 5/827; there is also a set of nineteenth-century transcripts in Council Executive Records, 1692-1774, 13 vols. [vols. 2-14], GC3-327, vols. 15-16, Massachusetts Archives. There are two contemporaneous sets of the Council’s legislative records. One was kept in Boston and is in Council Legislative Records, 1692-1774, 24 vols., GC3-1701x, vols. 23-28, Massachusetts Archives. The other was sent to London: Council in Assembly, Massachusetts, 1760-1769, CO 5/820-CO 5/828.

23. Andrew Oliver (1706-74) was one of the most experienced of provincial legislators and officeholders. He was a member of the Governor’s Council, 1746-65, and province secretary, 1756-70.

24. John Pownall (1724/5-95), brother of Thomas Pownall and secretary to the Board of Trade, 1745-68. See Franklin B. Wickwire, “John Pownall and British Colonial Policy,” WMQ 20 (1963): 543-554.

25. William Bollan (1705-82), Massachusetts province agent, 1743-62. See Malcolm Freiberg, “William Bollan, Agent of Massachusetts,” More Books: The Bulletin of the Boston Public Library 23 (1948): 43-53, 90-100, 135-146, 212-220.

26. Richard Jackson (1721/2-87), politician and barrister and MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, 1762-68. He was secretary to the chancellor of the Exchequer and first lord of the Treasury, George Grenville during his administration of 1763-65, and counsel to the Board of Trade, 1770-82. A friend of Benjamin Franklin, Jackson took a keen interest in American affairs, and was provincial agent for Connecticut (1760–70), Pennsylvania (1763–70), and Massachusetts (1765–67). See W. P. Courtney, ‘Jackson, Richard (1721/2-1787)’, rev. J.-M. Alter, ODNB (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14546, accessed 16 May 2005).

27. Jasper Mauduit (c.1696-1771), a London draper and woolen merchant, and Massachusetts province agent, 1762-65.

28. The American secretary was commonly regarded as being inferior to the two “ancient” secretaries of the Southern and Northern Departments, and it was not until the appointment of Lord George Germain in 1775 that confusion over the office’s status was resolved. Margaret Spector, The American Department of the British Government, Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law ([New York], [1940]); Arthur Herbert Basye, “The Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1768-82,” American Historical Review 28 (1922): 13-23.

29. Original in-letters from the Board of Trade and secretary of state are in BP, vols. 9-12. FB’s original out-letters to the Board are in CO 5/7, CO 5/19, and CO 5/891, and to the secretary of state mainly in CO 5/754-758.

30. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 748-750.

31. Thomas Pelham-Holles (1693-1768), the duke of Newcastle, was a long-serving British statesman who had been prime minister between 1754 and 1756. He was first lord of the Treasury in a coalition led by Pitt. William Pitt (1708-78) was secretary of state for Southern Department from 1756 until his resignation on 5 Oct. 1761; he was created earl of Chatham in 1766 and led the Chatham-Grafton administration of Jul. 1766-Oct. 1768.

32. John Stuart (1713-92), the earl of Bute, had been George III’s tutor and secretary for the Northern Department under Pitt and Newcastle, 25 Mar. 1761-26 May 1762.

33. George Grenville (1712-70), a former friend and ally of Pitt, was briefly secretary for the Northern Department under Bute. He seemed destined for the political wilderness until George III offered to appoint him both first lord of the Treasury and chancellor of the exchequer.

34. Sir Charles Wyndam (1710-63), second earl of Egremont and secretary of state for the Southern Department, from 9 Oct. 1761 (under Bute and Grenville, his brother-in-law) until his death on 21 Aug. 1763.

35. George Montague-Dunk (1716-71), the earl of Halifax, was an energetic first lord commissioner or president of the Board of Trade, 1748-61; secretary of state for the Southern Department, 1762; and secretary of state for the Northern Department, 1763-65.

36. Sir Matthew Lamb, Bart. (1705?-1768), politician and lawyer. He was MP for Peterborough, from 1747, and king’s counsel to the Board of Trade, from 1754 until his death.

37. “Privy Council” has been used throughout when referring to the institution, but it has been necessary to maintain the distinction between the full council and the council’s plantation affairs committee. In the first instance, matters pertaining to the American Colonies were usually considered by a committee dignified by the cumbersome title “Lords of the Committee of the Council on Plantation Affairs,” which has been shortened to “plantation affairs committee” or a variant thereof. The committee’s recommendations were invariably rubber-stamped by the full council—“His Majesty in Council”—which designation has been retained when referring to this body.

38. See Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 63-64.

39. R. C. Simmons, The American Colonies From Settlement to Independence, (London, 1976), 292; Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 56-57.

40. See John Clarence Webster, ed., The Recapture of St John’s, Newfoundland in 1762 As Described in the Journal of Lieut-Colonel William Amherst, Commander of the British Expeditionary Force (1928).

41. APC, 4: 576-579. After surveying the Passamaquoddy Bay area in 1764, Massachusetts assumed that, to use Native-derived names, the Magaguadavic River was the St. Croix, whereas Nova Scotia located the boundary twenty-five miles further west at the Cobscook River; in subsequent disputes with the United States, the British government favored the Schoodic River. Archeological evidence pointed to the Schoodic, whose Vanceboro branch was finally accepted as the main St. Croix. The St. Croix River was designated an international boundary between British North America and the United States by the peace treaty of 1783, thus ceding Sagadahoc to the latter. However, the physical border between Massachusetts and New Brunswick (created out of Nova Scotia in 1794) was not determined until 1798, by a British-US commission. David Demeritt, “Representing the ‘True’ St Croix: Knowledge and Power in the Partition of the Northeast,” WMQ 54 (1997): 515-548, esp. 532, 535-538, 544; N. E. S. Griffiths, The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686-1784 (Montreal and Buffalo, 1992), 62-94, 103-114; Richard G. Lowe, “Massachusetts and the Acadians,” WMQ 25 (1968): 212-229.

42. Acts and Resolves, 17: 246.

43. A Brief State of the Title of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay to the Country between the Rivers Kennebeck and St. Croix (Boston, 1763).

44. The administrative history can be followed in William O. Sawtelle, “Sir Francis Bernard and His Grant of Mount Desert,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts 24 (19201922): 197-254.

45. FB’s first three years as governor are discussed in Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 11-13, 49-50. Earlier detailed accounts of Massachusetts politics during this period are Leslie J. Thomas, “Partisan Politics in Massachusetts During Governor Bernard’s Administration, 1760-1770,” Unpublished Ph.D. Diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1960, 2 vols., 1: 1-169; Stephen E. Patterson, Political Parties in Revolutionary Massachusetts (Madison, Wisc., 1973), 52-65; William Pencak, War, Politics & Revolution in Provincial Massachusetts, (Boston, 1981), 150-184.

46. Clerk no. 3 may have been a Bostonian, judging by the phonetic rendition of “Havard” in No. 187.

47. Chirographical analysis followed procedures recommended by the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination, “Guidelines for Forensic Document Examination, Part 1,” Forensic Science Communications 2 (2000), posted on the web sites of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners and the National Forensic Science Technology Center (http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/april2000/swgdoc1.htm#Introduction, accessed 4 Jul. 2005).

48. Bollan’s role in the publication in 1769 of Bernard’s incriminating correspondence is discussed in Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 198-199.

49. Standard biographical directories include: American National Biography Online (New York, 2005-, http://www.anb.org); Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (Toronto, 2003-, http://www.biographi.ca); Mark Mayo Boatner, ed., Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (New York, 1966); Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, eds., The House of Commons, 1754-1790, 3 vols. (London, 1964); Edward. A. Jones, The Loyalists of Massachusetts: Their Memorials, Petitions and Claims (London, 1930); David E. Maas, ed. and comp., Divided Hearts: Massachusetts Loyalists, 1765-1790: A Biographical Directory (Boston, 1980); ODNB-e (London, 2004-2006, http://www.oxforddnb.com); John A. Schutz, ed., Legislators of the Massachusetts General Court (Boston, 1997); Search & ReSearch Publishing Corp, Early Vital Records of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to About 1850 (Wheat Ridge, Conn., 2002); John L Sibley and Clifford K Shipton, eds., Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, 17 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1873-1975); James H Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Boston, 1910); Nancy S. Voye, ed. and comp., Massachusetts Officers in the French and Indian Wars, 1748-1763 (microfiche; Boston, 1975).

50. Thomas Pownall (1722-1805) was appointed governor of South Carolina in Nov. 1759, but had already requested a recall in a letter to Secretary of State William Pitt of 27 Oct. He returned to England in Jun. 1760, and subsequently resigned his commission. Charles A. Pownall, Thomas Pownall, MP, F. R. S., Governor of Massachusetts Bay (London, 1908), 153.

51. William Wildman Barrington (1717-93), second Viscount Barrington, mp for Plymouth, and secretary at war, 1755-61. He was a cousin to Amelia Bernard.

52. Thomas Boone (1730/31-1812), governor of New Jersey, Jan. 1760-Oct. 1761.

53. Thomas Hutchinson (1711-80) was one of Massachusetts’s wealthiest inhabitants and most knowledgeable and able public servants; having retired from commerce, he devoted his time to government and the study of history. He served as the province’s lieutenant governor, 1758-71; acting governor, Jun.-Aug. 1760, and again (after FB’s recall) Aug. 1769-Jan. 1771; and governor, 1771-74.

54. George Montague-Dunk (1716-71), the earl of Halifax and first lord commissioner or president of the Board of Trade, 1748-61.

55. Left marginal note: “Letter from the Board to Francis Bernard Esq^r_// Gov^r_// of New Jersey, acquainting him that His Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of his being appointed Gov^r. of the Massachusets Bay.”

56. Soame Jenyns (1704-87), author and politician, mp for Cambridge, 1758-80, and a lord commissioner of the Board of Trade, 1755-80.

57. William Gerard Hamilton (1729-96), mp for Petersfield, 1754-96, and a lord commissioner, 1756-61.

58. William Sloper (1709-89), mp for Great Bedwyn, 1747-56, and a lord commissioner, 1756-61.

59. James Oswald (1715-69), mp for Kirkcaldy, 1741-68, and a lord commissioner, 1751 to Dec. 1759.

60. This may refer to one or more of the following islands in the Delaware River (using their modern names) that were within New Jersey’s provincial boundaries: Petty, Treasure, and Burlington.

61. Leverett Blackbourne, a lawyer and FB’s business agent. He resided in Great Marlborough Street, London, and subsequently at a “good-house” in Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, near to Lord Barrington. According to Thomas Hutchinson, he had “a large fortune” and exuded “great learning ... as well as natural good sense.” The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, 2 vols., ed. Peter Orlando Hutchinson, (London, 1883-1886), 1: 447.

62. Jane Beresford (c.1702-Nov. 1771), a cousin and close friend of FB. She was the daughter of FB’s maternal aunt Mary Winlowe and John Tyringham, and had married William Beresford in 1722. She resided at Long Leadenheam, Lincs., c.1722-31, and, after her husband’s decease, at Lincoln and Nether Winchendon House, Bucks., her husband’s family home. Her only son died in 1740 and she bequeathed Nether Winchendon to FB in 1762. FB was her executor and he inherited Nether Winchendon. Napier Higgins, The Bernards, 1: 208; Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 18, 22-23.

63. John Pownall (1724/5-95), secretary to the Board of Trade, 1745-68.

64. See No. 3.

65. George Haldane (1722-59), governor of Jamaica, 1756-59.

66. William Henry Lyttleton (1724-1808), governor of Jamaica, 1761-66. Sir Henry Moore, Bart. (1713-69) was acting governor until Lyttelton arrived.

67. John Barrington (1719-64), a British army officer and the younger brother of Lord Barrington. He was appointed the first colonel of the 64th Regiment of Foot on 21 Apr. 1758, and held a brevet rank of major general in the West Indies.

68. See the source note to No. 1.

69. No. 1.

70. Likely meaning £sterling.

71. Gen. Amherst received his orders on the night of 20 Feb., about which he informed FB in a letter dated the following day (BP, 9: 89-92), in which he enclosed a copy of William Pitt’s circular to the colonial governors relating to the coming campaign (Whitehall, 7 Jan. 1760, CO 5/214, ff 130-135).

72. FB to Boone, Perth Amboy, 18 Feb. 1760, BP, 1: 216-218.

73. FB discussed arrangements for the meeting in a letter to Pownall of 4 Mar. BP, 1: 221-223. The two governors met at New London, Conn., in Apr. 1760, and Pownall left Boston for England on 3 Jun.

74. This line in FB’s hand.

75. No. 4.

76. Thomas Pownall’s optimistic accounts of his own career progression indubitably encouraged FB to think that he might live in some comfort on his governor’s salary and fees. Nicolson, ‘Infamas Govener,’ 40-41. While FB thought Pownall prudent, some Bostonians considered him to be profligate because of his “lavish parties.” Eliga H. Gould, “Pownall, Thomas (1722-1805),” in ODNB-e, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22676, accessed 8 Dec. 2004).

77. Amherst to FB, New York, 13 Dec. 1759, BP, 9: 81-84.

78. William Pitt (1708-78), secretary of state for the Southern Department. He was leader of the coalition administration he formed with the duke of Newcastle, 29 Jun. 1757-5 Oct. 1761, that led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War.

79. On returning to England in the summer of 1759, John Barrington transferred to the 40th Regiment of Foot and later to the 8th (the King’s) Regiment of Foot. He was rewarded with confirmation of his major-general’s rank in recognition of his notable contribution to the capture of Guadeloupe the previous Apr. He was not posted to Germany but appointed deputy governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed, the English port and garrison town within the Scottish military district and the former parliamentary constituency of his brother Lord Barrington. Jonathan Spain, “Barrington, John (bap.1719, d.1764),” ODNB-e (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65499, accessed 12 Nov. 2004).

80. This line in FB’s hand.

81. No. 6; FB to Barrington, New York, 19 Apr. 1760, BP, 1: 201-203.

82. Barrington is alluding to the sale of some of the Offley family’s property, for which see the Introduction n12. Mrs. Porter is not named as a beneficiary in Joseph Offley’s will but evidently had some claim on his estate.

83. Lord George Beauclerk (1704-68), commander-in-chief of the British Army in Scotland. He was the son of Charles Beauclerk (1670-1726), the first duke of St. Albans and illegitimate son of Charles II.

84. Francis Bernard Jr. (27 Sept. 1743-20 Nov. 1770), FB’s eldest son, known as “Frank.”

85. No. 8.

86. 2 Aug.

87. William Burnet (1688-1729), governor of Massachusetts, 1728-29.

88. Manuscript torn.

89. 27 Apr. 1761, for Ascension Day was 30 Apr.

90. FB was hoping to obtain for Francis Jr. a Westminster School Studentship at Christ Church College, Oxford. These coveted studentships were originally intended for impecunious students, but had long since become a currency of patronage. Students were elected by the college dean, as FB was in 1729. The incumbent dean was David Gregory (1696-1767), who held the office from 1756 until his death. He was the son of the noted David Gregory (1661-1708), Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, 1691-1708. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 24.

91. Andrew Stone (1703-73) was a Westminster scholar and graduate of Christ Church like FB, and an influential but not particularly well-known politician. He was a London banker, and, on being appointed private secretary to the duke of Newcastle in 1732, became the duke’s “indefatigable aide and constant companion.” He was undersecretary of state, 1734-51, and mp for Hastings, 1741-60; tutor and secretary to the Prince of Wales, the future George III; and prominent among Lord Bute’s circle of “King’s Friends.” A. F. Pollard, “Stone, Andrew (1703-1773).” rev. M. J. Mercer, in ODNB-e, (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26565, accessed 12 Nov. 2004).

92. Letter obscured by binding.

93. This line in FB’s hand.

94. Samuel Dashwood, a Boston sea captain and part-time importer of dry goods, who became, in 1769 and 1770, a prominent member of the merchants’ committees that enforced the non-importation agreements. John W. Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the Revolution (Boston, 1986), 125, 135, 151, 304n11.

95. The Britannia was a ship of 110 tons built in New England in 1757 and owned by the London merchant Thomas Lane. Captained by George Spender and crewed by just eight men, the Britannia regularly sailed between Boston and London before she was captured in the English Channel; this would account for the loss of the RC of this letter and its enclosures. Clearances from Boston, 1757, in Shipping Returns, 1756-1762, CO 5/851; John Pownall to FB, 18 Oct. 1760, BP, 9: 149-152.

96. In provincial currency the grant of salary was £1,300 and the removal expenses £300.

97. Jeffery Amherst (1717-97), general and commander-in-chief of the British Army in North America, 1758-63.

98. William Amherst (c.1732-81), the brother of Jeffery Amherst, was a lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment of Foot guards and deputy adjutant-general in America.

99. FB proceeds to describe the three main British assaults on Montréal, involving some twelve thousand men under Gen. Amherst’s overall command.

100. Thomas Gage (1721-87) was an experienced career soldier in the British Army; he was a brigadier general, 1759-61, before succeeding Amherst as commander-in-chief and later serving, concurrently, as Massachusetts governor, 1774-75.

101. William Haviland (1718-84), a colonel in the 27th Regiment of Foot. The force of Regulars and Provincials he led actually totaled 3,500. Île-aux-Noix was captured on 28 Aug. Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766 (New York, 2000), 388.

102. Capt. [Andrew?] Gardner’s news was reported in the Boston Gazette, 25 Aug. 1760.

103. James Murray (1722-94), the British general who led the assault force up the St. Lawrence, was governor of Quebec, 1763-66.

104. The 22nd and 42nd Regiments of Foot. Île-aux-Coudre is c.76 miles down the St. Lawrence River from Quebec.

105. From the adjective “probal” meaning “such as approves itself to reason or acceptance.” OED.

106. Samuel Barrington (1729-1800), British naval officer and a younger brother of Lord Barrington. Capt. Barrington was in active service in Europe and America for much of the Seven Years War. In 1760, he commanded the Royal Navy war ship Achilles, which joined a squadron under Admiral John Byron sent to destroy the fortifications of Louisbourg captured by Amherst two years previously. He rose to the rank of admiral in the Revolutionary War.

107. Wood was undersecretary of state, 1756-63 and 1768-70. He was probably based in the Northern Department in 1760, but during his second period in office he also served in the Southern Department.

108. Actually, probably fewer than five thousand French regulars were among the besieged population, and no more than half of them were fit for battle; most of the Canadian militiamen had deserted. Anderson, Crucible of War, 407.

109. Amherst had reached Montréal first, and opened negotiations with the governor-general, the marquis de Vaudreuil on Sunday Sept. 7, whilst Murray and Haviland arrived and took up their positions; the articles of surrender were signed the following day. Anderson, Crucible of War, 388-409.

110. The first letter recounted the capture of Montréal. Amherst to FB, Camp at Montréal, 9 Sept. 1760, BP, 9: 137-140. In the second, Amherst urges FB to persuade the Massachusetts merchants “to bring Quantitys of Molasses, Salt, Wines, Teas, Sugars, & all kinds of Grocery, as likewise Sheep, and every thing else, that may Occurr to them to be usefull; for all which they may depend upon finding good markets.” Amherst to FB, Camp at Montréal, 13 Sept. 1760, BP, 9: 141-142. FB’s proclamation is By Order of His Excellency the Governor, Whereas the Country of Canada, now entirely yielded to his Majesty’s Dominion ... the Traders and Adventurers within this Province are hereby invited to transport to Montreal & Quebec ..., Boston Gazette, 29 Sept. 1760, p. 2.

111. 15 Aug. 1760, JHRM, 37, pt.1: 95-96.

112. No. 13.

113. That is to say, fined.

114. No. 9.

115. Shute Barrington (1734-1826), the youngest of Lord Barrington’s five brothers and later his biographer, was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to George III in 1760 and canon of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1761.

116. Frank Bernard was indeed elected to a Westminster Studentship in 1761.

117. No. 10.

118. No. 11.

119. On 31 Oct. 1760, in Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 21.

120. LbC: “examination”.

121. Benning Wentworth (1696-1770), governor of New Hampshire, 1741-66.

122. This authorial correction invites a scatological allusion to irregularities of the bowel.

123. FB had continued the General Court from 15 Aug. by successive prorogations.

124. The vacancy was created by the death of Chief Justice Stephen Sewall. FB appointed Thomas Hutchinson on 13 Nov. 1760 subject to Crown approval, which was forthcoming.

125. FB defaulted on this promise, and his motives for appointing Hutchinson have been a matter of speculation. Hutchinson later reported that “the governor declared that, if the lieutenant-governor should finally refuse the place, the other person [James Otis Sr.] would not be nominated. Thereupon, the lieutenant-governor was appointed. The expected opposition ensued.” History of Massachusetts, 3: 64. See John J. Waters and John A. Schutz, “Patterns of Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance Case and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families,” WMQ 24 (1967): 543-567, at 558-561; Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 62-63.

126. On the afternoon of Saturday 27 Dec., the Race Horse, master Samuel Patridge, arrived from London bringing news of the king’s death on 25 Oct. 1760 and the accession of his grandson. The Governor’s Council agreed to proclaim George III on 30 Dec., without waiting for official notification, which did not arrive until 16 Jan. 1761 (No. 17). Council Executive Records & Council in Assembly, Massachusetts, 1766-1769, CO 5/827, ff 29-30.

127. Thomas Pownall.

128. Not found.

129. Randle or Randall Wilbraham (1694-1770), of Rode Hall, Cheshire, was a friend of FB, a counsel to Oxford University and a bencher of Lincoln’s Inn. He had been a mp since 1740, and represented Newton, 1754-64, in the process acquiring a reputation as an independent-minded Tory. Namier and Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790, 3: 637.

130. The securities of the British government, deriving from various funds and annuities including the national debt, had been combined into a single stock in 1751. Investors like FB received interest at 3 percent. D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England, 1450-1750 (London etc., 1977), 194.

131. A private bank of London, the archives of which are held by the Royal Bank of Scotland; there is no documentation pertaining to FB.

132. Sterling.

133. On 7 Nov. 1760, FB received a formal vote of thanks from the Council for presenting a portrait of King George II “in a rich Gilt Frame.” It was to be hung in the Council Chamber alongside a portrait of the late king, George I. Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 24. The provenance of these portraits is unknown, and they are not listed in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Inventory of American Paintings Executed before 1914 (http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/).

134. No. 23.

135. William Bollan (1705-82), Massachusetts province agent, 1743-62.

136. Dated 13 Jun. 1760, BP, 9: 111-114. The correspondence with the lord chamberlain has not been found.

137. Not found.

138. Not found.

139. The addressee and postscript are in FB’s hand.

140. The original building was erected in 1742 with a bequest from merchant Peter Faneuil, but the interior was badly damaged by fire on 13 Jan. 1761. Faneuil Hall was quickly rebuilt with provincial funds and lottery monies, and reopened in Mar. 1763. See No. 109.

141. No. 24.

142. No. 16.

143. For the first letter see No. 10. The second is FB to Barrington, Boston, 29 Sept. 1760, BP, 1: 282-283.

144. William Bollan to FB, 1 or 3 Nov. 1760, not found.

145. Sterling.

146. No. 23.

147. When governor of New Jersey, FB participated in a conference at Easton, Pa., 8 to 26 Oct. 1758, arranged ostensibly to solemnize existing treaty agreements between the colonists of Pennsylvania and New Jersey and the Iroquois Confederacy, the Delawares, and other Native Americans. From a New Jersey perspective, the Easton conference succeeded in pacifying frontier tribes, thus enabling the colony to devote more resources to the British offensives against French Canada in 1759. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 44.

148. Benjamin Barons had been a London merchant in the Portuguese fruit trade and secretary to Admiral Sir Charles Hardy (1717-80), governor of New York, 1755-57. He was appointed collector of Customs at Boston in 1759 and was twice suspended from office on corruption charges before being dismissed from the service in Dec. 1761. In 1765, Barons was appointed postmaster-general of the southern district of North America, and kept the general post office at Charlestown, South Carolina. Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 25-63.

149. Charles Paxton (1704-88), surveyor and searcher of customs at Boston, 1760-67.

150. Lord Halifax.

151. See letters to Pownall Nos. 29 and 38.

152. Thomas Lechmere (d.1766), the scion of a distinguished English family of judges, was surveyor general of Customs for the Northern District, until he was replaced by John Temple c.Jun. 1761. FB to Lechmere, Province House, 2 Jun. 1761, BP, 2: 113.

153. The letter has not been found and there is no mention of it in the Council’s Executive Records, CO 5/823.

154. See FB to Horatio Sharpe, Boston, 22 Sept. 1760, William H. Brown, ed., Correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe, 1753-1771, 4 vols.; Maryland Archives, 9 (Baltimore, 1888-1911), 3: 574; FB to Francis Fauquier, Boston, 7 Feb. 1761, BP, 2: 98; FB to Fauquier, Boston, [Mar.] 1761, BP, 2: 100-101.

155. This line in FB’s hand.

156. Amherst to FB, New York, 17 Jan. 1761, BP, 9: 163-166.

157. Amherst to FB, New York, 1 Jan. 1761, not found. This was brought down from the Council on 20 Jan. JHRM, 37, pt.2: 198.

158. Possibly Simon Butler (d.1795), of Leominster, Mass., a deacon.

159. Charles Cruikshanks, a British army officer, who, from 16 Apr. 1757, was a captain in one of four independent companies of foot stationed at New York.

160. 24 Dec. 1760, JHRM, 37 pt.1: 121-124.

161. A total of 1,320 Massachusetts men were mustered at Fort No. 4 after the campaign of 1760, and were due £132 sterling for billeting. Amherst to FB, New York, 16 Nov. 1761, WO 34/27, p. 233.

162. 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot.

163. FB first approached the House on 13 Jan. 1761 with a proposal to establish truck-houses at Fort Pownall, on the Penobscot River, and at Fort Halifax, at the confluence of the Kennebec and Sebasticook Rivers; the House agreed and the Council concurred on 26 Jan. JHRM, 37, pt.2: 178-179, 214.

164. Augustin Le Gardeur de Courtemanche (1663-1717), French-Canadian soldier and commandant of the coast of Labrador. The journal of his exploration of Labrador in 1705 was published, although a copy has not been found.

165. William Gibbons, arctic explorer and leader of a voyage of 1614 sponsored by the Company of the Merchants Discoverers of the North-West Passage. Sailing in the Discovery, a vessel once owned by the explorer Henry Hudson, Gibbons was forced to turn back from an ice-bound Hudson’s Bay and spend ten weeks on the Labrador coast at c.58 ½° latitude, probably in Saglek Bay. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (http://www.biographi.ca, accessed 28 Feb. 2007).

166. FB is likely referring to Ashuanipi Lake, to the south of Labrador City, and Lake Nichicun to the east of the city.

167. This is the earliest recorded date for a colonial American whaling fishing vessel in the Davis Strait, although the Europeans had been regular visitors since 1719. Ross, “Annual Catch of Greenland (Bowhead) Whales.” Henry Atkins’s dates are unknown, though he would have been a young man on the 1729 voyage. Vital records record one Henry Atkins marriying Mary Snelling in Boston in 1745. Atkins joined Thomas Goldthwait and other proprietors of Point Shirley in leasing from the town Deer Island in Boston Harbor, between 1753 and 1758, for the purposes of establishing a fishing station. The lease was conditional on the partners being able to “send out and employ” twenty fishing vessels per year. Perhaps Atkins was aiming to harvest whaling grounds in Hudson’s Bay, but the disruption to commercial fishing occasioned by the war undermined the project. Finally, Henry Atkins was assessed in the Boston tax list of 1771, for £13 6. 8d, which places him in the bottom third of taxpayers. Early Vital Records of Suffolk Co., MA, CD-ROM (Wheat Ridge, Conn., 1996-2002): Boston, Suffolk County, vol. 28, city document no. 150: 236 and History of Chelsea, Suffolk County, vol. 1: 606; Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Reports of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, 38 vols. (Boston, 1886), 16: 15-16; Bettye Hobbs Pruitt, ed., The Massachusetts Tax Evaluation List of 1771 (Boston, 1978), 6.

168. If this is true, then the Inuit whom Atkins encountered in this part of southern Labrador may have traded with the French through Inuit middlemen. Inuit-French trade was well established by 1750, and often involved the Inuit making seasonal visits to French posts. Historical ethnologists, however, have begun to doubt that the Inuit presence in this area was impermanent. See Marian P. Stopp, “Reconsidering Inuit presence in southern Labrador,” Études Inuit Studies 26 (2002), (http://www.erudit.org/revue/edudinuit/2002/v26/n2/007646ar.html, accessed 28 Feb. 2007).

169. Thus in document.

170. Jedidiah Preble (1707-84), a resident of and representative for Falmouth, 1753-54 and 1766-71; he was brigadier general of provincial forces during the French and Indian War.

171. No. 25.

172. Not found.

173. Chambers Russell (1713-66) was a vice admiralty judge from 1746 until his death, a justice of the Superior Court from 1752, and a county judge. He was an experienced legislator: he represented several towns (Charlestown, 1744-46; Concord, 1740, 1750-52; and Lincoln, intermittently between 1754 and 1765) and was a member of the Governor’s Council, 1759-60.

174. 18 Oct. 1760, BP, 9: 149-152.

175. Timothy Folger (1732-1814), a sea captain and whaler of Nantucket, and cousin to Benjamin Franklin for whom he charted the Gulf Stream.

176. Mary Pownall (d.1807).

177. Meaning restored.

178. Meaning niche.

179. Robert Henley (c.1708-72), first earl of Northington and lord chancellor, 16 Jan. 1761-66.

180. William Noel (1695-1762), lawyer, mp for Stamford, 1722-47, and judge of Common Pleas 1757-62.

181. James Hewitt (1709-1789), lawyer, magistrate, mayor, mp for Coventry, 1761-66; a noted advocate of the repeal of the Stamp Act; later created Baron then Viscount Lifford.

182. Robert Vyner (c.1685-1777), mp for Lincolnshire, 1724-61. He represented Tory interests but withdrew in Jan. from the upcoming election.

183. George Wilbraham (1741-1813) was not elected to Parliament until 1789 as the member for Bodmin, and was succeeded by his brother in the 1790 general election.

184. Sir Richard Grosvenor (1731-1802), mp for Chester, 1755-61; created Baron Grosvenor in 1761, and later first earl.

185. Meaning poet. OED. This is probably an allusion to [Francis Bernard], Antonii Alsopi Ódarum Libri Duo (London, 1752).

186. No. 27; FB to Amherst, Boston, 8 Feb. 1761, WO 34/26, f 84, in which he apologized for “a failure in a Ceremonial” after neglecting to enclose the Council’s address of 28 January 1761 (for which see CO 5/822, ff 159-160.)

187. John Small (1726-96), a British army officer, was a lieutenant in the 42nd Highlanders (the Black Watch) and promoted to captain in 1762 during the Martinique expedition.

188. The inquiry into Benjamin Barons’s conduct at the Boston Customhouse, for which see No. 29.

189. Naval officers were appointed by governors in the first instance. However, since 1697, appointees were required to give security to the Board of Customs Commissioners in London or the surveyor general of the Customs for the Northern District, thus in the process traducing the governor’s influence over them. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 760-761.

190. Benjamin Pemberton (1697-1782) had been naval officer since 1734 and had no thoughts of retiring. Walter Kendall Watkins, “The Pemberton Family,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 44 (1890), 396.

191. No. 34.

192. See No. 32.

193. Sterling.

194. John Bernard (26 Jan. 1745-25 Aug. 1809) was educated at Lincoln Grammar School but did not attend university, and came to Boston in 1761 or 1762.

195. Not found.

196. No. 20.

197. A variant of “detainer,” a legal term (n. & a.) meaning holding a person in custody or a writ to that effect. OED.

198. FB: “I flatter myself that there will be no great difficulty in obtaining 4000 Men; & I shall use my best endeavours to get them well fitted out.” Boston, 23 Mar. 1761, WO 34/26, f 86. FB’s misplaced optimism can partly account for Amherst’s anger on receiving news about conditions attached by the House (Nos. 38 and 41).

199. These “papers” have not been found, and may not have been forwarded to Alexander Colden (1716-74), postmaster at New York, until 11 May. FB to Pownall, Castle William, 12 May 1761, BP, 1: 316-317.

200. Not found.

201. William Shakespeare, Lear, in King Lear, 3.2.59-60.

202. On 8 Jan., the House and Council established a joint committee to consider the petition of the Mashpee Indians that protested encroachments on their land in Barnstable County and infringements of their fishing rights on the Mashpee River. The complaints were not upheld. JHRM, 37, pt.2: 165, 225-226, 322-323. See No. 45.

203. No. 20.

204. See No. 38.

205. FB to Amherst, Boston, 30 Mar. 1761, WO 34/26, f 87.

206. Acts and Resolves, 16: 721-723.

207. FB presented Pitt’s requisition (No. 20), together with a letter from Amherst dated 21 Mar. 1761 (not found), to the Council and the House of Representatives on 25 Mar. JHRM, 37, pt.2: 250-252.

208. Thus in manuscript.

209. The proviso was to prevent Amherst sending the Provincials to the West Indies where troop mortality rates were inordinately high.

210. No. 36.

211. No. 20.

212. For these proceedings see JHRM, 37, pt.2: 253-254, 293-295; No. 38.

213. Amherst to FB, New York, 5 Apr. 1761, BP, 9: 181-182.

214. The Benjamin and Samuel, master Stephen Hills, was owned by Benjamin Hallowell and left Boston on 6 Apr. CO 5/851, f 69.

215. This line and the preceding paragraph are in FB’s hand. The “Account” is missing.

216. No. 20.

217. For these proceedings see JHRM, 37, pt.2: 253-254, 293-295.

218. See Acts and Resolves, 4: 436.

219. The Rev. Henry Caner (1700-93), rector of King’s Chapel.

220. John Erving Sr. (1693-1786).

221. Not found.

222. This line in FB’s hand.

223. No. 38.

224. No. 41.

225. LbC: the phrase “considered, that if I” is missing.

226. No. 20.

227. Meaning “thorough.”

228. In this, FB sought the advice of Timothy Ruggles (1711-95). FB to Ruggles, Boston, 6 Apr. 1761, BP, 2: 105. Ruggles, a lawyer by profession and representative for Hardwick, was one of Massachusetts’s most experienced officers. He served in the expeditions to Crown Point in 1755 and 1756, Fort William Henry in 1757, and Canada in 1759. He held the provincial rank of colonel when he was promoted to brigadier-general by Gen. Amherst in Feb. 1760, and left the service in Dec.

229. FB, message to the Council and the House of Representatives, Province House, 15 Apr. 1761, for which see JHRM, 37, pt.2: 337.

230. LbC: “not”.

231. LbC: “their general Principles,”.

232. John Roberts (1711/12-72), British politician. A loyal supporter of the duke of Newcastle, Roberts held a number of minor offices and sinecures; he was mp for Harwich, 1761-72, and a lord commissioner of the Board of Trade, 1761- Nov. 1762. Martyn J. Powell, “Roberts, John (1711/12-1772),” in ODNB-e (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23760, accessed 2 Mar. 2005); J. C. Sainty, Officials of the Boards of Trade, 1660-1870 (London, 1974), 31.

233. No. 42.

234. No. 41.

235. Thomas Hancock (1703-64), whose position as Boston’s richest merchant owed much to his success in negotiating supply contracts with British forces.

236. James Moncrieff (1744-93), a Scottish-born British army officer and noted engineer. Although his biographer suggests that he did not leave Britain until the summer of 1762, when he participated in the siege of Savannah, Moncrieff was subsequently based at New York and returned to Boston in 1768 to inspect the defences of Castle William. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 213-214.

237. Possibly Leonard Jarvis (1716-70), a Boston merchant.

238. On 21 Apr.

239. No. 59.

240. See No. 42.

241. Samuel Sandys (1695-1770), the first Baron Sandys of Ombersley and noted critic of Robert Walpole and his ministry, was president of the Board of Trade, 21 Mar. 1761-Feb. 1763. FB acknowledged Sandys’s appointment in No. 63.

242. Edward Bacon (1712?-86), mp for Norwich, 1756-84, and a lord commissioner, 1759-Jul. 1765.

243. Sir Edmund Thomas (1712-67), mp for Glamorgan, 1761-67, and a lord commissioner, 1761-63.

244. George Rice (1724?-79), mp for Carmarthenshire from 1754 until his death and a lord commissioner Mar. 1761-1770. He was a friend of and election agent for the duke of Newcastle, and a political ally of Lord Bute. He was a “hardliner” critic of the colonists who opposed repealing the Stamp Act. Peter D. G. Thomas, “Rice, George (1724?-79),” in ODNB-e (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23477, accessed 7 Jun. 2006).

245. Stephen Greenleaf (1704-95), a resident of Boston, sheriff of Suffolk County from 1757 to the Revolution, and a future Loyalist.

246. Benedict Thoms and Francis Layton.

247. Fort Loudon, near present-day Vonore in eastern Tennessee, was constructed by the Virginia militia in 1756. The Cherokees captured the fort in Aug. 1760 and massacred the garrison.

248. Fort Cherokee, at the confluence of the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers, was originally called Fort Ascension when it was constructed by the French in 1757; it was renamed Fort Massac in 1759, by which name it is best known.

249. Probably Fort Kaskaskia, the second permanent French settlement on the Mississippi River in what was to become Illinois; if that was so, then the party would have traveled along the Ohio River to the Mississippi River, and proceeded up river to Kaskaskia.

250. Probably Fort Chartres, up river from Fort Kaskaskia; it was constructed from logs in 1720, but by the 1760s was an impressive, strongly-defended stone fortification. From here it was over 490 miles south to Natchez.

251. The French Fort les Natchez, on the Mississippi River, was an earthen construction from 1716, but had been in a ruinous state since its capture by the Natchez Indians in 1729.

252. The “flag of truce trade” was the term given to the generally illegal commerce between British and French settlements during wartime, on which see Nos. 11 and 234; Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 34; Thomas C. Barrow, Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660-1775 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 163.

253. Sir William Johnson (1715-74), the widely respected superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Department and prominent landowner in upper New York.

254. According to Cruikshanks, “Simon Butler is a very likely Young Man 5 feet 10 Inches high, presently at Fort George, and shall be Discharged as soon as Your Excellency pleases, tho’ Instead of money, of Which I refused £20, for him Offered by the Enclosed Letter from M^r. Sanders, I would much rather Wish Governor Bernard would send a trusty Young man in his Stead.” Quoted in Amherst to FB, New York, 2 Mar. 1761, WO 34/27, p. 212.

255. No. 11.

256. Robert Temple, the brother of the surveyor general John Temple, and comptroller of Customs at Boston in 1761.

257. Monte Cristo, Hispaniola; modern-day San Fernando de Monte Cristi in the Dominican Republic.

258. Capt. Daniel Martin according to the deponents.

259. St. Thomas had been a royal Danish colony since 1754, and today is one of three islands comprising the US Virgin Islands. Inward clearances for the port of Boston 5 Apr.-5 Jul. 1761 show only one vessel from St. Thomas’s, the John, master John Miles, a thirty-ton schooner with a crew of four and owned by John Baker, a Boston merchant: there is an entry of two hogsheads of molasses and six of sugar, but the date has been torn from the manuscript. CO 5/851, n.p.

260. No. 47.

261. John Temple (1732-98), lieutenant governor of New Hampshire and surveyor general of Customs for the Northern District, which office he held from c.Jun. 1761 until its abolition in 1766.

262. Not found.

263. William Warburton (1698-1779), Church of England cleric and noted theologian. He was a practising lawyer before entering the church, where he held a number of benefices prior to becoming bishop of Gloucester in 1760. Warburton thought highly of FB, with whom he probably became acquainted while rector at Brant-Broughton, Lincs., 1728-30. Warburton was a signatory to the House of Lords’ protest against the repeal of the Stamp Act in Mar. 1766. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 33.

264. No. 37.

265. No. 11.

266. No. 18.

267. FB to Pownall, Boston, 9 May 1761, CO 5/891, ff 31-32; No. 49.

268. Richard Dana (1700-72), justice of the peace for Suffolk County and a future member of the Sons of Liberty.

269. Amherst would have preferred the embarkations to have proceeded earlier and to have been permitted “to have Sent more Troops to Nova Scotia,” by which he likely meant either Hoar’s or Saltonstall’s regiments, or both. Amherst to FB, Albany, 25 Jun. 1761, BP, 9: 213-215. As it was, Amherst instructed Hoar to proceed to Albany as quickly as possible. Amherst to FB, Albany, 1 Jul. 1761, BP, 9: 217-220.

270. Some 630 men of Thwing’s regiment embarked for Halifax on 26 Jun., though FB evidently still hoped to reach a regimental total of seven hundred. He reported that enlistments were slower than expected ever since Amherst’s desire to send more Provincials to Halifax had become common knowledge. FB to Amherst, Boston, 27 Jun. 1761, WO 34/26, f 100.

271. FB is referring to the new evaluation of estates for tax-raising purposes that were settled by the House on 9 Jul., after which the House discussed incentives to encourage enlistment. JHRM, 38 pt.1: 103-105.

272. James Otis Jr. (1725-83), the lawyer and prominent Patriot, who, as representative for Boston, 1761-69 and 1771, and moderator of the town meeting, was one of FB’s foremost critics.

273. See JHRM, 38 pt.1: 103-105.

274. No. 67.

275. Bollan to Andrew Oliver, Leicester Square, 12 Feb. 1761, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 2: 300-302; Bollan to Oliver, Leicester Square, 14 Feb. 1761, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 329-330.

276. This line in FB’s hand.

277. Col. Thwing’s regiment (see No. 51) was brought by the Seaflower, Jonathan Davies, master, which was owned by Elijah Davies, and cleared Boston on 9 Jul. 1761. CO 5/850, f 71.

278. A British army officer.

279. On 9 Jul., the House considered FB’s message of 1 Jul., and the following day passed a resolution offering new volunteers six weeks’ pay in addition to the bounty. JHRM, 38 pt.1: 91, 101; Acts and Resolves, 17: 43.

280. Amherst had been made a knight bachelor, an ancient reward for public service.

281. The British occupied Dominica in Jun. 1761 after attacking the French town of Roseau with an expeditionary force led by Commodore Sir James Douglas (1703-87) and Andrew Rollo (1703-65), the fifth Lord Rollo.

282. Nos. 52 and 54.

283. FB provided more details in No. 85.

284. Not found.

285. On 11 Mar. 1761. JBT, 11: 178.

286. FB to Pownall, Castle William, 12 May 1761, BP, 1: 316-317.

287. See No. 57.

288. An act for dividing the county of Hampshire, and for establishing a new county of Berkshire, 1 Geo. 3 c. 33 (passed 21 Apr. 1761); an act for erecting the new plantation called Pontoosuck, in the county of Hampshire, into a town by the name of Pittsfield, 1 Geo. 3 c. 34 (passed 21 Apr. 1761). Acts and Resolves, 4: 432-435.

289. Journals of the House of Representatives, 27 May 1761 to 11 Jul. 1761, CO 5/842, pp. 3-112 (Prt, RC). The page numbers cited by FB are consistent with JHRM, 37 pt.2.

290. FB’s message to the Council and the House of Representatives is dated Province House, 17 Apr.; the House of Representatives answered the following day. JHRM, 37 pt.2: 354, 360.

291. Bills to incorporate Plantations Number One, Three, and Four, and Colrain. JHRM, 37 pt.2: 343, 338, 350.

292. Incorporated in 1760.

293. See Article 40, General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, Appendix 1.

294. The Treaty of Union (1706-07) between England and Scotland limited Scottish representation in the House of Commons to forty-five members: thirty for the shires and fifteen for the burghs. This entailed the sixty-five Scottish burghs, excluding Edinburgh, forming nine groups of five burghs and five groups of four to return fifteen members. J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland (Harmondsworth, Eng. and New York, 1978), 260-261.

295. FB to John Pownall, Boston, 13 Jul. 1761, BP, 1: 323-324.

296. Harrison Gray (1711-94), province treasurer, 1753-74, and member of the Governor’s Council, 1761-72, was a moderate Whig and a Loyalist during the Revolution.

297. See Josiah Quincy, Samuel M. Quincy, and Horace Gray, Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Superior Court of Judicature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Between 1761 and 1772 (Boston, 1865), 541-547.

298. FB to Pownall, 13 Jul. 1761.

299. A House of Representatives’ resolve of 13 Jan. “impowered and directed” Treasurer Gray to recover over £475 sterling from the vice-admiralty court in respect of deductions, including fees and payments to informers, made from the province’s share of customs seizures. FB reluctantly consented to the resolve: his stated objection was not the first point he raises in this letter, concerning the challenge to the vice-admiralty court, but the second—the procedural irregularity of having the treasurer instead of the attorney general initiate the suit. A resolution of 27 Jan. named Paxton as the defendant. See JHRM, 37, pt.2: 181, 231-248; Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 41-42.

300. Superior Court of Judicature, Record Books, 1760-62, p. 235, Massachusetts Archives.

301. John Erving (c.1692-1786) was a wealthy merchant and a member of the Governor’s Council, 1754-74, whose brig Sarah was seized by customs officers led by George Craddock on 26 Apr. 1760. George Craddock (d.1771) of Charlestown, was deputy judge of the court of Vice Admiralty, 1742-?, and collector at Boston for the duration of Barons’s suspension. For the case see Quincy, et al.., Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Superior Court, 553-555.

302. James Otis Jr. was deputy advocate-general of Vice Admiralty, 1757-62.

303. Superior Court of Judicature, Record Books, 1760-62, p. 230.

304. Not found.

305. Possibly James Otis Jr.

306. Smudged.

307. John Scaife (d.1773), a British naval officer, raised to captain on 22 Feb. 1759.

308. The King George came into port c.22 Aug., and FB reported that she would be ready within five days to escort the storeship to Sandy Hook, New Jersey. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 22 Aug. 1761, WO 34/26, f 105.

309. Admiral Augustus Keppel (1725-86) forced the surrender of the fortified Belle Isle in Quiberon Bay, off the French coast, on 7 Jun. 1761 after a two-month siege.

310. No. 46.

311. This procedure entails defendants contesting a writ or other legal instrument on the basis that it contains extrinsic errors.

312. FB had warned the House of Representatives in Jan. that only the province attorney general could initiate Crown actions. JHRM, 37 pt.2: 246-247.

313. Barrington to FB, Cavendish Square, 6 Jun. 1761, BP, 9: 205-208.

314. Nos. 24 and 34.

315. In £sterling.

316. FB to Barrington, Boston, 6 Jun. 1761, BP, 1: 313-314.

317. Letters not found.

318. On 6 Jun. 1761.

319. Nos. 60 and 64.

320. William Sheaffe (1705/06-71), deputy collector of Customs at Boston.

321. Samuel Watts (1697-1770), a merchant and extensive property holder, had been a justice of the inferior court of Common Pleas of Suffolk County since 1748 and a member of the Governor’s Council since 1742. Samuel Welles (1689-1770) had represented Boston in the House on several occasions and had been appointed a judge in 1755.

322. Thus in manuscript. Probably meaning penetration, although pensitation is also a possibility.

323. Amherst to FB, Albany, 20 Aug. 1761, WO 34/27, p. 223.

324. Amherst was in camp at Staaten Island, preparing for the march to Albany, and awaiting the storeship’s arrival.

325. On 22 Aug., when FB reported that the regiment was at full strength of one thousand men, excluding officers and deserters, he noted that twenty-six soldiers were waiting on a vessel to take them to Halifax. These were the “last” of Thwing’s men. The other two regiments were “Very near” full strength. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 22 Aug. 1761, WO 34/26, f 105.

326. Not found.

327. Amherst reported that Moncreiffe “Expresses the remarkable politeness, and Civilities he has met with from You, in the Execution of the Service he was Sent upon,” which was to supervise the mustering and embarkation of the provincial soldiers for Halifax. Amherst to FB, Staaten Island, 28 Aug. 1761, BP, 9: 225-228.

328. Amherst had proposed supplying spruce beer to the Massachusetts troops working on the fortifications at Halifax, as had already been done for the British Regulars there. At a cost of less than three farthings per gallon, he supposed it an inexpensive and, according to his officers’ reports, a highly effective means of combating the “Dissenteries & mortal Disorder” induced by contaminated water and the drunkenness attendant to the overconsumption of rum. By Jun. 1762, if not earlier, FB had appointed Messrs Taylor and Blodget to undertake the brewing at Crown Point. Amherst to FB, 28 Aug. 1761; Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 99; FB to Amherst, Boston, 17 Jun. 1762, WO 34/26, f 165.

329. FB to Cols. Thwing, Saltonstall, Hoar, Boston, 4 Sept. 1761, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 2: 321-323.

330. Thus in manuscript.

331. In addition, FB had requested that the sutlers at Halifax be exempt from any provincial duties on goods supplied to the regiments, and be placed under the protection of Maj. Gen. John Henry Bastide (c.1700-c.1770), a British military engineer. Bastide had supervised the demolition of Louisbourg in 1760, before taking charge of the construction of the fortifications at Halifax. FB to Bastide, Boston, 29 Jul. 1761, BP, 2: 119; FB to Jonathan Belcher, Boston, 29 Jul. 1761, BP, 2: 118.

332. Not found.

333. The governor was obliged to help maintain the bishop of London’s ecclesiastical jurisdiction in America. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 490. The Congregationalists assumed that he would promote the interests of the province’s Anglican clergy and churches to the deteriment of their own.

334. The Rev. Edward Bass D.D. (1726-1803), the rector of St. Paul’s Church, Newbury (later Newburyport), who in 1796 was consecrated the first Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts. Newbury’s sectarian rivalries are discussed in Benjamin Woods Labaree, Patriots and Partisans: the Merchants of Newburyport, 1764-1815 (New York, 1975), 2-3, 8.

335. Not found.

336. Barrington to FB, Cavendish Square, 6 Jun. 1761, BP, 9: 205-208.

337. William Baker (1743-1824), a merchant and Alderman of the City of London, he was mp for Plympton Erle, 1768-74, and Aldborough, 1777-80. He was a noted friend of America.

338. These letters have not been found.

339. No. 62.

340. No. 66.

341. FB, memorial to the earl of Halifax, c.Mar. 1761, not found.

342. No. 65.

343. Not found.

344. Letters are obscured by binding.

345. Three words are written vertically in the right margin: “province” follows two cancellations which are difficult to decipher because of tight binding. Left marginal note, opposite the interlineation: “2 the Orig^l Duplicate this” in FB’s hand.

346. Not found.

347. Bollan was to seek reimbursement for his expenses from Leverett Blackbourne. FB to Bollan, Boston, 28 Sept. 1761, BP, 2: 13.

348. No. 49.

349. Possibly Richard Tucker of Glocester, Rhode Island.

350. Opening parenthesis supplied. The advertisement is in the Boston Gazette, 14 Sept. 1761, p. 1/3.

351. 10 Oct.

352. Louis Le Vassor de La Touche de Tréville (1710-81), governor of Martinique, c.Feb. 1761-1 Mar. 1762.

353. There were two legal issues of concern. First, the “the french Gentleman,” Mons. Benjamin Acquart, ought to have obtained a certificate of safe passage from FB prior to sailing, such as were occasionally supplied to transports coming from Martinique. (For example, Andrew Oliver to de La Touche de Tréville, 20 January 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 2: 331-332.) Second, Acquart’s ship and all aboard her ought to have been quarantined and examined before being allowed into port, given that in Boston smallpox was responsible for more “concentrated mortality” than any other disease. John Stevens, however, was given immunity from arrest by a resolve of the General Court. John B. Blake, “Smallpox Inoculation in Colonial Boston,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Services 8 (1953): 284-300, a 285-286; Acts and Resolves, 16: 674.

354. Rainsford Island.

355. Not found.

356. There is no record of Bollan’s resignation as advocate general of the Vice Admiralty Court, which position he had occupied since Dec. 1742. In Bollan’s absence, the duties were carried out by a deputy, which office was held by James Otis Jr. between 1757 and 1761. Sometime in 1762, Bollan was replaced by Robert Auchmuty (1724-88), a Massachusetts lawyer whose father had tutored Bollan in the law. Auchmuty was made a judge of the court in 1767.

357. Annotation in left margin: “1761. Nov^r. 25^th. Letter to Fra^s. Bernard Esq^r. Gov^r. of the Massachusets Bay, in Answer to three from him, of the 3^d. 6. & 27.^th of Aug. last.”

358. Nos. 59, 60, and 64.

359. The Charter of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 7 Oct. 1691, in Acts and Resolves, 1: 1-20; an act for ascertaining the number and regulating the House of Representatives, 4 Will. 3 & Mary, c. 38 (30 Nov. 1692), ibid., 88-90.

360. General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, Court at St. James’s, 27 May 1761, Nether Winchendon House, Bucks. Eng. For Article 40 see Appendix 1.

361. On 9 Jun. 1762. JBT¸ 11: 286-287. The Board raised these matters in No. 124.

362. James West (1703-72), lawyer, politician, and antiquary. He was mp for St. Albans, 1741-68, and Boroughbridge, 1768-72; treasurer (1736-68) and president (1768-72) of the Royal Society; and joint secretary to the Treasury, 1746-56, and Jul. 1757-May 1762.

363. Amherst to FB, New York, 16 Nov. 1761, WO 34/27, p. 233.

364. On 23 Nov., FB reported that Amherst had discharged the regiments but had retained 238 provincial troops at Halifax and 320 at Crown Point for winter service. JHRM, 38, pt.1: 145.

365. Col. William Foster, the British commanding officer at Halifax, had complained to Amherst “of some very Irregular practises Committed by the Officers of the massachusetts Troops, by hiring the men to the Towns, people &c.” Amherst scolded him for not calling a general court-martial immediately. Amherst to FB, New York, 16 Nov. 1761. FB subsequently appointed Maj. Jotham Gay (1733-1802) of Hingham, Mass., to command the Provincials at Halifax, where he was already stationed, no doubt expecting that he would root out the “Irregular practises” Foster had brought to light. FB to Nathaniel Thwing, Boston, 9 Dec. 1761, BP, 2: 132.

366. Not found.

367. Amherst warned that the contribution of the Massachusetts troops to the hospital account had not been paid for 1759, and urged FB to send an agent to the upcoming muster at Fort No. 4 for troops returning from Crown Point. Amherst to FB, New York, 16 Nov. 1761. FB dispatched Thomas Goldthwait, province secretary at war, to New York in early Dec. FB to Amherst, Boston, 9 Dec. 1761, WO 34/26, f 114.

368. Not found.

369. See No. 65.

370. No. 77.

371. No. 82.

372. Samuel Shute (1662-1742), governor of Massachusetts, 1716-28. His sister Ann Shute was Lord Barrington’s aunt. Perhaps Hutchinson was trying to avoid offending FB and Barrington when he later published a tactful assessment of Gov. Shute’s administration in his History of Massachusetts, 2: 218. Hutchinson suggested it was unfortunate that Shute arrived at a time of intense partisanship, whereas modern historians emphasise that Shute’s growing hostility to the New Englanders was fueled by accusations of disloyalty and contests to manage the House of Representatives and establish a permanent salary for the governor. Richard L. Bushman, King and People in Provincial Massachusetts (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985), 31, 95.

373. Thus in manuscript.

374. No. 74.

375. Barrington-Bernard, 43: “standing.”

376. There is no documentary record of FB having visited Connecticut since his meeting with Thomas Pownall at New London in Apr. 1760.

377. Meaning under discussion or consideration. OED.

378. No. 85.

379. Edward Whitmore (c.1694-1761), a British army officer. After participating in the capture of Louisbourg in 1758, Maj. Gen. Whitmore was appointed governor of the fort and also of Cape Breton and St. John’s. He died on 11 Dec. while travelling to Boston on leave, and was buried at King’s Chapel.

380. See No. 28.

381. Amherst to FB, New York, 6 Dec. 1761, WO 34/27, p. 234.

382. George Williamson (d.1794), a British army officer and lieutenant colonel in command of the Royal Artillery in North America.

383. The province had expended considerable money and effort in fortifying Castle Island in Boston harbor, but the artillery had evidently not been returned when FB reported on the building programme in Sept. 1763 (No. 234).

384. No. 62.

385. The printers refused to publish the letters. See No. 89.

386. James Otis Jr.

387. Josiah Hardy (1716-90), governor of New Jersey, 1761-62. His father had been a commissioner of the Admiralty and an mp, while his brother Charles had been governor of New York, 1755–57. Despite his family’s connections, Hardy was obliged to relinquish office by 1 Sept. 1762 after being dismissed for approving judicial commissions on terms contrary to his instructions.

388. Barrington to FB, Cavendish Square, 12 Dec. 1761, BP, 9: 233-236.

389. Not found.

390. Becket House at Shrivenham, Berkshire, is the Barrington family estate.

391. A contemporaneous virgule in the left margin marks off the enclosure.

392. An act for repealing the several laws now in force relating to the observation of the Lord’s Day, 1 Geo. 3, c. 20 (passed 31 Jan. 1761). Acts and Resolves, 4: 415-419.

393. An act for the better observation and keeping the Lord’s day ... 4 Will. & Mary, c. 22 ( 22 Oct. 1692), Acts and Resolves, 1: 58-59; An act in addition to the act entitled an act for the better observation and keeping the Lord’s day, ... 3 Geo. 1, c. 13 (26 Nov. 1716), ibid., 2: 58-59; An act in further addition to the act entitled an act for the better observation and keeping the Lord’s day, ... 13 Geo. 1, c. 5 (12 Jan. 1727), ibid., 2: 456-457.

394. See Article 7, General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, Appendix 1.

395. An act for granting unto His Majesty several rates and duties of impost and tonnage of shipping (passed 31 Jan. 1761). Acts and Resolves, 4: 407-413.

396. Letters are obscured by tight binding.

397. See No. 89n4.

398. FB to Thomas Pownall, 13 Feb. 1762, BP, 2: 31 (noted). See mention of the “Governors Situation” in No. 58.

399. No. 79.

400. Judges were empowered to order the discontinuance of a suit in instances where the plaintiff was unable to make a legal case or submit enough evidence. OED.

401. Province of Massachusetts Bay v. Paxton, 1762. in Quincy, et al., Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Superior Court, 548-552.

402. Acts and Resolves, 17: 168.

403. Barrington’s letter of 12 Dec. (incorrectly dated above) brought news that Barons had been dismissed “with the entire approbation” of the Treasury and the Board of Customs. BP, 9: 233-236.

404. No. 85.

405. On 2 Feb. JHRM: 38, pt. 2: 220.

406. The papers in preparation included a memorial of the Boston Merchants, 18 Feb. 1762, T 1/415, ff 157-162. The merchants felt “obliged to vindicate” themselves from “unjust Aspersions” cast by FB in his official correspondence—in short, that that they were lawbreakers and smugglers. The rumor of FB’s indiscretion was propagated in Boston by Barons himself, having been raised in correspondence between Theodore Atkinson of New Hampshire and a London contact. See Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 55-57. In his official correspondence, FB made no secret of his view that the merchants were to the fore in a “party formed & supported by M^r Barons,” but he did not actually disparage particular persons as smugglers (No. 59). He was less circumspect in his correspondence with Barrington, however, wherein he pinpointed the weakness of the Customhouse as one of the “Causes which have induced the Merchants of this port to be less disposed to Obey the Laws of Trade than they have hitherto been.” (No. 62). Barrington may have passed this letter to Secretary of State Lord Egremont, but there is no evidence that it was considered formally by the Treasury or the Board of Trade. Elsewhere, FB wrote that “disregard of the Laws of trade which is now carried on by the most dangerous practices, in Rhode Island, has render’d the Merchants here disposed no longer to submit to the usual restraints” (No. 75); but this letter was never sent.

407. The identity of this merchant is unknown, but may have been John Timmons, an Anglican and general merchant, into whose care John Bernard placed his stock when he left Boston in 1776. John Bernard was established as a merchant in Boston by 1765, and entered into partnership with William Gale. He was among the handful of importers determined to defy the non-importation movement of 1768-70.

408 Not found.

409. Perhaps this was a swimming-related accident.

410. Hougougsaniyonde (or Segughsonyut) a.k.a. Thomas King, a sachem of the Oneida tribe. FB was grateful for King’s advice and his interpreter’s skills at the Easton conference. BP, 1: 177.

411. John Forbes (1707–1759), a Scots-born British army officer, was appointed brigadier-general in 1757 and built the famous Forbes Road over the Alleghenies. He led the force that captured Fort Duquesne in Dec. 1758, a strategic victory for the British in the war, and died 11 Mar.

412. The British force that successfully besieged Fort Niagara, 10-25 Jul. 1759, was commanded by Brig. Gen. John Prideaux (bap.1720?-1759).

413. Benjamin Shute, a London merchant, of whom little is known.

414. FB described Barons v. Paxton as the fifth case in No. 60. Here he is referring to Erving v. Craddock. Craddock had appealed to His Majesty in Council, but the process ceased when Erving, as FB suspected he might, discharged Craddock from the Superior Court’s judgment on account of the expense of mounting a defence in England. Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 49; Carl Ubbelohde, The Vice-Admiralty Courts and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960), 35.

415. Encircled.

416. Acts and Resolves, 17: 168.

417. No. 81.

418. The province voted 3,000 men in 1761.

419. Amherst to FB, 9 Feb. 1762, not found; Amherst to FB, New York, 21 Feb. 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 352-353.

420. FB had presented the letters on 20 Feb. and the resolutions were passed on 3 Mar. JHRM, 38 pt.2: 273-276, 287-288. The bounty for the Provincials had been raised to artificially high levels in 1759—£14 provincial currency or c.£10 sterling for new volunteers—when wages generally were high and it was proving difficult to attract recruits. Anderson, Crucible of War, 319.

421. Acts and Resolves, 17: 177-178.

422. LbC: “present.”

423. George Dymond was the master of the Wolf, owned by Nathaniel Wheelwright. CO5/850, f 13.

424. Enclosed in FB to Pownall, Boston, 4 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 33-34, and possibly FB to Pownall, 13 Feb. 1762, not found.

425. The correct instruction was Article 13, General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, Appendix 1; it had been in force since 1730. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 258.

426. The actual grant made no mention of any timescale for clearing and settling the land, although these conditions were normally written into land grants, such as the six years allowed the grantees of the Penobscot townships, in addition to a clause requiring confirmation by the Crown.

427. No. 81.

428. See correspondence listed in No. 92n3.

429. 13 Mar.

430. 15 Mar.

431. Israel Williams (1709-88) of Hatfield, Hampshire Co., Mass., was one of the most influential political leaders in western Massachusetts. His family had extensive landholdings and dominated local and county offices. Williams deservedly acquired a reputation for distinguished public service as an officer in the provincial regiments, a town representative, 1733-58, and member of the Governor’s Council, 1760-66.

432. FB to Amherst, Boston, 20 Mar. 1762, WO 34/26, ff 121-122.

433. For a complete list of the sessional acts to which FB gave his consent on 6 Mar. see JHRM, 38 pt.2: 297-298.

434. An act to incorporate the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge among the Indians of North America (passed 11 Feb. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 520-523.

435. The Boston Marine Society was established in 1742 and incorporated by the General Court in 1754.

436. An act for incorporating a society for the founding and regulating an academy in the western parts of the province was sent up to the Council for concurrence on 24 Feb. 1762 and rejected the same day. Welch, “Israel Williams and the Hampshire College Project of 1761-1764,” 55.

437. An act in addition to an act made and passed in the twenty-third year of King George the Second, entitled, an act for ascertaining the rates at which coined silver and gold may pass in this government, 2 Geo. 3, c. 28 (passed 6 Mar. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 515-516. The act referred to herein was passed on 3 Jan. 1749. Ibid., 3: 430-444.

438. An act for ascertaining the rates of foreign coins in Her Majesty’s plantations in America, 6 Anne, c. 57.

439. An act for the better securing the possessors of the province treasurer’s notes, 2 Geo. 3, c. 29 (passed 10 Feb. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 516-518.

440. An act to supply the treasury with the sum of twenty-five thousand pounds, 2 Geo. 3, c. 23 (passed 29 Jan. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 491-493; an act to supply the treasury with the sum of twenty thousand pounds, 2 Geo. 3, c. 40 (passed 6 Mar. 1762). Ibid., 4: 528-529; an act in addition to an act entitled an act for supplying the treasury with the sum of forty-nine thousand one hundred pounds, to be thence issued for the discharging the public debts, and drawing the same into the treasury again, and to one other act to supply the treasury with the sum of thirty-nine thousand pounds, 2 Geo. 3, c. 22 (passed 31 Jan. 1762). Ibid., 4: 490-491. With regard to 2 Geo. 3, c. 22, above, the first act referred to herein is 1 Geo. 3, c. 4 (passed 22 Jun. 1761), ibid., 4: 460-462, and the second, 1 Geo. 3, c. 15 (passed 11 Jul. 1761), ibid., 4: 469-471.

441. The legislation from this session is discussed in No. 109.

442. No. 98.

443. FB refused to consent to the bill on the grounds that, as he told the assembly on 6 Mar., it was “plainly repugnant and contrary to the Laws of England,” especially an act for preventing frauds and regulating abuses in the plantation trade, 7 & 8 Will. 3 c. 22 (1696). JHRM, 38 pt.2: 299.

444. Colonial resentment of and opposition to sheriffs enforcing trade laws with writs of assistance surfaced again in 1766. See Maurice Henry Smith, The Writs of Assistance Case (Berkeley, 1978); George G. Wolkins, “Daniel Malcom and the Writs of Assistance,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3d ser., 58 (1924-1925): 5-88.

445. The clerk has overwritten “colonies.”

446. Robert Monckton (1726-82), a British army officer and colonial administrator who commanded the expeditionary force that captured Martinique in Feb. 1762.

447. FB to Egremont, Boston, 5 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 179.

448. Egremont’s first letter is No. 81. His second letter and Amherst’s letters of 9 Feb. and 21 Feb. 1762 have not been found. The House voted to raise six hundred recruits on 15 Apr. in addition to the two thousand voted in Mar. and the six hundred soldiers already in service. JHRM, 38 pt.2: 287-288, 308-309.

449. For these proceedings see No. 120.

450. The resolves were voted on 16 Apr. and passed 21 Apr. JHRM, 38 pt.2: 308-309; Acts and Resolves, 17: 200-202.

451. 19 Apr.

452. Bollan had been dismissed from the province agency on 12 Feb. 1760 but was reinstated four months later.

453. No. 105.

454. Jasper Mauduit (1696-1771), Massachusetts province agent, 1762-65.

455. On 23 Apr.

456. An act for empowering Jasper Mauduit, Esq; and in case he is prevented by sickness, death, or any other way, Richard Jackson, Jun., Esq; to receive any sum or sums of money that are or may be due or payable in Great-Britain, to the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, 2 Geo. 3, c. 48 (passed 24 Apr. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 536-537.

457. General Court to Jasper Mauduit, 15 Jun. 1762, Mass. Archs., 56: 386-402.

458. Letters not found.

459. An act for the better enabling the officers of his Majesty’s Customs, to carry the Acts of Trade into execution. See No. 99.

460. FB neglected to to do this in the next letter to Pownall that enclosed copies of provincial legislation, No. 123.

461. Nos. 104 and 105.

462. No. 100.

463. On 26 Apr., the Governor-in-Council issued orders prohibiting the shipment of all provisions out of Massachusetts without special permission. Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 155.

464. This line in FB’s hand.

465. Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776), the Scots-born lieutenant governor and acting governor of New York, 1761-75, and a celebrated botanist and historian.

466. Five acts were passed at the end of the session held from 14 to 24 Apr. JHRM, 38 pt.2: 332-333.

467. An act to explain, amend, and carry into execution an act made in the first year of the reign of His present Majesty, entitled, an act for raising a sum of money by lottery for repairing Faneuil Hall in Boston, 2 Geo.3, c. 49 (passed 24 Apr. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 537. The act referred to herein is 1 Geo. 3, c. 26 (passed 18 Apr. 1761), which limited lottery funding for the building project to £2,000, excluding expenses; the 1762 act raised the limit to £3,000 sterling. Ibid., 4: 425-426.

468. No. 43.

469. The act was noted on 18 Nov. 1762, and there are no recorded objections by the Board of Trade. JBT¸ 11: 297-298.

470. LbC: “that may be spared” added here.

471. LbC: “as rangers or for Garrisons” added here.

472. No. 107.

473. Not found.

474. James O’Hara (c.1682-1773), earl of Tyrawley and former governor of Gibraltar, 1757-58.

475. No. 107.

476. Amherst to FB, New York, 18 Apr. 1762, BP, 9: 269-272.

477. Amherst to Thomas Fitch, New York, 5 May 1762. Correspondence between the Governor of Connecticut and the Commander-in-Chief, Sept. 1756-Nov. 1763, War Office Records: WO 34/28, f 83, PRO.

478. No. 112; Amherst to FB, New York, 10 May 1762, BP, 9: 281-284.

479. These proceedings are in Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, ff 157-158.

480. Annapolis Royal, N.S., and Fort Cumberland at Wills Creek on the Potomac River, Md.

481. No. 87.

482. [James Russell], An account of impost and tonnage [on West Indies goods imported into the Province of Massachusetts Bay], received between May 1755 and May 1762, c.May 1762, CO 5/891, ff 83-89.

483. No. 113.

484. Lawrence Kortright (1728-94), a New York merchant, was a Crown-authorized privateer during the French and Indian War. Much of Kortright’s extensive landholdings in New York were confiscated during the War of Independence on account of his Loyalism; his daughter married future U.S. President James Monroe. The seizure of his sloop Sally is also discussed in No. 119.

485. 24 May.

486. Not found.

487. In the Bahama Islands.

488. Probably George Erving (1738-1806), merchant of Boston and son of John Erving Sr.

489. William Shirley (1694-1771), former governor of Massachusetts, 1741-56, and governor of the Bahama Islands, 1759-68.

490. No. 112.

491. No. 76.

492. There is no formal record of FB bringing this matter to the Council’s attention.

493. Benjamin Hallowell, captain of the province sloop the King George and a member of the Boston Marine Society (admitted 1748/49). William A. Baker, A History of the Boston Marine Society, 1742-1981 (Boston, 1982), 331.

494. No. 115.

495. Amherst thought it “reasonable” that the father furnish a substitute for his son, noting that he did not “think it absolutely necessary” to reject seventeen-year-old recruits who were “abler & fitter” than many twenty-year olds. Amherst to FB, New York, 30 May 1762, BP, 9: 291-294.

496. When Capt. Elliot informed Amherst of this destitute merchant, the general commended FB “in providing for One, Whose misfortunes Seem to Claim Compassion.” Ibid.

497. Amherst reversed the exclusion order and instructed Elliot to accept Native American volunteers. Ibid.

498. FB thought highly of Francis Miller, who was appointed an ensign in the 45th Regiment of Foot on 14 Dec. 1762. See source note to No. 171.

499. No. 115.

500. Amherst to FB, New York, 23 May 1762, BP, 9: 285-286.

501. In the Bahama Islands.

502. Amherst to FB, New York, 23 May 1762, BP, 9: 285-286; No. 119.

503. No. 102.

504. For a discussion of recruiting problems pertaining to the provincial regiments see No. 102, and for the regular regiments No. 103.

505. No. 59.

506. An act for ascertaining the number and regulating the House of Representatives, 4 Will. 3 & Mary, c. 38 (30 Nov. 1692). NB: the legislative chapter given in this footnote is consistent with modern notation.

507. In the 1764 census, the counties of Lincoln, York, and Cumberland accounted for 8.9 per cent (or 21,867) of Massachusetts’s total population. Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America Before 1776, A Survey of Census Data (Princeton, N.J., 1975), 79.

508. Letters obscured by the binding.

509. FB to Amherst, Boston, 7 Jun. 1762, WO 34/26, f 162. The enclosure has not been found.

510. Amherst to FB, New York, 6 Jun. 1762, WO 34/27, p. 250.

511. Lt. Francis Miller brought the first contingent of regular recruits to New York; Lt. [Philip?] Richardson of Col. Hoar’s regiment brought the second, some twenty recruits. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 25 May 1762, WO 34/26, f 144; FB to Amherst, Boston, 4 Jun. 1762, WO 34/26, f 161.

512. FB to Belcher, Boston, 3 Apr. 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 2: 336.

513. Jonathan Belcher (1710-76) was the son of Jonathan Belcher (1681/2-1757), the former governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He practised law in England and Ireland before being appointed chief justice of Nova Scotia in 1754 (which he held until his death) and was lieutenant governor of the province, Nov. 1761-26 Sept. 1763.

514. No. 126.

515. Amherst rejected FB’s suggestion of raising separate provincial companies for regular regiments, on which see FB to Amherst, Castle William, 5 Jul. 1762, WO 34/26, f 169.

516. LbC: “of Rangers” added here. Maj. Joseph Gorham (1725-90) was commanding officer of the Corps of Rangers in North America. The regiment had been renamed the Corps of Rangers in 1761, having been called Gorham’s Rangers when they were placed on the British establishment in 1760. The rangers were originally formed in Massachusetts in 1744 by John Gorham (1709-51) of Barnstable Co., Mass., and after his death were commanded by Joseph, his younger brother.

517. Left marginal note: “Gov^r. Belchers Letter to the Gov^r: with respect to the bounds of this Province & Nova Scotia.”

518. 3 Apr. 1762 in Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 2: 336 and No. 127.

519. This may refer to The Charter Granted by Their Majesties King William and Queen Mary, to the Inhabitants of the Province of Massachusets-Bay in New England (Boston, 1692).

520. Not found.

521. Charles Lawrence (c.1709-60), governor of Nova Scotia, 1756-60.

522. Not found.

523. Pietas Et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis Apud Novanglos Bostoni, Massachuttensium (Boston, 1761 [1762]).

524. King George III married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz on 8 Sept. 1761.

525. Written as “1761530”.

526. Thus in manuscript, meaning that he had already sent the documents.

527. These letters have not been found.

528. FB to Bollan, Boston, 2 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 32-33; No. 90; FB to Pownall, Boston, 4 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 33-34.

529. William Alexander (1576-1640), baronet and first earl of Stirling, Scottish statesman, and poet. King James I granted Alexander proprietary rights to New Scotland in 1621; while he sent out several expeditions, none was able to establish a permanent settlement. William Alexander (1726-83) of New Jersey, the future Patriot general, revived claims to his forbear’s lordship of Stirling in Scotland and the lands in Sagadahoc.

530. Thus in manuscript. This is an ambiguous clause, for FB had not yet contracted with any body of settlers. The cancelled text suggests that originally FB was estimating the population of the planned town, but the correction could imply that FB was trying to impress Jackson (perhaps to attract his financial backing) by disingenuously suggesting that he already interested potential settlers. However, in subsequent letters to Jackson, notably No. 220, he did not claim to have engaged any settlers though he continued to proffer generous population projections.

531. Not found.

532. No. 86.

533. FB to Bollan, Boston, 2 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 32-33.

534. Nos. 104 and 105; FB to John Pownall, Boston, 4 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 33-34.

535. Thus in manuscript.

536. No. 131.

537. See No. 130n1.

538. Thus in manuscript.

539. In Temple Bar.

540. Garretson Meers was a master of a fishing vessel, and his declaration was the first to be publicly acknowledged, in the Boston Gazette, 12 Jul. 1762, p 3/1.

541. Alexander Colvill (1717-70), seventh Lord Colvill of Culross and commodore RN. When Colvill arrived in England on 26 Oct., he was promoted to rear-admiral of the white, and subsequently given command of the North Atlantic station, 1763-66. His name is often misspelled “Colville.”

542. Not found.

543. Sir George Pocock (1706–92), a successful naval officer and vice-admiral of the fleet that led the assault on Havana in 1762.

544. 19 Jul.

545. This paragraph in FB’s hand.

546. This corrected the intelligence provided in No. 134.

547. No. 135.

548. No. 136.

549. George Bridges Rodney (1718-1792), British naval officer, commodore-governor of Newfoundland, 1749; mp for Okehampton (1759-61), Penryn (1761-68), and Northampton (1768-84); rear-admiral of the blue in command of the Leeward Islands station; naval commander of the British expeditionary force against Martinique in 1762 and subordinate to Sir George Pocock in the campaign against Havana later that year. Created first Baron Rodney in 1764 and later won distinction in the American War of Independence for his victory over the French fleet at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782.

550. No. 135.

551. No. 138.

552. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 19 Jul. 1762, WO 34/26, f 178.

553. FB to Amherst, Cambridge, 22 Jul. 1762, WO 34/26, f 181.

554. Boston Newsletter, 22 July 1762.

555. Usually bomb-ship or bomb-ketch, a small mortar-carrying vessel. OED.

556. Nos. 135 and 137.

557. Belcher to FB, Halifax, 11 Jul. 1762, Mass. Archs., 5: 473.

558. The Council took no action other than to send an express rider to Crown Point to ascertain how many of the Provincials there had re-enlisted. CO 5/823, f 167. FB may have thought of sending deserters to Belcher ( No. 141) before he replied to him (No. 144).

559. No. 135.

560. Belcher to FB, Halifax, 11 Jul. 1762.

561. Nos. 134, 136, and 139.

562. No. 138.

563. The Neptune had left Boston for Newfoundland in June and was owned by Boston merchant George Bethune. CO5/ 850, f 14. Its master, William Cochran (d.1821), was admitted to the Boston Marine Society 7 Jun. 1763. Baker, History of the Boston Marine Society, 323.

564. 26 Jul.

565. No. 135.

566. The Azores.

567. The French ships were commanded by Charles-Henri-Louis d’ Arsac de Ternay (1723-80) and the military force by Louis-Bernard de Cléron, the comte D’ Haussonville and colonel of the Royal de Roussillon Regiment, 1759-61.

568. The postscript is written in the left margin.

569. See No. 139n8.

570. Amherst to FB, New York, 1 Aug. 1762, BP, 10: 3-4.

571. Amherst had asked FB to send new regular recruits to New York rather than Halifax. Ibid.

572. John Stevens (1715-92), merchant and shipowner of Perth Amboy, N.J., a member of the provincial assembly, and a future New York Patriot. Stevens was one of several Anglican assemblymen close to FB when he was governor of New Jersey. See FB to Halifax, Perth Amboy, 18 Jul., 1760, BP, 1: 270-271.

573. Amherst had asked that the King George escort the six transports of soldiers bound for Halifax, under the command of Lord Colvill, that comprised the force gathered to retake St. John’s, Nfld. Amherst to FB, New York, 12 Aug. 1762, BP, 10: 5-6.

574. Thus in manuscript.

575. Amherst later reported intelligence from Quebec suggesting that a vessel that fired on the fishing boats was a pirate ship. Amherst to FB, New York, 25 Aug. 1762, BP, 10: 9-10.

576. No. 135.

577. No. 137.

578. The numbers of guns carried by the Licorne and the Garonne are wrongly reported. Corrections were made in No. 153 and No. 162.

579. Not found.

580. No. 146.

581. Possibly Amherst to FB, New York, 12 Aug. 1762, BP, 10: 5-6.

582. See No. 207.

583. Andrew Robinson, a British army officer, was appointed colonel of the 45th Regiment of Foot on 24 Sept. 1761, having been a major general since 1759.

584. 26 Aug.

585. Artillery train.

586. Amherst advised FB to provision the vessel for a voyage to England rather than France, since the former was Le Dorothée’s original destination. Amherst to FB, New York, 5 Sept. 1762, WO 34/27, p. 276.

587. Fort William.

588. Walter Ross, a captain in the 40th Regiment of Foot since 19 Mar. 1758, and possibly George Rogers, a lieutenant in the 46th Regiment since 22 Jul. 1758.

589. Capt. Patrick Mouat (1712-90) put the Gramont into St. John’s on 26 Jun., the day before its capture, intending “to stay in the Place for its Defence.” Most of the convoy that Mouat had escorted from Ireland managed to escape capture by the French. Lord Colvill to John Clevland, HMS Northumberland, at Mauger’s Beach, near Halifax, 24 Jul., 1762, ADM 1/482, f 210. Mouat subsequently captained the Tamar on Commodore John Byron’s circumnavigation of the globe, 1764-66.

590. The Gramont was a prize ship taken in 1757, and was brought back to France by Capt. de Ternay.

591. A raised platform enabling artillery to fire over a parapet. OED.

592. Michael Gill, justice of the peace for the district of St. John’s, Nfld.

593. Belcher to Amherst, 12 Aug. 1762, in Selections From the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 331.

594. Belcher to FB, Halifax, 13 Aug. 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 364-365.

595. FB to Barrington, Castle William, 17 Jul. 1762, BP, 2: 203-204.

596. Over-written “26.”

597. This line in FB’s hand.

598. The British besieged Havana, Cuba, from 8 Jun. until 13 Aug. 1762.

599. This line in FB’s hand. Thomas Potberry was the master of the Rainbow.

600. Not found.

601. Fort Pentagoet, established by France in 1613 and recaptured from the English in 1635, was the capital of the French colony of Acadia.

602. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended Queen Anne’s War in North America and the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe, 1702-13.

603. Richard Philips (161-175), governor of Nova Scotia, 1719-49.

604. No. 152.

605. No. 150.

606. Belcher to FB, Halifax, 13 Aug. 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 364-365. Other letters not found.

607. Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 171.

608. Including the Swifi, Samuel Doty, master.

609. FB to James Murray, Boston, 8 Sept. 1762, BP, 2: 270.

610. Amherst to FB, New York, 5 Sept. 1762, WO 34/27, p. 276; 6 Sept. not found.

611. Acts and Resolves, 17: 270. Amherst had requested “At Halifax, Three Captains, Seven Subalterns, Eighteen Non Commissioned Officers, & Two Hundred & Forty Privates; And to the Westward, Three Hundred & Twenty Three Men, Including Three Captains, & Six Subalterns.” Amherst to FB, 4 Aug. 1762 New York, Mass. Archs., 4: 190-191.

612. FB to [John?] Elliot, Castle William, 26 Sept. 1762, BP, 2: 281.

613. See No. 155.

614. No. 158; FB to Amherst, Boston, 17 Sept. 1762, WO 34/26, f 217.

615. Letter of 19 Sept. not found; No. 159.

616. See No. 157.

617. On his return, FB learned of the recapture of St. John’s and sent his congratulations to Amherst forthwith. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 25 Oct. 1762, WO 34/26, f 225.

618. Fathoms.

619. One of the families was that of James Richardson, who had left Gloucester, Mass., earlier in the year. George E. Street, Mount Desert: A History (Boston and New York, 1905), 115.

620. Abraham Soames had relocated his family from Gloucester, Mass., to the island in 1762, having first visited a year earlier. Street, Mount Desert: A History, 115.

621. Samuel Waldo Jr. (1723-70) of Falmouth and proprietor of his father’s vast patent in Maine. He had represented Falmouth in the General Court and was a probate judge.

622. Thomas Ross (d.1804 or 1808), mariner of Falmouth and future Loyalist.

623. Not found.

624. Lord Colvill led the Northumberland out of Halifax on 10 Aug., and, on arriving off St. John’s on 11 Sept., he blockaded the French vessels in the harbor.

625. The figures record the number of guns per vessel.

626. Col. Amherst estimated a total of 1,559 men including 520 “Massachusetts Provincials.” Clarence Webster, ed., The Journal of Jeffrey Amherst from 1758 to 1763 (Chicago, 1931), 2.

627. Capt. de Ternay was able to lead the French ships out of the harbor on the night of the 15th, evading Colvill’s blockade under cover of fog, and reach France on 28 Jan.

628. No. 153.

629. The sloop King George was armed with fourteen nine-pounders and six six-pounders on the main deck, and twelve swivel cohorns (grenade-throwing mortars) on the quarterdeck, and was crewed by 150 men. FB to Amherst, Boston, 10 Jun. 1762, WO 34/26, f 167.

630. This line in FB’s hand.

631. Sterling.

632. A resolve of 12 Jun. 1762 appropriated £2,000 for that purpose. JHRM, 39: 68; Acts and Resolves, 17: 250.

633. No. 43.

634. Robert Wood, undersecretary of state.

635. The identity of FB’s rival is unknown. FB had warned Barrington earlier of a “design” afoot to establish two naval offices in the province, and requested his “patronage” to defeat it. Castle William, 24 May 1762, BP, 2: 190-192.

636. Letters not found.

637. John Clevland (1706-63), a long-serving naval administrator who became first secretary of the Admiralty, 1759-63.

638. FB to Barrington, 22 Feb. 1762, not found, and Castle William, 17 Jul. 1762, BP, 2: 203-204.

639. 4 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 33-34; 17 Jul. 1762, not found; No. 93.

640. See No. 154.

641. Letters are obscured by binding.

642. Instead, he addressed the memorial to the Board of Trade (No. 177) where it was considered on 2 Mar. 1763, and informed the secretary of state of what he had done. FB did not send a memorial to the secretary of state until Jan. 1767. FB, memorial to the earl of Shelburne, [Jan. 1767], CO 5/756, ff 33-37.

643. FB to Amherst, Castle William, 25 Oct. 1762, WO 34/26, f 225.

644. Not found.

645. FB to Amherst, Boston, 23 Sept. 1762, WO 34/26, f 220.

646. Not found.

647. Not found.

648. Thus in manuscript. See No. 131.

649. Letter not found. Benjamin Pratt (1711-63), lawyer, former Boston representative, and chief justice of New York, 1761-63.

650. Possibly William Chambers, admitted to the Boston Marine Society on 7 Aug. 1759. One Capt. Chambers was master of the Pembroke, which sailed between Newcastle, Eng., and Boston. Boston Gazette, 18 Jul. and 12 Sept. 1763.

651. No. 183.

652. No. 170.

653. Not found.

654. The total cost on the billeting rolls was £341 18s 4d. FB to Amherst, Boston, 13 Dec. 1762, WO 34/26, f 231.

655. Not found.

656. Boone had been appointed governor of South Carolina on 14 Apr. 1761; he assumed office on 11 Nov. and served until 1766.

657. FB to Pownall, Boston, 4 Mar. 1762, BP, 2: 33-34.

658. By Richard Jackson. See No. 167.

659. Dft: the remainder of the paragraph is enclosed in quotation marks.

660. Possibly [John Mascarene], The Manufacture of Pot-Ash in the British North American Plantations Recommended (Boston, 1757). FB’s encouragement of American potash manufacturer Levi Willard is discussed in No. 232.

661. This line in FB’s hand.

662. The Charter of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 1692.

663. No. 90.

664. Nos. 162, 165 and 169.

665. Thus in manuscript. This is not a dittograph.

666. Faint.

667. No. 167.

668. Not found.

669. No. 179.

670. General Court, A brief State of the Title of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay to the Country between the Rivers Kennebeck and St. Croix, 1 Feb. 1763. JHRM, 39: 289-307. This was subsequently published: A Brief State of the Title of the Province of Massachusetts-Bay to the Country between the Rivers Kennebeck and St. Croix (Boston, 1763).

671. Sir William Phips (1651-95), governor of Massachusetts, 1691-94, led the 1690 expedition against Port Royal, Acadia, which, though successful, provoked French and Native American reprisals in Sagadahoc.

672. Thus in manuscript.

673. Barrington to FB, Cavendish Square, 11 Sept. 1762, BP, 10: 15-18.

674. John Yorke (1728-1801), mp for High Ferrers, 1753-68, and Reigate, 1768-84; a lord commissioner for Trade and Plantations, 1761-63; and a lord of the Admiralty, 1765-66.

675. Left marginal note: “Letter to Fran^s. Bernard Esq. Gov^r. of the Massachusets Bay in answer to One from him of 12^th.Oct.”

676. Should be 21 Oct., No. 164.

677. No such letter has been found.

678. Horatio Gates (1727/28?–1806), the future Revolutionary general. Gates had been resident in London since Mar. 1762, and the following month was appointed a major in the 45th Regiment of Foot. He returned to New York in Aug.—probably on the vessel that Frank Bernard abandoned at Madiera—where he was an aide to Gen. Robert Monckton, governor of New York, 1761-65.

679. This line is in FB’s hand.

680. The clerk erred in overwriting “1763” with “1762.”

681. FB to Jackson, Boston, 10 Dec. 1762, BP, 2: 240-243; No. 180.

682. FB welcomed Halifax’s appointment, partly because he was politically close to Barrington, but also because of the earl’s reformist outlook where imperial administration was concerned. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 41-42, 87, 90. Halifax had been appointed secretary of state for the Northern Department on 14 Oct. 1762, which department did not normally administer American affairs, but he moved to the Southern Department one year later.

683. Including No. 184.

684. No. 131.

685. An Act for empowering Jasper Mauduit (passed 24 Apr. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 536-537.

686. Jasper Mauduit to Andrew Oliver, 29 Jun. 1763, which Oliver brought down from the Council to the House on 14 Sept. 1762. JHRM, 39: 102.

687. Israel Mauduit (1708-87), brother of province agent Jasper and a Dissenting minister by training, ran the family’s draper business trading with the colonies and wrote several notable tracts on colonial affairs while acting as a lobbyist for the colonists.

688. James Otis Jr.

689. On 17 Jan., the House voted that Israel Mauduit be “impowered to act as Agent,” but without pay, in “all Cases” where his elderly brother was “necessarily prevented” from attending to business. JHRM, 39: 138. On 20 Jan., James Otis Jr. delivered a message to the Council enquiring as to whether or not they had passed the House vote. As FB notes, the Council did not concur. JHRM, 39: 155, 160.

690. For subsequent developments see No. 186.

691. This suggests that FB may have been aware of the contents of letters from James Otis Jr. and the Rev. Charles Chauncy to Jasper Mauduit in which FB’s Anglican credentials were disparaged. Worthington C. Ford, ed., Jasper Mauduit, Agent in London, 1762-1765, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 74 (Boston, 1918), 71-80. FB may have been privy to Mauduit’s private correspondence. No. 206n5.

692. Thomas Hutchinson was the source of this information, which was first published in 1767. Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts, 2: 85.

693. The following two paragraphs are in the hand of clerk no. 2.

694. The House’s letter, adopted on 29 Jan., protested reasons of “publick Oeconomy” for not appointing Israel Mauduit as a joint agent or a deputy to his brother. The Speaker of the House of Representatives (Timothy Ruggles) to Jasper Mauduit, Boston, JHRM, 39: 189.

695. For these proceedings see JHRM, 39: 189, 193, 195.

696. This paragraph, the closure, and the postscript are in FB’s hand.

697. Thus is manuscript: meaning that the package had arrived at New York on Friday 14 Jan.

698. Not found.

699. Pietas Et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis.

700. The first written form of Harvard College was probably a phonetic rendition.

701. Letters are obscured by binding.

702. No. 91 enclosed in No. 191.

703. Address of the Council and the House of Representatives to FB, 15 Feb. 1763, JHRM, 39: 245.

704. [James Otis Jr.], Letter to the Printers, Boston Gazette, 17 Jan. 1763, p. 3.

705. This insertion in FB’s hand.

706. Left marginal note: “five pass’d 6 March, & Two 11. & 12. Jun. 1762.”

707. See No. 205.

708. No. 46.

709. Francis Vernon (c.1715-83), first Baron Orwell and created first earl of Shipbrook in 1777; first lord commissioner, 5 Jan.1763-12 Aug. 1765.

710. Letter not found. The preliminary articles of the Treaty of Paris were signed on 3 Nov. 1762.

711. General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, 30 Jun. 1761, CO 5/920, pp. 85-88. In the previous set, printed in Appendix 1, this was article 31.

712. Thomas Brinley (1726-84), merchant, distiller, Anglican, and future Loyalist. In 1749 he had married Elizabeth Craddock, daughter of George Craddock.

713. No. 186.

714. These proceedings are noted in JHRM, 39: 201, 214, 268.

715. The first letter of Mauduit’s surname is distinct but the rest of the letters have been erased.

716. Closing quotation marks supplied. Otis is referring to Lt. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson.

717. Postscript in FB’s hand.

718. FB to the earl of Egremont, Boston, 16 Feb. 1763, CO 5/755, f 19.

719. See Nos. 185 and 191.

720. No. 91. See No. 193.

721. No. 198.

722. No. 176.

723. The correct date is February 1762.

724. No. 149.

725. Amherst to FB, 29 Aug. 1762, New York, WO 34/27, p. 274.

726. For details see No. 207.

727. Martin Gay (1726-1809), a coppersmith and merchant of Boston, whose brass foundry brought him considerable wealth and status. He held several minor municipal offices and became a prominent Loyalist.

728. Thus in manuscript.

729. Not found.

730. Closing quotation marks supplied.

731. On 2 Mar. 1762.

732. Faint here and below.

733. On 3 Mar. 1762.

734. FB consented to the Brief State on 1 Feb. 1763.

735. Enclosed in No. 200.

736. The agent may have been one of the leading grantees such as David Marsh or Enoch Bartlett.

737. No. 197.

738. Enclosed in No. 200.

739. Postscript in FB’s hand.

740. Enclosed in No. 197.

741. Letters are obscured by tight binding.

742. This line in FB’s hand.

743. No. 181; JBT, 11: 313.

744. On 23 May 1759.

745. See No. 169.

746. Nos. 181 and 196.

747. This is most unlikely, since FB’s ownership ultimately depended upon the province’s claim of jurisdiction over Sagadahoc. The Mount Desert Island grant may also have been intended to soften FB’s opposition to a provincial bill to supplant the writs of assistance, although in this Otis and his colleagues were disappointed. Nicolson, The ‘Infamas Govener’, 73-74.

748. No. 197.

749. No. 181.

750. No. 201 in No. 200.

751. LbC: clause ends with “East side of Penobscot Bay.”

752. There is a full list of legislation that FB consented to on 25 Feb. 1763 in JHRM, 39: 286-287.

753. An act for reviving and continuing sundry laws that are expired and near expiring, 3 Geo. 3, c. 23 (passed 24 Feb. 1763). Acts and Resolves, 4: 617-618.

754. An act for the continuation of a lottery (granted and allowed by an act entitled, an act in addition to an act entitled an act for raising a sum of twelve hundred pounds by lottery, for building and maintaining a bridge over the River Parker, in the town of Newbury, at a place called old town-ferry) for raising a further sum for that purpose, 3 Geo. 3, c. 21 (passed 26 Feb. 1763). Acts and Resolves, 4: 615-616. The act herein referred to is 33 Geo. 2, c. 35 (passed 28 Apr. 1760). Ibid., 4: 326-327.

755. No. 46.

756. This is not mentioned in any of the extant letters to John Pownall.

757. No. 87.

758. James Russell (1715-98), brother of Chambers Russell and a merchant of Charlestown, Mass., was the representative for Charlestown, 1746-50 and 1753-60, a member of the Governor’s Council, 1760-73, and annually elected commissioner of Impost, 1763-74.

759. No. 87.

760. In James Russell’s report, Salem (as well as Connecticut, New York, and Halifax) is listed under the same heading as the West Indies as if it were a source of imports.

761. Left marginal note: “Lords of Trade order for Thanksgiving.”

762. 11 Aug. 1763, as advised by the Governor-in-Council on 27 Jul. Council Executive Records, 1760-1766, CO 5/823, f 224.

763. Bamber Gascoyne (1725-1791), politician, mp for Maldon, 1761-65, and Midhurst, 1765-68; a lord commissioner at the Board of Trade, 1763-65; returned to the Commons in 1770, as mp for Weobley, and to the Board, where he remained until 1779.

764. No. 188.

765. An act for ascertaining the number and regulating the House of Representatives, 4 Will. 3 & Mary, c. 38 (30 Nov. 1692). NB: the legislative chapter given in this note and those that follow is consistent with modern notation.

766. An act to prevent default of appearance of representatives to serve in the General Assembly, 28 Nov. 1693, c. 14, sect. 8. An act of 1692-93, c. 36, setting a voting qualification of £40 of property was disallowed by the Privy Council (although subsequent acts containing that provision were not: 1693-94, c. 14; 1694-95, c. 28), while later acts (1696, c. 5; 1697, c. 7 and c. 15; 1698, c. 40) raised the bar to £50. Acts and Resolves, 1: 363n to c. 4.

767. LbC: “general Calculation.”

768. No. 59.

769. An act for erecting the north parish or precinct, in the town of Sheffield, into a separate town by the name of Great Barrington, 2 Geo. 3 c. 9 (passed 30 Jun. 1762). Acts and Resolves, 4: 465-467.

770. Letters are obscured by tight binding.

771. No. 191.

772. Not found.

773. No. 181.

774. Jasper Mauduit to Andrew Oliver, London, 23 Jun. 1762, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 361. The “Private” letter has not been found.

775. William Franklin (1730/31-1813), eldest child of Benjamin Franklin and governor of New Jersey, 1762-76. The letter to FB, c.1763, has not been found.

776. See No. 149.

777. Major Gay served in Nova Scotia 4 Apr.-25 Dec. 1761, and held the rank of lieutenant colonel from 3 Apr. 1762 to 1 Jan. 1763, when he evidently left the provincial service. The reasons for Gay not pursuing a career in the regular army are sketched in No. 218.

778. John Small (1722-60), a British army officer, and resident of Scarborough, York Co., Mass. One local historian suggests that he may have been killed by John Howard, a soldier stationed at Fort Western. Old Fort Western (http://www.oldfortwestern.org accessed 16 Mar. 2007).

779. Amherst suggested that there were errors in Small’s map, whereupon FB made several requests for the general to send him a copy of a “sketch” of the Kennebec River made by a British army engineer, inc. No. 218.

780. Amherst to FB, New York, 8 May 1763, WO 34/27, p. 289.

781. Charles Townshend (1725-67), politician, mp for Great Yarmouth from 1748 until his death, chancellor of the exchequer, 1766-67, and president of the Board, 1 Mar.-16 Apr. 1763.

782. Enclosed in No. 46.

783. The remainder of the closure, but not the addresse’s name, is in FB’s hand.

784. Left marginal note: “1763. May 18^th. Letter to Francis Bernard Esq^r. Governor of the Massachusets Bay in Answer to one from him of 19^th. Febry last.”

785. No. 190.

786. No. 91.

787. Right marginal note, opposite signatures: “Ex^d.”

788. Edward Craggs-Eliot (1727-1804), first Baron Eliot and a lord commissioner, 1760-74.

789. Barrington to FB, Cavendish Square, 13 Feb. 1763, BP, 10: 57-58.

790. Anne Shute Barrington (née Daines, [d.1763]), the daughter of Sir William Daines of Bristol.

791. Nos. 210 and 215; No. 83.

792. No. 91.

793. Nos. 193 and 181.

794. Nos. 197, 198.

795. See No. 206.

796. Nos. 181, 193, 200 and 202.

797. No. 177; Jackson’s letter not found.

798. Lord Egremont.

799. No. 210.

800. Lord Barrington; No. 212.

801. No. 180.

802. The letter of 9 Mar. has not been found; No. 193.

803. FB is likely referring to a limitation to an administrative reform introduced by the Privy Council on 15 May 1761. When the Privy Council repealed an order-in-council of 11 Mar. 1752, and thereby transferred from the Board to the secretary of state the sole authority to make recommendations on appointments to colonial offices, it retained the instruction that royal governors should continue to communicate directly with the Board in the first instance, and to contact the secretary of state only in matters requiring his “immediate Directions.” APC, 4: 154-157; JBT, 11: 338; FB to Robert Wood, Boston, 17 Aug. 1761, CO 5/20, ff 169-170.

804. No. 210.

805. FB substituted this for “word.”

806. In No. 176.

807. Copies not found.

808. Nos. 197, 202, 203 and 205.

809. Possibly Nos. 198 and 200.

810. No. 213 and the enclosure to No. 198.

811. No. 210.

812. No. 193.

813. The Treaty of Breda (1667) was signed by England, the Dutch United Provinces, France, and Denmark, and ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665-67 and the first Anglo-French conflict in North America of 1666-67, in which Massachusetts participated; it also returned Acadia—which had been nominally English territory since 1654—to French control.

814. The Treaty of Ryswick (1697) ended France’s war of 1688-97 with the League of Augsburg powers—England, Spain, and the Netherlands—and, in North America, King William’s War of 1690-97. Nova Scotia was again returned to France.

815. Queen Anne’s War of 1702-13 involved several attempts by Massachusetts to capture Port Royal, the Acadian capital, until the successful expedition of 1710 under Francis Nicholson. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) confirmed France’s cession to Great Britain of “Nova Scotia or Acadia.”

816. A person who wrongfully evicts another from the possession of lands.

817. Samuel Freiherr (Baron) von Pufendorf (1632–94), De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1672).

818. Letter not found. See No. 209. FB had extended the period of enlistment to 1 Jul. Capt. Abel Keen of Pembroke, Plymouth Co., Mass., had been in the Provincials since 1757.

819. See No. 218.

820. Not found.

821. In Sept. disaffection over pay stoppages sparked a mutiny among Regulars of the 40th Regiment. See Peter Way, “Rebellion of the Regulars: Working Soldiers and the Mutiny of 1763-1764,” WMQ 57 (2000): 761-792.

822. 4 Jun. The address to the king was approved on 8 Jun. JHRM, 40: 72.

823. No. 191.

824. Benjamin Edes and John Gill.

825. The Rev. Samuel Cooper (1725-83), pastor at Brattle Street Church, Boston, had been chaplain to the House since 1753.

826. James Otis Sr. (1702-78), politician, farmer, and merchant of Barnstable, Mass., which he represented 1745-56 and intermittently thereafter until 1769; Speaker of the House, 1760-61, and a member of the Governor’s Council 1762-65.

827. Harrison Gray, whose daughter was married to Samuel Allyne Otis (1740-1814), brother of James Otis Jr.

828. On 28 May 1762. The Governor’s salary bill for £1,300 provincial currency was read and passed to be enacted on 31 May, and was published on 12 Jun. JHRM¸ 39: 15-16, 21. Acts and Resolves, 4: 571.

829. No. 217.

830. John Winthrop IV (1714-79), Hollison professor of mathematics and natural philosophy and a noted astronomer. The House voted a £90 gratuity for Winthrop. JHRM, 39: 199. FB’s second voyage is briefly described in No. 244.

831. By 1782 there were 235 white adult males on the island. Mass. Archs., 162: 258.

832. FB is referring to recent emigration schemes promoted by Charles Lawrence, former governor of Nova Scotia, with the agreement of the British, intended to displace the Acadians. The province attracted upwards of 5,000 migrants from New England. George A. Rawlyk, Nova Scotia’s Massachusetts a Study of Massachusetts-Nova Scotia Relations 1630 to 1784 (Montréal, 1973), 218-219, 221.

833. Amherst to FB, New York, 12 Jun. 1763, WO 34/27, p. 293.

834. Not found.

835. There are three contemporaneous virgules in the left margin marking off the enclosures.

836. No. 240.

837. Pownall to FB, 27 Apr. 1763, CO 5/920, p. 160.

838. Stephen West (1735-1819), Congregational missionary and minister to the Stockbridge community, 1759-73.

839. No. 234.

840. When FB (finally) presented the Board of Trade’s queries to the assembly on 2 Jun. 1763, he specifically requested that the assembly authorize the collection of census data from towns; although a committee was appointed no further action was taken, probably because of growing criticism of the prospective census, until FB revived it in a message of 31 Jan. 1764. JHRM, 40: 44, 251-252.

841. Letters not found.

842. The session ended on 16 Jun. and the General Court was prorogued until 3 Aug.

843. The House had approved a letter on 23 Feb. accusing William Bollan of making “diverse Stoppages of considerable Sums” from the parliamentary subsidies, and instructed Jasper Mauduit to demand of Bollan that he produce both an “Account” of the deductions and a “general Account of his Agency.” JHRM, 39: 268; Timothy Ruggles to Mauduit, Boston, 22 Feb. 1763, Ford, Jasper Mauduit, 98-99.

844. This line in FB’s hand.

845. Louis Jules Mancini-Mazarini (1716-98), the duc de Nivernais, arrived in London in Sept. 1762 as the French ambassador to negotiate peace, whereupon he learned of the Acadians’ plight.

846. Not found.

847. This may be a reference to James II’s attempted consolidation of the New England colonies into the dominion of New England, and Gov. Edmund Andros’s infamous failed attempt to obtain possession of Connecticut’s royal charter of 1662.

848. Samuel Langdon, An Accurate Map of His Majesty’s Province of New-Hampshire in New England & All the Adjacent Country Northward to the River St Lawrence, & Eastward to Penobscot Bay Containing the Principal Places Which Relate to the Present War on the Continent of North America (1756), Faden Map Collection, Library of Congress.

849. Thus in manuscript.

850. No. 226 and 228.

851. Jackson to FB, 25 Apr. 1763, received on 23 Jul. 1763, but not found.

852. No. 213.

853. FB to the earl of Shelburne, Boston, 25 Jul. 1763, BP, 3: 84-85.

854. No. 83.

855. Thus in manuscript. FB to Barrington, Castle William, 1 Aug. 1763, BP, 3: 86-87.

856. Thus in manuscript.

857. FB to the Board of Trade, Boston, 1 Aug. 1763, BP, 3: 86-89.

858. FB is alluding to the aspirations of the Susquehanna Company, whose agent, Eliphalet Dyer (1721-1807), was traveling to England to obtain Crown confirmation of the grant to the Wyoming Valley made by Connecticut in 1754. See No. 228.

859. John Penn (1699-1746), Richard Penn (d.1771), and Thomas Penn (1703-75), joint proprietors of Pennsylvania.

860. Lewis Evans, A General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America; Viz Virginia, Màriland, Dèlaware, Pensilvania, New-Jersey, New-York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island: of Aquanishuonîgy, the Country of the Confederate Indians; Comprehending Aquanishuonîgy Proper, Their Place of Residence, Ohio and Tïiuxsoxrúntie Their Deer-Hunting Countries; Couxsaxráge and Skaniadarâde, Their Beaver-Hunting Countries; of the Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain, and of Part of New-France: Wherein Is Also Shewn the Antient and Present Seats of the Indian Nations (Philadelphia, 1755).

861. No. 227.

862. List of French Neutrals desiring to relocate to France, Mass. Archs., 24: 486-491, enclosed in Andrew Oliver to Jasper Mauduit, 24 Aug. 1763, Mass. Archs., 24: 484-485.

863. Account for the support of French Neutrals in Massachusetts Bay, 1755-1763, Aug. 1763, Mass. Archs., 24: 492-502, of which a copy was enclosed in Oliver to Mauduit, 24 Aug. 1763.

864. Miramachi is in present-day New Brunswick, Canada, and Robins claimed to have been awaiting confirmation of a Crown grant for these lands. Selections From the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 340.

865. Levi Willard (d.1775) of Lancaster, Worcester Co., Mass., who petitioned the General Court for assistance in producing potash on 23 Dec. 1763. JHRM, 40: 123. He established a successful mercantile business in partnership with Capt. Samuel Ward, held the provincial rank of Lt. Col., and was a justice of the peace; he became a prominent Loyalist. See No. 232.

866. See No. 204.

867. William Fitzherbert (1712-72) of Tissington Hall, Derbyshire, was mp for Derby, 1761-72, and a lord commissioner for Trade and Plantations, 1765-72. Fitzherbert was likely a council member or trustee of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce.

868. No. 227.

869. No. 231.

870. About 90 persons in total were listed. List of French Neutrals desiring to relocate to France, Mass. Archs., 24: 486-491; a minute of the Massachusetts Council of 24 Aug. 1763.

871. In the summer of 1763, over 1,000 Acadian refugees living in England sailed to France from Liverpool. Griffiths, The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686-1784, 101.

872. No. 235.

873. Number supplied. “Quere 1. What is the situation of the Province under your Government the Nature of the Country Soil and Climate what are the principal Rivers and Harbours, the Latitudes and Longitudes of the most considerable places in it ...: Have these Latitudes and Longitudes been settled by good Observations or only by common Computations and from whence are the Longitudes computed?”

874. These latitudes include the disputed territory of Sagadahoc.

875. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), German physicist and inventor of the alcohol (1709) and mercury (1714) thermometers; FB used the latter type, as was noted in a letter to Francis Fauquier, Boston, 7 Feb. 1761, BP, 2: 98.

876. According to US Geological Survey data, the locus of these co-ordinates is near Gleasondale, several miles inland from the site of colonial Boston. Modern State Street, in the heart of old Boston, is -71° 03’ longitude and 42° 21’ latitude.

877. “Quere 2d What are the Boundaries? Have those Boundaries been settled and ascertained and by what authority? If any parts are disputed by whom, when did the Disputes arise what steps have been taken or in your Opinion ought to have been taken to fix the true Boundary Lines?”

878. 5 Aug. 1740. See Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 700-703.

879. See illustrations opposite p. 409.

880. Hitherto, Massachusetts and New York had failed to settle their differences over their common boundary. Resolution was made more difficult because of disputes, some of them violent, among frontier settlers and between landowners and tenants. The Board of Trade considered the boundary line in 1757, but neither it nor the Privy Council had resolved the matter by the time FB wrote the this report. In Jun. 1763, the Massachusetts assembly issued a public defence that FB submitted to the Board of Trade. JHRM, 40: 38, appendix 277-307; Thomas Hutchinson, The Case of the Provinces of Massachusetts-Bay and New-York, Respecting the Boundary Lines Between the Two Provinces (Boston, 1764). Land riots in 1766 ended procrastination on the part of the colonial governments; a joint commission met at New Haven, Conn., in Sept. 1767, and in 1773 the boundary line was finally agreed. Philip J. Schwarz, The Jarring Interests: New York’s Boundary Makers, 1664-1776 (Albany, 1979), 192-207.

881. In 1713.

882. In 1749.

883. William Bollan petitioned the Privy Council on 12 Nov. 1754 requesting that the agreement of 1713 be accorded royal sanction, but without success. APC, 4: 274-275. Massachusetts demonstrated its claim of jurisdiction by levying taxes on these Connecticut towns until the Revolution, but these, of course, were never collected. See Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts, 2: 151-154; 3: 4-5; Clarence Winthrop Bowen, The Boundary Disputes of Connecticut (Boston, 1882).

884. See Nos. 196, 215, and No. 220.

885. “Third and 4th Queries to be answered by the Collectors Naval Officers and Merchants.”

886. The documentation compiled by the naval officers at Boston and Salem is incomplete for FB’s administration, and in CO 5/850-CO 5/851.

887. A substitute, OED.

888. See note to the third query.

889. “Quere 5th What trade has the Province under Your Government with any foreign plantations or any ports of Europe besides Great Britain; How is the Trade carried on and what Commodities are sent to and received from such foreign Countries or Plantations?”

890. The first voyage from Boston to St. Petersburg was undertaken by the Wolfe, captained by William Hayes and owned by wealthy merchant Nicholas Boylston, 26 Mar.-22 Oct. 1763. During this period two other vessels cleared Philadelphia for St. Petersburg. Trade routes to St. Petersburg had been opened up by Britain’s commercial treaty with Russia of 1761 and were sustained by British and colonial demand for hemp and sailcloth. See Norman E. Saul, “The Beginning of American-Russian Trade, 1763-1766,” WMQ 26 (1969): 596-600; JBT, 11: 208, 222, and passim.

891. “Quere 6th What Methods are there used to prevent illegal Trade, and are the same effectual What Means in your Opinion may be proper for obtaining so valuable an End?”

892. “Qu[e]re 7th What is the natural produce of the Country staple commodities and Manufactures? What Value of Sterling Money may you annually export and to what places? What Regulations have been at any time made for preventing frauds and abuses in the Exportation of the Produce or Manufactures of the Province and at what time did the Regulations take place?”

893. “Quere 8th What Mines are there have these Mines been opened and worked and what may be the reputed Produce?”

894. “Quere 9th What is the Number of the Inhabitants Whites and Blacks?”

895. See postscript to No. 225.

896. An act for enquiring into the rateable estates of the province, 1 Geo. 3, c. 24 (passed 31 Jan. 1761), required towns to deliver lists of polls and rateable estates to the province secretary’s office by 1 Jun. 1761. Acts and Resolves, 4: 422-423.

897. The census of 1764 reported Massachusetts’s population at 245,698, which was probably an underestimation. Wells, Population of the British Colonies, 79.

898. “Quere 10 Are the Inhabitants increased or decreased within these 10 years how much and for what reason?”

899. “Quere 11 What is the number of the Militia under what Authority and Regulations is it Established what is the Expence of it & how is the Expence defrayed?”

900. “Quere 12 What Forts and Places of Defence are there your within your Government in what Condition and what Garrisons are kept therein? What is the annual Expense of maintaining each fort and out of what fund is it paid?”

901. Smudged.

902. No. 84. Castle William and its outworks were destroyed by the British before their evacuation of Boston in Mar. 1776.

903. “Quere 13 What is the number of the Indians inhabiting those parts of America lyeing within or bounding upon your Province? What Contracts or Treaties of Peace have been made with them and are now in force? What Trade is carried on with them and under what Regulations and how have these Regulations been established?”

904. There had been a community of Christianized “Stockbridge Indians” since 1744, including families of the Mahican and Wyachtook tribes, and c.227 members of the Wappinger tribe, that settled in the town in 1756. William C. Sturtevant., ed. Handbook of North American Indians, 17 vols.: vol 15: Northeast, ed. Bruce Trigger (Washington, 1978), 208.

905. An act for incorporating the Indians and Mulattoes, Inhabitants of Mashpee, 3 Geo. 3, c. 3 (passed 16 Jun. 1763). Acts and Resolves, 4: 639-641. Self-government was repealed in 1788 and partially reinstated in 1834, before the common lands were sold and redistributed to families in 1842. Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol 15: Northeast, 179. See the secondary sources listed in the source note to No. 225.

906. Also known as Arosaguntacook.

907. Wawenock or Wewonock are uncommon descriptors and may be synonyms for Wabanaki or Abenaki.

908. Also known as the Kennebec Indians.

909. By His Excellency Francis Bernard, Esq; ... A proclamation ... Whereas ... the Indians ... inhabiting the Eastern and Northern Parts of New England ... Given at the Council-chamber in Boston, the Nineteenth Day of Jul., 1763, 1 Aug. 1763, Boston Gazette, p. 1.

910. FB and the Council had met with representatives from the Penobscot and other tribes, and the sachem Toma in Boston on 22 and 23 Aug. Their grievances mainly concerned trade, encroachments on their land, and the hunting carried out by the eighty or so provincial soldiers based at Fort Pownall, but an important subtext was their desire to have a Roman Catholic priest. This latter proposal echoed the 1760 treaty made by the St. John’s Indians and Nova Scotia, that had allowed priests, and the principle of religious toleration recently espoused by the Treaty of Paris regarding the treatment of Quebec’s Catholics. A second conference with the Penobscots was held at Fort Pownall on Saturday 17 Sept. and a third on 26 Sept. 1764, at which the issue of a priest was raised. FB refused, insisting upon an Anglican missionary, which post was briefly held by the Rev. Joseph Bailey. See minutes of a conference with the Penobscot Indians and other tribes on 22 and 23 Aug. 1763, Mass. Archs., 29: 82-489; FB, [Conference with the Penobscot Indians on 17 Sept. 1763, Fort Pownall], Mass. Archs., 29: ff 491-492); [FB,] A Conference held at Fort Pownall on Saturday, Sep. 17 1763 between his Excellency the Governor & Toma, Jo. Hart & Indians of the Penobscot Tribe ..., Mass. Archs., 29: 489-491; John E. Sexton, “Massachusetts Religious Policy with the Indians under Governor Bernard, 1760-1769,” Catholic Historical Review 24 (1938-1939): 310-328, at 311-313.

911. The manuscript is torn.

912. “Quere 14. What is the Strength of your neighbouring Europeans French or Spaniards, and what Effect have these Settlements upon His Majesty’s Colonies and more particularly upon that under your Government?”

913. The islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon on Newfoundland’s southwest coast were ceded to France by the Treaty of Paris, 1763.

914. “Quere 15 What is the Revenue arising within your Government when was it established and by what Laws or other Authority? to what Service is it appropriated how applied and disposed of and in what Manner are the Accounts audited and past?”

915. “Quere. 16. What are the Establishments Civil and Military within your Government, by what Authority do the several Officers hold their places, what are the Names of the present Officers, when were they appointed and what is their reputed annual Value, what Salaries and Fees have they, by what authority are their Salaries and fees paid, and under what Regulations?”

916. Thomas Hubbard (1702-73), a prosperous businessmen and shopkeeper, was a long-serving representative for Waltham, a former Speaker of the House, and a member of the Governor’s Council, 1759-72.

917. Benjamin Lynde Jr. (1700-81), originally a merchant of Salem, had been a justice of the Superior Court since 1746 (having replaced his father, who was chief justice) and was a member of the Governor’s Council, 1737-40 and 1743-65; he was the presiding judge, between 1769 and 1771, when Thomas Hutchinson was acting governor. He succeeded Hutchinson as chief jusice in 1771 but resigned the following year.

918. John Cushing (1695-1778) of Scituate, Plymouth Co., Mass., was a county judge and justice of the Superior Court, 1748-71.

919. See the biographical note at No. 29n3.

920. Peter Oliver (1713-91), a merchant and foundry owner of Middleborough, Plymouth Co., Mass., was a former representative for the town; a county judge; a Superior Court justice, 1756-72; a member of the Governor’s Council, 1759-66; chief justice of the Superior Court, 1772-74; and subsequently a prominent Loyalist.

921. Edmund Trowbridge (1709-93) of Cambridge represented the town, 1750-52, 1755, and 1763, and was a member of the Governor’s Council, 1764-65. He had been attorney general since 1749, which office he held until his appointment as a justice of the Superior Court in 1767 (and which he relinquished in 1774.)

922. “Qu[e]re 17 What is the Constitution of the Government in general and particularly what Courts are there established for the Administration of Justice when were these Courts established and under what Authority; what are their Rules of Proceedings and how are their Judges and subordinate Officers appointed?

923. The phrase in parentheses paraphrases Hutchinson’s warning about “hereditary honours” in History of Massachusetts, 1: 7, but FB became a firm advocate of a colonial civil list and honors system on the British model for the political reasons stated above. See Jordan D. Fiore, “Governor Bernard for an American Nobility,” The Boston Public Library Quarterly 4 (1952): 125-136.

924. Courts of equity in English common law, called chancery courts, provide remedies in civil disputes according to the principle of equity administered by a judge; any settlement is enforceable by writs and injunctions, as distinct from common law courts operating under legal precedent, whose remedy is limited to making awards for damages. The chancery courts are a principal division of the law courts in England and Wales, with the High Court of Chancery being under the jurisdiction of the lord chancellor. In 1704, the king’s attorney general offered an opinion that the Massachusetts General Court could not establish an equity court in the province as that was a matter for royal prerogative. This did not deter the assemblies in Massachusetts and other colonies from using the legislative process to set up chancery courts. Much of the legislation passed by the American Colonies that was subsequently disallowed by the Privy Council concerned judicial procedure, such as the issuance of writs and the imposition of settlements, that extended the jurisdiction of the inferior or common law courts. Evarts B. Greene, The Provincial Governor in the English Colonies of North America. Harvard Historical Studies, vol. 8 (New York, 1898), 137n3-139; Joseph H. Smith “Administrative Control of the Courts of the American Plantations,” in Essays in the History of Early American Law, ed. David Flaherty (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969), 281-355, at 284, 296-306, 311. FB’s enthusiasm for Anglicizing Massachusetts’s legal institutions contrasts with Thomas Hutchinson’s informative, traditionalist account of the legal system in his History of Massachusetts, 1: 367-383.

925. No. 227.

926. Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Thimothée d’Eon de Beaumont (1728-1810), French minister plenipotentiary and spy when resident in London during 1763. He was recalled in Oct. and subsequently published a volume of secret diplomatic correspondence. He remained in London until 1777, and attracted notoriety because of his transvestism.

927. Wills Hill (1718-93), mp for Warwick between 1741 and 1756, when he entered the House of Lords as the earl of Hillsborough; president of Board of Trade, 1763-65 and 1766. He was secretary of state for the colonies at the head of the American Department, 21 Jan. 1768-13 Aug. 1772, and FB’s most important point of contact with the policymaking process. He was later created first marquess of Downshire.

928. No. 233.

929. No. 235.

930. No. 227.

931. Hyman was one of the British artilleryman brought to Boston from St. John’s in Aug. 1762 (No. 150). FB evidently took pity on Hyman, who “received no pay nor subsistence” over the winter of 1762-63, and employed him as his gardener, at which job he was likely experienced. FB requested his discharge (since Hyman was strangely not of a mind to claim arrears of pay) in order that the soldier could continue to tend the “large & expensive” garden FB had laid out at Castle William. FB to Amherst, Boston, 11 Sept. 1763, WO 34/26, f 245.

932. See No. 218.

933. No. 224.

934. Hutchinson to Egremont, Boston, 15 Sept. 1763, CO 5/755, f 31.

935. On 21 Aug. 1763.

936. Jasper Mauduit to Andrew Oliver, London, 22 Aug. 1763, Prov. Sec. Letterbooks, 1: 421-422.

937. Nos. 240 and 224.

938. That is to say, the interests of British merchants trading with the West Indies.

939. With respect to the preferred rate of duty, FB echoes the case made by the speaker of the House of Representatives, Thomas Cushing, in a letter to Jasper Mauduit of 28 Oct. 1763. See Tyler, Smugglers & Patriots, 69.

940. Thus in manuscript.

941. Not found.

942. Not found.

943. Not found.

944. FB is likely referring to the controversy surrounding the legal pursuit of John Wilkes following publication of North Britain No. 45 that had libelled the king and Lord Bute. The Boston Gazette, 27 Jun., 1763, reprinted detailed accounts from the London newspapers, from Wilkes’s arrest on 23 Apr. to his discharge on 6 May, and his flight to France in Aug. (reported 17 Oct.).

945. Brig. Jedidiah Preble was replaced as commander of Fort Pownall by Capt. Thomas Goldthwait.

946. See No. 234n38.

947. Welbore Ellis (1713-1802), a close friend of FB and a longtime associate. Ellis probably met FB at Westminster school, for he entered Christ Church somewhat later than FB in 1732, and graduated B.A. in 1736. An ally of Newcastle, Ellis was an mp for several safe constituencies between 1741 and 1794, including Weymouth, 1747-61, and Aylesbury, 1761-74. He was a lord of the Admiralty, 1747-55, vice treasurer of Ireland, 1755-62 (and again 1765-66), and secretary of war 1762-65. He had been a member of the Privy Council since 1760.

948. FB to Jackson, Boston, 28 Oct. 1763, BP, 3: 102-104; the other has not been found.

949. Jackson was not Grenville’s private secretary but secretary to the chancellor of the Exchequer, which office Grenville held whilst first lord of the Treasury.

950. Not found.

951. Thus in manuscript.

952. FB noted that he wrote Mr. Spicer on 18 Jul. 1762 “about Rank.” BP, 2: 205.

953. Possibly Shute Barrington.

954. Letters are obscured by tight binding.

955. It is unclear if the underlining in the manuscript was added by Gage or FB, but it appears to be contemporaneous.

956. FB to Franklin, Boston, 30 Oct. 1763, BP, 3: 8; FB to Franklin, Castle William, 14 Nov. 1763, BP, 3: 9-10.

957. Not found.

958. Meaning “wandering beyond due or prescribed limits; an extravagance.” OED.

959. Thomas Bernard (27 Apr. 1750-1 Jul. 1818) attended Harvard College, graduating B.A. in 1767 and M.A. (in absentia) in 1770. He became his father’s secretary on the family’s return to England in 1769, before entering the law and acquiring a considerable reputation as a social reformer.

960. No. 249.

961. See No. 252.

962. No. 249.

963. Thomas Fitch (1700-74) of Connecticut. A pious “Old Light” Congregationalist, he was a lawyer by profession and held many public offices before serving as governor of Connecticut, 1754-66.

964. No. 188, which also complained of FB’s failure to transmit the “Answers” to the Board’s “Queries” (No. 234.)

965. Halifax was appointed secretary of state for the Southern Department in Sept. 1763.

966. Thomas Bishop (d.1790) was raised to captain on 25 May 1762 and received his customhouse commission under 3 Geo.3, c. 22.

967. Not found in Admiralty Court Series, Early 1-58, 1629-1778, PRO.

968. “So far, to such an extent.” OED.

969. An account of the seizure and condemnation of the Freemason was enclosed in No. 257.

970. No. 236.

971. Not found. See Chambers Russell to Lord Colvill, 22 Jan. 1764, ADM 1/482, ff 337-338.

972. This line in FB’s hand. FB is referring to the act for the further improvement of his Majesty’s Revenue of Customs and for the encouragement of officers making seizures and for the prevention of clandestine running of goods into any part of his Majesty’s dominions (3 Geo. 3, c. 22).

973. There may not have been any letters from Pownall or the Board to FB, because Massachusetts is mentioned only once in the Board journals (on 3 Aug.) between 19 May and 10 Oct. inclusive. JBT, 11: 365-390, at 376-377.

974. A memorial of the merchants and traders of the towns of Boston, Plymouth, Marblehead, and Salem, was read by the House on 27 Dec. and sent up to the Council. A committee of both houses reported on 11 Jan., but a petition was not adopted until the fall, by which time the Revenue Act had been enacted. JHRM, 40: 132-182.

975. General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, BP, 13: 1-74; Trade Instructions, BP, 13: 73-140.

976. J. Vernon to the Board of Trade, Court at St. James’s, 27 Feb. 1761, CO 5/891, f 21; JBT, 11: 172-174; Trade Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, Court at St. James’s, 27 May 1761, Nether Winchendon House, Bucks., Eng.; General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, 30 Jun. 1761, CO 5/920, pp. 54-123.

977. APC, 4: 777; CO 5/919, ff 59-60.

978. 1 Geo. 1, stat. 2, c. 13.

979. 25 Car. 2, c. 2.

980. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 27.

981. 1 Geo. 1, stat. 2, c. 13.

982. 6 Anne, c. 57.

983. A revised article was applicable from 1761: “and it is our express will and pleasure that you do not upon any pretence what ever upon pain of our highest displeasure, give your assent to any law or laws for setting up any manufactures or carrying on any trades which are or may be hurtful or prejudicial to this kingdom; and that you do use your utmost endeavours to discourage, discountenance, and restrain any attempt which may be made to set up such manufactures or establish any such trades.” Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 654.

984. Meaning membership of a community, in this case citizenship. OED.

985. This article was omitted from the set of instructions issued to FB in 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 341.

986. Omitted from 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 371-372.

987. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 11.

988. 9 Anne, c. 22.

989. 8 Geo. 1, c. 12.

990. 2 Geo. 2, c. 35.

991. This instruction was applicable between 1743 and 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 111. See No. 79.

992. Edmund Gibson (1669-1748), bishop of Lincoln, 1715-23, and bishop of London, 1723-48. He assiduously upheld the practice of visitations and was an outspoken critic of profanity and impiety.

993. Missing from manuscript. Supplied from General Instructions as governor of Massachusetts, 27 May 1761.

994. Omitted from 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 2: 747.

995. Omitted from 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 392-393.

996. Omitted from 1761. Labaree, Royal Instructions, 1: 404.

997. Initialed by King George III.

998. 12 Car. 2, c. 18.

999. 14 Car. 2, c. 11.

1000. 15 Car. 2, c. 7.

1001. 22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 26.

1002. 25 Car. 2, c.7.

1003. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 22.

1004. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 21.

1005. 8 & 9 Will. 3, c. 23.

1006. 9 Will. 3, c. 44.

1007. 10 Will. 3, c. 16.

1008. 10 Will. 3, c. 14.

1009. 11 Will. 3, c. 7.

1010. 11 Will. 3, c. 12.

1011. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 3.

1012. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 7.

1013. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 11.

1014. 6 Anne, c. 11.

1015. 6 Anne, c. 57.

1016. 6 Anne, c. 64.

1017. 8 Anne, c. 14.

1018. 9 Anne, c. 29.

1019. 10 Anne, c. 30.

1020. 4 Geo. 1, c. 11.

1021. 5 Geo. 1, c. 11.

1022. 5 Geo. 1, c. 21.

1023. 7 Geo. 1, c. 21.

1024. 8 Geo. 1, c. 12.

1025. 8 Geo. 1, c. 15.

1026. 8 Geo. 1, c. 18.

1027. 8 Geo. 1, c. 24.

1028. 10 Geo. 1, c. 16.

1029. 12 Geo. 1, c. 26.

1030. 2 Geo. 2, c. 28.

1031. 2 Geo. 2, c. 35.

1032. 3 Geo. 2, c. 14.

1033. 4 Geo. 2, c. 15.

1034. 4 Geo. 2, c. 29.

1035. 4 Geo. 2, c. 27.

1036. 5 Geo. 2, c. 7.

1037. 5 Geo. 2, c. 22.

1038. 5 Geo. 2, c. 24.

1039. 5 Geo. 2 c. 28.

1040. 5 Geo. 2, c. 29.

1041. 6 Geo. 2, c. 33.

1042. 9 Geo. 2, c. 37.

1043. 10 Geo. 2 c. 27.

1044. 11 Geo. 2, c. 18.

1045. 12 Geo. 2, c. 21.

1046. 12 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1047. 12 Geo. 2, c. 22.

1048. 12 Geo. 2, c. 18.

1049. 13 Geo. 2, c. 3.

1050. 13 Geo. 2, c. 4.

1051. 13 Geo. 2, c. 28.

1052. 13 Geo. 2 c. 7.

1053. 14 Geo. 2, c. 37.

1054. 14 Geo. 2, c. 38.

1055. 15 Geo. 2, c. 33.

1056. 15 Geo. 2, c. 31.

1057. 15 Geo. 2, c. 35.

1058. 16 Geo. 2, c. 26.

1059. 17 Geo. 2, c. 40.

1060. 17 Geo. 2, c. 34.

1061. 18 Geo. 2, c. 27.

1062. 18 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1063. 19 Geo. 2, c. 23.

1064. 19 Geo. 2, c. 27.

1065. 19 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1066. 20 Geo. 2, c. 24.

1067. 20 Geo. 2, c. 44.

1068. 20 Geo. 2, c. 47.

1069. 20 Geo. 2, c. 45.

1070. 20 Geo. 2, c. 47.

1071. 21 Geo. 2, c. 11.

1072. 21 Geo. 2, c. 14.

1073. 21 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1074. 21 Geo. 2, c. 33.

1075. 22 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1076. 22 Geo. 2, c. 33.

1077. 22 Geo. 2, c. 45.

1078. 23 Geo. 2, c. 20.

1079. 23 Geo. 2, c. 29.

1080. 24 Geo. 2, c. 23.

1081. 24 Geo. 2, c. 41.

1082. 24 Geo. 2, c. 51.

1083. 24 Geo. 2, c. 52.

1084. 24 Geo. 2, c. 53.

1085. 24 Geo. 2, c. 57.

1086. 25 Geo. 2, c. 6.

1087. 25 Geo. 2, c. 26.

1088. 25 Geo. 2, c. 30.

1089. 25 Geo. 2, c. 35.

1090. 26 Geo. 2, c. 32.

1091. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 22.

1092. 15 Car. 2, c. 7.

1093. 12 Car. 2, c. 18.

1094. 13 & 14 Car. 2, c. 11.

1095. 12 Car. 2, c. 18.

1096. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 22.

1097. 12 Car. 2, c. 18.

1098. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 22.

1099. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 11.

1100. 3 & 4 Anne, c. 3.

1101. 8 Geo. 1, c. 15.

1102. 5 Geo. 1, c. 11.

1103. 8 Geo. 1, c. 18.

1104. 25 Car. 2, c. 7.

1105. 22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 26.

1106. 15 Car. 2, c. 7.

1107. 13 Geo. 1, c. 4.

1108. 3 Geo. 2, c. 14.

1109. 2 Geo. 2, c. 7.

1110. 6 Geo. 2, c. 13.

1111. Brown unpurified sugar from the Antilles.

1112. 7 & 8 Will. 3, c. 22.

1113. 21 Geo. 2, c. 33.

1114. 10 Will. 3, c. 16.

1115. 24 Geo. 2, c. 41.

1116. The Cape of Good Hope.

1117. 9 Will. 3, c. 44.