Index
A
Aaron, 267
Abbott, A., History of Andover, [132]
Abbott, Morris W., Medical Men of Milford, [117], [128]
Abdomen, 223
Aberdeen University, 72n, 96, 107, [128], [131], [138], 173, 277; Marischal College, [133], [136], [137]
Abernathy, John, 173
Abietis, Balsam, 367
Abortifacients, 376
Abraham, James J., Lettsom: His Life, Times, Friends and Descendants, 191n
Abscesses, [352]; Opening of, [300–301], 303, [308]
Absinthum sal, 367
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 196
Acadia, 9
Accidents, Death from, 254–255, 256, 258, [310]
Account books, Physicians’, 289, 290–292, 339, 362; Demographic properties of four samplings of, 294–296; Forrecording treatment of the poor, 213; Kinds of money entered in, 302. See also Aspinwall, William; Bartlett, Josiah (Kingston); Rowe, Benjamin; Townsend, David
Acid drops, [319]
Acid elixir, 381
Act of Uniformity (1662), 104
Adair, Douglas, see Schutz, John A.
Adair, James McKittrick, Medical Cautions..., [329]n, 348n
Adams, Charles Francis, The Life and Works of John Adams, [117], [135]
Adams, Daniel, 306n
Adams, James T., New England in the Republic, 1776–1850, 12n, 81n, 89n; Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776, 71n
Adams, John, 13, 20, [135], 160; Diary and Autobiography, 160n
Adams, Samuel, Jr., 70n, 75, 95, 106–107
Addington, Isaac, [120]
Addison, W. I., Roll of Graduates of the University of Glasgow, [117], [143]
Aged, see Old age
Agriculture in Colonial Massachusetts, 5, 36
Aikenside, Dr., [133]
Alba, Ungent, 367
Albinus, Bernard Siegfried, 105–106
Alcock, John, [137]
Alcohol, 224, [332], 368, 369, 372, 373, 377, 378, 379
Alden, Ebenezer, 174, 183; Early History of the Medical Profession in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, 21, 49, [118], [120], [125], [130], [131], [134], [139], [141], [142], [143]
Alder bark, 271
Alexipharmical tincture, [321], 367, 373, 375
Alin, John, [120]
Allen, Ebenezer, 76
Allen, Edmund, 182
Allen, Elisha L., 183
Allen, William (Chief-justice), 162
Allen, William, An Address Delivered at Northampton, Massachusetts..., [118], [139]
Almanacs, 36n
Almshouses, 210, 211, 213, 258; in Boston, 9, 154, 163, 169; in England, 111; in Massachusetts, 112; in Philadelphia, 163; in Salem, 209, 210, 211, 213
Aloes, 274, [317], [330], 340, 368, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378
Alterative (medicine), [328]
Altschule, Mark D., see Beecher, Henry K.
Amara, Tincture, 368
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 83, [125], [130], [137], [140], [141], 260, 261n, 280
American Antiquarian Society, 41n, 109n, [137], [138], 290
American Association for the History of Medicine, 31
American Heritage Dictionary, 367n
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 22
American Medical Association, 177
American Medical Society, 167
American Mineralogical Journal, 189
American Philosophical Society, [137], 162
Ames, Levi, 166
Ames, Nathaniel, Jr., “An Elegy on the Death of the Late Dr. Ames,” 6011, 63
Amherst, N.H., 306
Ammonium acetate, [333], 341, 374
Ammonium bicarbonate, [334]
Ammonium carbonate (carbamate), 370, 377
Ammonium chloride, [332], 368, 374
Amputation, 153, 205, 219, 222–223, 224, 230–231, 238–241, 305
Amsterdam, [138]
Anatomical preparations, 79, 82, 106, [128]
Anatomy, 187; Study and teaching of, 44, 77–78, 85, 91, 108, [125], [126], [128], [133], 161, 163, 192, 194, 218
Anatomy, Comparative, 194–195
Anderson, John, [118]
Anderson, R. G. W., and Simpson, A. D. C., The Early Years of the Edinburgh Medical School, 171, 284n
Andover, Mass., [132], 204, 205n
Andover, N.H., 306
Anemia, 337
Angina, 366
Angina tonsilaris maligna, 348
Anglican Church, see Church of England
Angustura, 369
Aniball, John, 215
Anise, [319], [331], 367, 368, 369
Anodynes, 383
Antacids, [321], [325], 366, 368, 374, 376, 382
Anthelminthics, 284, [318], [324], 366, 368, 370, 372, 376, 379, 381
Anthology Club, 192
Anticonvulsant, [328]
Antiemetic, [328]
Antigua, [138]
Antihysteric plaster, [321], 368, 373
Antimonial emetic powder, 381
Antimony, [322], [332], 347, 368, 372, 375, 378, 379, 381, 382; potassium, 378; sulfate, 379
Antiphlogistics, [328], 365, 368
Antipruritics, 369
Antirheumatic pill, [323]
Antirheumatics, 369
Antiscorbutic, 369
Antispasmodic bolus, [321]
Antispasmodics, [318], [321–322], 337–338, 364, 368, 369, 370, 372, 376, 378, 379
Anus, Imperforate, 223
Apoplexy, 256, [309], [355], 365
Apothecaries, 43, 60, [113], [127], [130], [137], [139], [141], 150, 207, 278; in Boston, 71, 106, [120], [126], [131], [143], 192, 284; in Charlestown, [127]; in Salem, [131], 274
Apothecaries’ Company (London), 110, [133]
Apozema, 368
Appleton, Nathaniel Walker, 83, 95, 98
Apprenticeship system, see Medical education, Apprenticeship system of
Aqua ophthalmia, [319], 368, 371
Arber, Agnes, Herbals: Their Origin and Evolution, 264n, 265n, 266n, 268n
Archibald, Francis, [120], [137]
Areca catechu, 369
Argentum vivum, 368
Armeniac, Bole, [321], [334], 369
Armies, Standing, Colonial attitudes toward, 148
Aromatic tincture, 368
Aromatics, 372
Arsenic, 217
Articles of Confederation, 14
Arum, 286
Asafetida (Assa fetida), [322], [330], 368, 372
Ash tree, 343
Ashurts, John, “Surgery before the Days of Anesthesia,” 224n
Aspinwall, William, 290, 294, 346; Deaths of patients, 312; Demographic characteristics of medical practice, 294–296, 314; Drug therapies of, 314–345, 349, 367–379, 381; Fees, 299; Ledgers and accounts of, 291, 297, 329n; Medical training, 182, 363; Treatments of, [301–302], 304–305
Assa fetida, see Asafetida
“Assimilate,” Doctrine of, 266
Asthmaticus, Elixir, 368
Astringents, [318], [321], 337, 365, 367–371, 373–376, 378–379
Astrology, [120]
Atherton, Israel, 66n
Atkins, Dudley, 183
Attleborough, 55n
Auboyneau, Armand, 182
Aurantium, 369
Austin, Robert B., Early American Medical Imprints, 273n, 278n, 283n
Avery, John, [123]
Avery, William, [120]
B
Babbitt, Thomas, 223
Babcock, Charles, 182
Backus, Isaac, 255–257, 258, 259, 262
Bacon, Francis, 29, 102; Novum Organum, 103n
Bailyn, Bernard, Education in the Forming of American Society, 60. See also Clive, John
Baker, James, 171
Baker, John, [120]
Bal polychrestum, [316]
Bal virid, [324]
Ballou, Adin, History of the Town of Milford, Worcester County, Massachusetts, 118, [139]
Balsam fir, [333]
Balsam flavus, [322]
Balsam lucatelli, [326]
Balsam mixture, [328]
Balsam of Peru, [333], 343, 375, 377, 378
Balsam of sulphur, [317]
Baltimore, 161
Bandages and dressings, 275, [300–301], 305, 376, 379
Banks, 16, 148; Land, 7; State, 16
Baptism, see Christening
Barber Surgeons’ Company (London), 110
Barium chloride, [333]
Barium sulfate, 369
Bark, 369, 381, 382. See also Cinchona; Peruviana
Barlow, William, “James Thacher’s American Medical Biography,” 213n; “To Find a Stand” (with David O. Powell), 61n
Barry, Thomas, 218
Bartlett, Josiah (Boston), 93, 261n; “An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Medical Science...,” 73n, 74n, 78n, 79n, 84n, 85n, 89n, 91n, 92n, 93n, [113], 168n
Bartlett, Josiah (Kingston, N.H.), 297, 306, 307, 312, 346, 347–348, 360; Demographic characteristics of medical practice, 294–296; Drug therapies, 314–342, 349–350, 367–379, 381; Fees, 302; Ledgers and accounts of, 290–291, 311, 363; Patient population, 292, 298–299, 314; Source of drugs, 342–345; Treatments of, [300–301], 302–305, 362–364
Bartlett, Levi, 305, 347; “The Memoirs of His Late Excellency Josiah Bartlett...,” 305n, 348n, 362, 363–364
Barton, Benjamin Smith, 160n, 170, 174, 178, 179, 182, 188, 196, 282, 285, 286, 287; Collections for an Essay towards a Materia Medica, 285
Barton, Edward, 183
Bartram, John, 272, 283, 284, 285; Botany, 278
Basilicon, 383
Basilicon ointment, [326], 369
Bassett, Benjamin, 182
Batchelder, Samuel F., Bits of Harvard History, 78n, 80n
Batcheller, J. P., 183
Bateman’s pectoral drops, 369, 375
Bates, James, 31n
Baxter, John, Jr., 183
Beall, O. T., and Shryock, R. H., Cotton Mather, 263n, 273n, 282n
Beck, John B., Historical Sketch of the State of Medicine in the American Colonies..., 269n, 284n
Becket, 55n
Beecher, Henry K., and Altschule, Mark D., Medicine at Harvard, 78n, 84n, 85n, 86n, 87n, 89n, 90n, 166n
Beers, Timothy, 183
Beeswax, 370. See also Cerate, Wax
Beinfield, Malcolm S., “The Early New England Doctor,” 264n, 265n, 269n, 270n
Belcher, Elisha, 183
Belknap, Jeremy, 343; History of New-Hampshire, 259, 296n, 306n, [310]n, [313]n, 344n, 360, 361n, 362
Bell, Whitfield J., Jr., The Colonial Physician and Other Essays, 39n, 188n; “For Mutual Improvement in the Healing Art,” 167n; “James Hutchinson,” 172n; John Morgan, Continental Doctor, 162n, 167n; “Medical Practice in Colonial America,” 208n; “Medicine in Boston and Philadelphia,” 40n, 69, 159–183; “Philadelphia Medical Students in Europe, 1750–1800,” 172n; “A Portrait of the Colonial Physician,” 50, 171n; “Suggestions for Research in the Local History of Medicine in the United States,” 23, 24, 50n
Bellingham, Samuel, [120]
Bellwort, 283
Bemis, Nathaniel, 182
Benjamin tree, 270
Bentley, Rev. William, 199, 202
Benton, Josiah H., Jr., Early Census Taking in Massachusetts, 1643–1765, 251n
Berkeley, Bishop George, 72n
Berkshire County, 15, 56, 58, 182, 183
Berkshire District Medical Society, 65n
Berkshire Medical Association, 65, 66
Bermuda, [126]
Bertodi (Bertody), François (Francis), 98, [120]
Betel palm, [333]
Beverly Company, 16
Bigelow, Henry J., A Century of American Medicine, 22
Bigelow, Jacob, 174n, 179, 182, 194, 196, 286–287; American Medical Botany, 196, 287; Florula Bostoniensis, 196, 286
Bile, Stimulation of, 382
“Bill of Mortality for Rochester, N.H.,” [313]n
Billings, John Shaw, A Century of American Medicine, 22
Bills of Mortality, see Mortality, Bills of
Bilous colic, see Colic
Binney, Barnabus, [120]
Biography, Collective, 50–51
Birchbark, 271
Birth, see Childbirth
Bishop, John, [120]
Bite, Dog, 383
Bitter infusion, 369
Black hellebore, 266, [332], 369, 372
Blake, John B., Benjamin Waterhouse and the Introduction of Vaccination, 87n, 92n, 93n; “The Early History of Vital Statistics in Massachusetts,” 250n; “The Inoculation Controversy in Boston,” 74n; “The Medical Profession and Public Health in Colonial Boston,” 73n–74n; Public Health in the Town of Boston, 24n, 74n, 75n, 92n, [118], [129], 152n, 251n, 253n, 260n; “Smallpox Inoculation in Colonial Boston,” 74n, 75n
Blanchard, Jean Pierre, [131]
Blanton, Wyndham B., Medicine in Virginia, 22, 54n
Bleeding, see Bloodletting
Bliss, Leonard, Jr., The History of Rehoboth, Bristol County, Massachusetts, [118], [127], [138]
Blisters, [327], 346, 379, 381
Blood, Venous and arterial, 220–221
Bloodletting, 42, 109, [125], 175–176, 216, 222, 226, 264, [300–301], 303, 346; Implements and methods, 380
Blue-eyed Mary, 272
Boas, Ralph and Louise, Cotton Mather, 217n
Body of Liberties (1641), 4
Body-snatching, 166. See also Cadavers; Dissection
Boerhaave, Herman, 31n, 107, 113, [138], 274, 281
Bolton, E. S., “Immigrants to New England, 1700–1775,” [118], [121], [130], [131], [132]
Bolton, Hugh, [121]
Boneset, 283
Bone-setters, 61
Bonischere, François Vergenes de, [125]
Bonmaris, Dictionary of Natural History, 82
Bookstores, 106, 162. See also Medical literature
Boorstein, Daniel, The Americans, 53
Borst, Gregg, “Midwives in Early New England, 1620–1820,” 206n
Bossuet, Joseph, [121]
Boston, 6, 8–9, 11, 15, 17, 20, 160, 166, 196, 200, 251; Board of Health, 92–93; Charity and medical charity in, 163; Compared medically with New Hampshire, 290–291, 292, 293, 296, 298–299, 302, 303, 305, 306–314; Compared medically with New York, 69, 189, 194, 197; Compared medically with Philadelphia, 40, 69, 76, 159–183, 189, 194, 197; Compared with Philadelphia, 161–162; Domination of Massachusetts medicine by, 86; Drug therapy in, 314–345; Economic conditions in, 71, 81, 89, 94, 150–152, 154, 164; Life expectancy in, [313], 314; Medical books published in, 275; Medical education in, 76–77, 80–81, 84–85, 94, 170–173, 182–183, 188, 189; Medical profession in, 39, 64–65, 69–100, 114, [120–121], [123–132], [134–143], 146–157, 284, 290, 294; Mortality in, 251n, 306–314; Political activities and affiliations of physicians in, 60n–61n, 95–97, 169–170; Population of, 8, 70, 81, 89–90, 112, 151–152, 161, 164, 262, 296–297; Public health in, 152, 153; Ratio of physicians to population of, 55; Science in, 189–191; Siege of, 11, 12, 294; Smallpox in, 71n, 73–75; Transfer of Harvard Medical School to, 168, 176, 192
Boston Athenæum, 192
Boston Chronicle, 81n
Boston Directory, 52, 90, 140, 176
Boston Dispensary, 90n, 92, 163; Used for clinical teaching, 163
Boston Evening-Post and General Advertiser, 84n
Boston Gazette and Country Journal, 77n
Boston Latin School, [143]
Boston Massacre, 170
Boston Medical Library, 64n, 192, 227, 349n–350n, 380
Boston Medical Society, 52, 65, 82n, 84, 85, 88, 90, [123], [126], [132], 192, 290, 299
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, 74n, 78n, 105n
Boston Public Library, 149n
Boston Records Commission Reports, 74n, 92n
Boston Society of Natural History, 196
Boston Tea Party, 11
Boston Weekly News-Letter, [139]
Botany, 89, 104, 179, 187, 188, 285; in Boston, 190–191, 196, 285–287; Literature of, 263; of America and its medical uses, 267–268, 269. See also Medicines, Botanic
Bouvé, Thomas T., Historical Sketch of the Boston Society of Natural History, 196n
Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll, 174n
Bowditch, Nathaniel Ingersoll, A History of the Massachusetts General Hospital, 169n
Bowditch, Vincent Y., Life and Correspondence of Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, 174n
Bowdoin, Gov. James, 15
Boxford, 55n
Boylston, Thomas (I), [121]
Boylston, Thomas (II), [121]
Boylston, Zabdiel, 108, [121], [124], [130], 219
Brackett, Joshua, 182
Bradley, W. T., “Medical Practices of the New England Aborigines,” 269n, 270n
Bradstreet, Samuel, [121]
Braintree, 13
Brande, William, 193
Brattleboro, Vt., 277
Breen, T. H., and Foster, Stephen, “The Way of the New World,” 56n
Bridenbaugh, Carl, Cities in Revolt, 8n, 71n, 74n, 77n, 112n, 161n, 298n, 302n, 346n; Cities in the Wilderness, 8n, 110
Bridgewater, 55n, 255, 256, 257, 259
Bright, Timothy, A Treatise, Wherein is Declared the Sufficiencie of English Medicines, 268
Brissot de Warville, J. P., New Travels in the United States of America, 1788, 306n, [313]n
Bristol, England, [122]
Brock, Helen C., “The Influence of Europe on Colonial Massachusetts Medicine,” 56n, 72n, [101–143], 172n, 216n, 217n
Brookes, Richard, Introduction to Physic, 106
Brookfield, 206
Brooks, Charles. History of the Town of Medford, [118], [120]
Brooks, John, 170
Brooks, Richard, 113
Brown, John, 174
Brown, Marion E., “Adam Kuhn: Eighteenth-Century Physician and Teacher,” 285n
Brown, P. S., “Medicines Advertised in Eighteenth-Century Bath Newspapers,” [329]n
Brown, Richard D., “The Emergence of Urban Society in Rural Massachusetts,” 55n; “The Emergence of Voluntary Associations in Massachusetts,” 64n; “The Healing Arts in Colonial and Revolutionary Massachusetts,” 35–47, 51n, 168n; Modernization: The Transformation of American Life, 1600–1685, 59
Brown, Sanborn, see Oleson, Alexandra
Brown, Walter, 121
Brown University, 89n, 120; Medical School, 90n
Browne, Bartholomew, 273–274, 275
Bruce, Archibald, 189
Bryan, L. S., “Blood Letting in American Medicine,” 216n
Bryant, Peter, [133]
Bryant, William Cullen, [133]
Bryony, 266
Buchan, William, Domestic Medicine, 41n, 276, 279
Buchanan, Scott, The Doctrine of Signatures, 265n
Buckbean, 344
Buckthorn, [317], [334], 369, 372
Bugle, 376
Bulfinch, Thomas, [121]
Bulfinch, Thomas, Jr., 70n, 72n, 74n, 75, 82n, 84, 95, 98, 109, [121]
Burchsted, John Henry, [122]
Burden, Joseph, 350n
Burn, John Southerden, The History of Parish Registers in England, 250n
Burnaby, Andrew, Travels through the Middle Settlements of North America, 159, 160n
Burnet, 268
Burns and scalds, 153, 267, 271, [310], [358], 367
Burr, Harold J., “Jonathan Knight and the Founding of the Yale School of Medicine,” 161n
Burrage, Walter L., A History of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 22, 63n, 64n, 65n, 81n, 82n, 84n, 85n, 86n, 89n, 91n, 93n, [118], [126], 167n, 168n, 174, 176n, 192n, 218n, 220n. See also Kelly, Howard A.
Butterfield, Lyman H., 160n; Letters of
Benjamin Rush, 166n
Butter-nut, 343
Byrne, John J., “Medicine at Plymouth Plantation,” 263n, 264n
C
Cadavers, 77, 78, 88, 163, 166. See also Body-snatching; Dissection
Cadwalader, Thomas, 226
Calamine, [326], 369, 370, 371, 379
Calcium carbonate, 376
Calcium hydroxide, 368
Calcium salts, [333]
Calculi, see Stone
Caldwell, Charles, 177
Calef, Joseph, [122]
Calhoun, Daniel, Professional Lives in America, 61–62, 66
Calomel, 224, [317], 369, 370, 372, 381
Calybeate, see Chalybeate
Cambridge, 65, [130], [138], [143], 166, 183, 192, 219
Cambridge Platform (1684), 4
Cambridge University, 103, 104, 110, [126], [127], [129], [132], 193
Camp distemper, 255
Campbell, Rev. John, [122]
Camphor, [318], [330], 335, 336–337, 342, 368, 369, 371, 373, 379, 381
Cancer, 259, 273, 284, [309], 363
Canker, 256, 259, 286, 347, [358]
Cantharides, [322], [330], 339, 370, 372, 379
Cape Breton, 10
Capers, [328]
Caraway, 377
Cardovascular disease, [309], [355], 360
Caries, [352]
Carminative, [319], 370, 382, 383
Carr, Lloyd G. D., “Interesting Animal Foods, Medicines, and Omens of the Eastern Indians,” 269n
Carrington, John, 182
Carson, Joseph, A History of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 164n
Cartagena, 9
Carter, Ralph, 183
Cary, John, Joseph Warren: Physician Politician, 74n, 76n, 77n, 78n
Cascarilla, [321], [334], 337, 370, 372
Cash, Philip, 115–116; Medical Men at the Siege of Boston, 44n, 81n, 118, 120, 294n; “An Overview of Massachusetts History to 1820,” 3–19; “The Professionalization of Boston Medicine,” 44n, 69–100, 149n, 168n, 173, 217n, 220n
Cassedy, James H., 27; “Church Record-Keeping and Public Health in Early New England,” 249–262; Demography in Early America, 251n, 258n, 261n; “Medicine and Learned Societies in the United States,” 63n; “Medicine and the Rise of Statistics,” 250n
Cassis lignea, 270
Castiglioni, Arturo, A History of Medicine, 264n, 266n
Castle Island, 74
Castor oil, 224, [318], [330], 339, 370, 376
Cathartic digestive, [317]
Cathartic dulcis, 370
Cathartic enema, [317]
Cathartic pills, [317]
Cathartics, 264, 275, [316–318], [320], [322], [323], [324], [325], 336, 346, 365, 368–379
Catharticus amarus, 234, [318], 372
Catheter, 234–235
Catholicism, [133]
Caulfield, Ernest, “Some Common Diseases of Colonial Children,” 312n; “A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper,” 253n, 312n
Cautery, 223
Celandine, 265
Censorship, 102
Cephalic snuff, [326]
Cerate, 369, 370, 373, 379, 383. See also Beeswax; Wax
Chalmers, Lionel, 187
Chalybeate, [321], 337, 369, 370
Chamomile, [331]
Channing, Walter, 160n, 173, 178, 179, 182, 196
Chapman, Nathaniel, 177
Charité (Paris), 80, [128], [131]
Charity, 16, 160; In Essex County, Massachusetts, 199–213
Charity, Medical, 42n, 92, 112n, 208, 211, 213; In Essex County, Massachusetts, 199–213; In Massachusetts, 112, 115; Laws for regulation of, 203; Sick poor qualifying for, 203
Charles II, 219
Charles River, 16; Bridged, 166
Charleston, S.C., 20, 187, 252n, 284
Charlestown, 16, [127], [131], [137], 261n
Charlton, 55n
Chauncey, Charles, 104
Chauncey, Ichabod, [122]
Chauncey, Isaac, [122]
Chelmsford, [127]
Chelsea, 75, 204; Marine hospital at, 294
Chemical apparatus, 193
Chemical Society of Philadelphia, 187
Chemistry, [134], 160, 188, 189; And medicine, [113], [114], 197, 217, 345, 366; At Harvard University, 84, 89, 189; Gorham’s textbook of, 193; In analyzing waters of Boston peninsula, 82; Not taught in Colonial Massachusetts, 104; Studied abroad, [124–125], 187, 192
Cherokee Indians, 284
Cheselden, William, [113], [121], [128], 227
Chests, Medicine, 380–383
Chicory, 264
Chilblains, 381
Child, Robert, [122]
Childbed fever, see Puerperal fever
Childbirth, Mortality and statistics of, 254, 258, 306–307, 312; Participation of midwives in, 207, 303; Public assistance during, 203, 205; Rate of, 35; Recording of, 250n. See also Midwives; Obstetrics
Chilmark, 55n
China root, 270
China trade, 16
Chinese rhubarb, 376. See also Rhubarb
Cholera infantum, [353]
Christianson, Eric H., [117–143], 297n; “The Description and Treatment of the Fly-Blown Ear,” 59n; “The Emergence of Medical Communities in Massachusetts, 1700–1794,” 55n, 57n; “The Historiography of Early American Medicine,” 20–25; “Individuals in the Healing Arts and the Emergence of a Medical Community in Massachusetts,” 51n, 61n, 65n; “The Medical Practitioners of Massachusetts, 1630–1800,” 39n, 40n, 42n, 49–67, 71n, 150n, 168n, 217n
Christie, James, Some Account of Parish Clerks, 250n
Christmas rose, 369
Chroust, Anton-Herman, The Rise of the Legal Profession in America, [147]
Chrysanthemum parthenium, 268
Church, Benjamin, Jr., 70n, 72n, 77, 83, 95, [122], 157, 170
The church. As keeper of vital statistics, 249–262; Responsible for support of poor, 202
Church of England, 4, 7, 250, 252n
Cinchona (Peruvian bark), 268, 272, 281, [330], 337, 347, 363, 371, 375. See also Bark; Peruviana
Cinnamon, [319], [332], 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 379
Cinquefoil, 266
Clapp, Benjamin, 182
Clark, Sir George, A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 111n
Clark, George Faber, A History of the Town of Norton, Bristol County, Massachusetts, [131], [133]
Clark, John (1598–1664), 49, 58, [122], [126]
Clark, John (1609–1676), [122]
Clark, John, vi (d. 1788), 76, 81n, 90n, 91–92, 95, [123], 166
Clark, John C. L., “The Famous Doctor Stearns,” 277n, 278
Clark, William, 82n, 95, 109, [123], [124], [128], [134], 156
Clarke, Edward H., A Century of American Medicine, 22
Clarkson, William, 351n
Cleaveland, Nehemiah, 209, 212, 213
Clerical profession, 156, 157; And drug remedies, 272–273; As keeper of public health records, 249–262; Dual role as pastors and physicians, 37–38, 40, 41, 51, 104, 156, 170–171, 217, 218, 249, 269, 272–273, 280; Interest in science, 257; Mortality of, 254; Organization of in colonial America, 7, 145–146, 147, 148, 149n
Cline, Henry, 173
Clive, John, and Bailyn, Bernard, “England’s Cultural Provinces: Scotland and America,” 37n
Clouser, K. Danner, “Clinical Medicine as a Science: Editorial,” 346n
Clove, 373
Clover, 374
Clown’s wort, 267
Club-foot, 242–243
Cobb, C. M., “Some Medical Practices among the New England Indians and Early Settlers,” 269n
Cockayne, Thomas O., Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft in Early England 268n
Coercive Acts, 11
Coffin, Margaret M., Death in Early America, 253n
Cohen, I. Bernard, Some Early Tools of American Science, 79n, 87n, 89n, 189n, 193n
Coker, Theodore, [123]
Cold (disorder), 382
Colden, Cadwalader, 220, 283–284, 285, 286, 287
Colic, [308], [309], 311, [357], 365, 366
Colic root, 283
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, 188, 189
College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 167; Transactions, 278
Collin, Rev. Nicholas, 162
Collins, Peaslee, [123]
Collinson, Peter, 284
Collinsonia, 272
Colomba (Colombo, Tincture of), [319], [334], 371, 375
Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 24
Columbia College, 188
Coma, 365
Committee of Safety, 11
Compress, [327]
Computer, 50
Comstock, Joseph, 183
Concord, Mass., 6, 11, 12, 71n, 75, 77, [123]
Congregational Church, 7, 13, 17, 18, 252n
Conjunctivitis, 379
Connecticut, 36, 182, 183, 277; Medical history of, 20
Connecticut Medical Society, 168
Connecticut Valley, 6
Constables, 207
Constitution, Federal, 16
Consultation, 314
Consumption, 204, 209, 259, 266, 267, [308], 311, 312, [353]
Contractual obligation, 150
“Contraries,” Doctrine of, 266
Contrayerva, 267, [321], [332], 371
Convulsion, 259, [308], 311, [353], 383
Cooke, Elisha, 156
Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, 173
Cooper, Thomas, 161; An Address Delivered before the Medical Board of S. Carolina, 161n, 176
Copaiba (Copaiva), 371
Copper acetate, 379
Copper oxide, 379
Copper salts, [331]
Copper sulfate, 379
Cordial confection, 381
Corner, Betsy C., William Shippen, Jr., Pioneer in American Medical Education, 172n
Corner, George W., Two Centuries on Medicine: A History of the School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 165n, 188n
Coroners, 207
Correa da Serra, Abbé J. F., 162
Cortex aurantium, [322]
Cortex eleutheria, [321]
Cortex Peruviana, [321], 337, 367, 371, 373
Cortex pulves rubrum, [321]
Cosmetic unguent, 371
Cotton, John, [136]
Couching for cataract, 228–229, 305
Cough, 311, [353], 375, 377, 380, 381, 383
Countway Library, see Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine
Cowen, David L., “The Boston Editions of Nicholas Culpeper,” 275n; “The British North American Colonies as a Source of Drugs,” 270n; “The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia,” 284n; Medicine and Health in New Jersey, 54n
Cowper, William, 113
Coxe, Daniel, 160
Craftsmen in colonial America, 146, 156
Cranberry, 379
Cranch, Richard, 160n
Cranesbill, 273
Crawford, Robert, [123]
Crawford, William, [123]
Crawley, W., Directions for W. Crawley’s Medicine Chest, 380–383
Cream of tartar, see Cremor tartaris; Tartar
Creamer, Edward, [123]
Creeping ivy, 344
Cremin, Lawrence A., American Education, 79n
Cremor tartaris, [318], 339, 371
Crocus martialis, 371
Crowningshield, John, [123]
Cruickshank, Helen Gere, John and William Bartram’s America, 283n
Cuckoopint, [334]
Cucumber, 267
Cullen, William, 79, [113], [118], [121], [124], [139], [141], [143], 164, 173, 174n, 281; Nosology, 278, [352]; Treatise of Materia Medica, 285
Culpeper, Nicholas, 105, 274, 278, 279; The English Physician, 275; Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 275–276; Physical Directory or a Translation of the London Dispensatory, 267, 268n
Curcuma, Radix, [320], [333], 371, 378
Cures, rate of, see Medical profession
Currency, see Money
Currier, John J., History of Newburyport, Massachusetts, 1764–1905, [118], [125], [133], [141]
Curtis, Benjamin, 95
Curwen, Samuel, Journal, [141]
Cushing, Ezekiel D., 183
Cutler, John, 73, [121], [124]
Cutler, John, Jr., [124]
Cutler, Manasseh, 280–282, 287 “Account of Some of the Vegetable Productions naturally growing in this Part of America,” 280
Cutler, Peter, [124]
Cutler, Samuel, [124]
Cutler, William Parker and Julia Perkins, Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, 280n, 282n
Cynanche, [353]
D
Daffy’s elixir, 382
Dalhonde, Lawrence, 73
Dalton, John C., 183
Dana, Edmund, [124]
Dane, John, [125]
Danforth, Dr. Samuel, 70n, 72n, 82, 83, 84–85, 86, 95, 98, 114, [125], [140], [143], 175
Danforth, Rev. Samuel, 254, 255, 256–257, 258
Danforth, Thomas, 95, 114, [125]
Daniels, George F., History of the Town of Oxford, Massachusetts, 118
Dartmouth College, 177
Dastuge (Dastugne, Dasturge), Richard Dunfort, 80, 125
Datura stramonium, 286
Davie, Edmund, [125]
Davis, William, 137
Daws, Philami, 215
Daxford, [137]
Deane, P., see Mitchell, B. B.
Death, Attitudes toward, 30, 37–38, 252, 253–254; Causes of, 249, 250, 252, 254–257, 258–259, [308–310], 311, 312, [352–359]; From accidents, 254–255; Premature, [309]; Rates, see Mortality; Sudden, [309]; Symbolism of, 253n
Debus, Allen G., Medicine in Seventeenth Century England, 250n
DeButts, Elisha, 287
Dedham, 140
Deerfield, [129]
Democratic-Republican Party, 17
Demography of four colonial medical practices, 294–296. See also Population
Demulcents, [323], 366, 368, 373, 377, 378
Dench, Gilbert, Jr., 98
Dennis, Josiah L., 182
Dentistry, [120], [134], [138], 176, 218. See also Toothache; Tooth extraction
Dentition, 364
Deodorants, 368
Depressions, Economic, 18. See also Boston, Economic conditions in
Dessicativum rubrum, 371
Dethlefsen, Edwin S., “Colonial Gravestones and Demography,” 253n
Deutsch, Albert, “The Sick Poor in Colonial Times,” 202n
Dewey, Luke, 183
Dexter, Aaron, 83, 85, 86–89, 95, 98, 172, 189, 193
Dexter, George B., 183
Dexter, H. M., “October Meeting, 1889: Catalogue of Elder Brewster’s Library,” 263n
Diabetes, 365
Diachylon, 371, 375; Plaster, 382
Diagnosis, 289, 311; At Philadelphia Dispensary, [351–360]
Dialthea, 371
Diapalma, 371
Diaphoretic powder, [323]
Diaphoretics, 264, 286, [316], [317], [319], [320], [321], [322], [323–324], [325], 346, 365, 368, 369–374, 376–378, 381, 383
Diarrhea, [308], 311, [353], 365, 366, 375, 382
Dictionary of American Biography, [117], [121], [128], [129]
Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 278
Digitalis, [130], 388. See also Foxglove
Dinely, William, [125]
Dingham, George, [126]
Disease, Ancient theories of, 216, 264; Causes of, 259; Infectious, 311, 351, [352–354], 360; Nature of in colonial Boston, 152; Nomenclature, [352–359]. See also Death, Causes of; and names of individual diseases
Dispensaries, 92n
Dissection, 78, 108, [133], 166, 218; Legalization of, 218. See also Anatomy, Study and teaching of; Body-snatching; Cadavers; Grave-robbing
Diuretic salt (powder, pill), [324], 371
Diuretics, 273, [316–320], [322–324], 338, 346, 365, 368–373, 377, 378
“Doctor” (title), 52, 53, 54, 60. See also “Physician” (term)
Dr. Bateman’s pectoral drops, [324]
Doctor-patient relationship, 30
Dodoens, Rembert, A Brief Epitomy of the New Herbal, 263, 267; Stirpium Historiae Pomtades Sex, 266
Dogbane, 283
Dogwood tree, 281
Dominion of New England, 3
Dorchester, 81n, [130], 171, 254
Dorchester Company of Adventurers, 102
Dorsal, 371
Doubt, Nyott, 70n, 72n, 95, [126]
Douglas, John, 113
Douglass, William, 41, 65, 73, 107, [124], [126], [132], 155, 157, 208, 220; Botanical work of, 283, 284; A Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planning, Progressive Improvements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North America, 283n
Dover, N.H., 259, 292, 296, [308–310], 311, 347, 349; Life expectancy in, [313]
Dover, Thomas, 371
Dover’s pill, [323]
Dover’s powder, 371
Dow, Jabez, Bill of Mortality for Kensington, N.H., 306n, 307n, [310]n, 348n; Materia medica of, 349n–350n
Downing, Eleazer, 183
Dragon tree, [332]
Drake, Daniel, 177
Drake, Samuel G., The History and Antiquaries of Boston, 71n
Dressings, see Bandages and dressings
Dropsy, 101, 219, 273, [309], 312, 338, 360, 365, 382
Drugs, 137, 139, 289; Frequency and variation in use, [330–334], 335–342; Importation of, 107, 114, 344–345; In W. Crawley’s medicine chest, 381–383; Jabez Dow’s classification of, 349n; James Thacher’s classification of, 316–329, 364–366; List of in King Philip’s War, 273–274; Origin and sources of, 340–342; Therapeutic value of, 350–351; Treatise on, 129; Used in colonial America, 291–292; Used in colonial New England, 109, 283, 284, 291, 303, 314–345, 346, 349, 350, 367–379. See also Apothecaries; Materia medica; Therapeutics; and names of individual drugs
Duffy, John, Epidemics in Colonial America, 24n, 74n, 209n, 253n
Dulcified spirit of nitre, [322], 371, 374
Duncan, Andrew, Dispensatory, 349n
Duncan, Louis C., Medical Men in the American Revolution, 23, 294n
Dunster, Henry, 105
DuPonceau, Peter S., 162
Durkheim, Émile, 145
Duxbury, [140]
Dwelley, Jedediah, and Simmons, John, History of the Town of Hanover, [118]
Dwight, Benjamin W., 182
Dwight, Timothy, 160; Travels in New England and New York, 296n, 302n, 303
Dyer, Mary, [129]
Dynasties, Medical, see Medical profession, Families and dynasties in
Dysentery, 256, 259, 266, [308], 311, [353], 365, 366, 373
E
Ear ache, 365
East Kensington, N.H., 290, 294, 296
Easton, 55
Easton, Jonathan, 164
Easton, Jonathan, Jr., 182
Eaton, Leonard K., “Charles Bulfinch and the Massachusetts General Hospital,” 181n; Early New England Hospitals, 92n; “Medicine in Philadelphia and Boston, 1805–1830,” 163n
Eaton, Lilley, Genealogical History of the Town of Reading, [118], [129]
Echeverria, Durand, 306n, [313]n
Edinburgh, 40, 178; Compared medically to London, 173n See also Edinburgh University
Edinburgh Dispensatory, 284, 287, 372
Edinburgh Medical Essays and Observations, 284
Edinburgh Natural History Society, [118]
Edinburgh University, [130], 164, 188, 283; American medical students at, 72n, 90n, 95, 97, 107, 108, 109, 113, [121], [123], [124–126], [134], [139–142], 160, 171–172, 173, 179, 180, 187, 189, 192, 193
Education, 102–104, 115. See also Medical education; Schools, Public
Edwards, Jonathan, 7
Eggleston, Edward, The Transit of Civilization, 264n, 267n, 269n
Egyptiae, Unguent, 372
Elderberry tree, 267, [333], 343, 344, 377
Eldridge, Charles, 182
Eleutheria, 372
Elgin Botanic Garden, 189
Eliot, Abigail, 219
Eliot, Ephraim, “Dr. Stephen Eliot’s Account of the Physicians of Boston,” 84n, 86n, 91n, [118], [143], 175
Eliot, Rev. John, [126]
Elixir asthmaticus, [319], 336, 375
Elixir Proprietas (Paracelsi), 274, [318], 368, 376
Elixir salutis, [318]
Elixir supplantiva, [326], 378
Elixir Warner, [328]
Elizabeth I, 110
Elliot, Stephen, 287
Ellis, George E., Memoir of Jacob Bigelow, 170n, 179n, 196n
Elm tree, 267
Elvin-Lewis, Memory P. F., see Lewis, Walter H.
Elyot, Sir Thomas, 102
Embrocation, 372
Emery, George, [126]
Emetics, 274, [318], [322–323], [324], [328], [331], 346, 365, 368, 372, 373, 376, 378, 379, 381
Emmenagogue, Topical, [324]
Emmenagogue/uterine elixir, [325]
Emmenagogues, [325], 365, 368, 369, 373
Emollients, [326–327], 338, 366, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 379
Empiricism, 40, 41, 63, 65n, 66, 347, 348
Emplastrum deran, [327]
Emplastrum diachylon, [327]
Emplastrum dorsal, [327]
Emplastrum hemloc, [320]
Emplastrum Paracelsum, [327], 375
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 265n
Endicott, John, 126
England, 20, 37, 42, [120], [122], [124], [126], [142], [143], 218, 277; And American Revolution, 12–15; Economic boycott of, 17; Financing her empire, 10–11; Hospitals in, 108, 111–112; Importation of books from, 37, 105–107; Licensing in, 110; Medicine studied by Americans in, 57; Parliament, 148, 302; Reaction to Boston Tea Party, 11; Revolution of 1688–89, 3; Rural medical conditions in, 42, 43, 52, 102, 110; Universities in, 148; War of 1812, 17, 18; War with France, 6, 9–10. See also London
Enslin, John Frederick, 98
Epidemics, 151, 153, 209, 254, 298, 351, 361; Envisioned as divine retribution, 255; In Boston, 152, 154; Of camp distemper, 255; Of smallpox, 251, 253, 259, 305; Of throat distemper, 307, 311–312; Of typhus fever, 256. See also Smallpox; Yellow fever
Episcopal Charitable Society, [141]
Epispastics, [322], 338, 366, 369, 370, 372
Erasmus, Desiderius, 102
Errhines, [326], 338, 346, 365, 378
Erskine, Dr., 79
Eruptions, [353]
Erysipelas, [353]
Escharotics, [324–325], 338, 368, 369, 370, 372, 374, 379
Essence of peppermint, see Peppermint
Essence veneris, [317], 336, 372
Essex bridge, 16
Essex County, England, 53
Essex County, Massachusetts, 13, 56, 58; Charity and medical charity in, 199–213; Court of General Sessions of the Peace, 203
Essex Historical Institution, [137]
Essex Institute, 209n, 210n, 273, 290
Essex Junto, 191
Estes, J. Worth, “An Account of the Foxglove in America,” 305n; “As Healthy a Place as Any in America,” 62n, 261n, 297n, 306n, 307n, [313]n; “Concordance to Dr. Waterhouse’s Hortus Siccus,”286n; “Eighteenth-Century Medicine and the Modern Physician,” 26–32; Hall Jackson and the Purple Foxglove, 74n, [118], [130], 219n, 305n, 338n; “John Jones’s Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d,” [329]n, 336n, 367n; “Therapeutic Practice in Colonial New England,” 56n, 62n, 76n, 100n, 109n, 153n, 175n, 212n, 219n, 234, 249n, 289–383
Eupatoriums, 283
Europe, 115, [123], [126], [133], 216, 283; As source of Massachusetts physicians, 56; Books imported from, 105–107, 113; Medical education received by Americans in, 57, 107–110, 113, [117–143], 171–175, 177, 194
Eustis, William, 76, 81n, 83, 96, 98, 166, 170
Eversley, D. E. C., see Glass, D. V.
Ewan, Joseph, A Short History of Botany in the United States, 268n, 270n, 272n, 280, 282n, 283n, 284n
Expectorant mixture, [325]
Expectorants, [316], [321], [325], 338, 365, 368, 373, 374, 375, 376, 378
F
Fabiana, 273
Factory system, 262
Falkland Islands expedition, [141]
Family, Care of dependents and sick by, 204, 207, 208
Farmer, J., and Moore, J. B., Collections Topographical,... New Hampshire, 306, [313]n
Farnam, Anne, “Uncle Venner’s Farm: Refuge or Workhouse for Salem’s Poor,” 210n
Fasti Mariscallanae Aberdonensis, [118], [131], [137]
Febrifuges, [328], 368, 372, 381, 382, 383
Fein, Rashi, The Doctor Shortage, 62
Felones de se, [308]
Felt, Joseph B., Annals of Salem, 210n
Felter, Harvey Wickes, “The Genesis of the American Materia Medica,” 265n, 269n, 371n
Fennel, 267
Fenton, William N., “Contacts between Iroquois Herbalism and Colonial Medicine,” 269n; “Medicinal Plant Lore of the Iroquois,” 269n
Fetid tincture, 372
Fever, 175, 222, 254, 256, 272, 273, 281, [308], 311, [353], 362, 365, 372, 375, 380, 381, 382, 383; Continued, 347; Intermittent, see Malaria
Fever-bush, 343
Feverfew, 268
Feverwort, 283
Field, Seth, 223
Fifoot, C. H. S., History and Sources of the Common Law, 150n
Figs, 373
Fioravante, Leonardo, 375
Fir tree, 343
Fires and firefighting, 8, 9, 71, 254
Firmin, Giles, 56, [126], 215, 217–218
Firmin, Giles, Jr., [126]
First Church in Boston, 136, 142
Fisher, George P., Life of Benjamin Silliman, 190n
Fishing industry, 16; In colonial Massachusetts, 5, 7, 8, 36; Suspended during the Revolution, 12
Fiske, John, [127]
Fit drops, 382
Fits, see Convulsions
Fitz, Reginald H., “The Surprising Career of Peter Laterriere, Bachelor of Medicine,” [118], [132]; “Zabdiel Boylston, Inoculator, and the Epidemic of Smallpox in Boston in 1721,” [118], [120]
Flanders, Mary, 205
Flavus, Balsam, 372
Fleabane, 283
Fleam, 380
Flugger, Dr., [127]
Foliae Sennae, 372
Folk medicine, 39, 41, 42, 153, 263, 279. See also Medicine, Popular
Folkersamb, John Fitz, [127]
Forbes, Esther, Paul Revere, 74n, 81n
Forbes, Thomas, 183
Forfar, [141]
Forget-me-not, 265
Forster, Edward Jacob, “Medical Profession in Suffolk County, Massachusetts,” [118], [120], [121], [123], [124], [128], [130], [132], [139], [140], [141], [143]
Foster, Andrew, 183
Foster, Joseph, Alumni Oxoniensis, 1500–1714, [118], [139], [142]
Foster, Stephen, Their Solitary Way, 202n. See also Breen, T. H.
Foster, Thomas, 181n
Fothergill, John, 108–109, [142], 190, 287
“Four great cold seeds,” 266, 267
Foxglove, 267
Fractures, 153, 222–223, 242–243, 267, [304]; Compound, 222; Of skull, 219, 223, [310]; Set by Indians, 215, 216
France, [130], 190; Economic boycott of, 17; Wars with England, 9–10. See also French and Indian War; French Revolution
Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 64n, 65n, 66n, 75n, 76n, 85n, 86n, 91n, 92n, 106, 107n, 115, 190n–191n, 224n, 266n, 286
Franklin, Benjamin, 108, 114, [137], [139], 155, 162, 282, 287
Freeman, Dr., 107
French, Allen, The First Year of the American Revolution, 81n
French and Indian War, 10, 163, 256, 293, 298; Recession following, 302
French Revolution, 16, 17, 162
Frink, John, [124]
Fuller, Bridget, [127]
Fuller, Samuel, 52, 101, [127], [143], 216, 217, 263
Fulton, John F., and Thomson, Elizabeth H., Benjamin Silliman, 1779–1864, 161n
Fumigants, 374
Fungicides, 369
G
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 11
Gager, William, [127]
Gahtman, Francis, [127]
Gaillard, T., A Century of American Medicine, 22
Gale, Benjamin, 294
Galen, 112, 113, 216–217, 218, 226, 264, 266, 267, 279, 287, 345; De simplicibus, 264
Galileo (Galilei), 29
Gall, Franz Joseph, 194; Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain, 195
Gall nuts, 370
Garden, Alexander, 187, 284, 287
Gardens, Herbal, 268
Gardiner, Silvester, 44, 65n, 70n, 72n, 74n, 76, 83, 96, 106, 107n, 114, [128], [130], [134]; “To the Freeholders and Other Inhabitants of the Town of Boston,” 74n
Gardner, Joseph, 70n, 74n, 81n, 82n, 96, 175
Gargarisma, 372
Garland, Joseph E., “Medical Journalism in New England, 1788–1924,” 85n
Garrison, Fielding H., An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 264n, 267n, 269n, 275
Gascoigne’s powder, 382
Gataker, Thomas, 227
Gedney, Samuel, [128]
Gelston, Samuel, [135]
Gentian, [320], [332], 372, 377
Geology, 187, 188, 189. See also Mineralogy; Minerals
George, Amos, 206
Gerard, John, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plants, 266, 287
Gibbin, Dr., [128]
Gibbs, George, 190
Gibson, James E., “Benjamin Rush’s Apprenticed Students,” 179n; Dr. Bodo and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, 165n
Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 145
Gifford, George E., “Benjamin Waterhouse the Botanist,” 286n; “Botanic Remedies in Colonial Massachusetts, 1620–1820,”263–288; “Charleston Physician Naturalists,” 188n; “The Medical Botany of New England, 1782–1842,” 287n; “Medicine and Natural History—Crosscurrents in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century,” 188n, 285; “Physician of Many Faces: Jacob Bigelow,” 287n; Physician Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 39n, 293n
Gilbert, James, 182
Gilman, Alfred, see Goodman, Louis S.
Gilsdorf, A. J. B., “The Puritan Apocalypse,” 115n
Glasgow University, 90n, [143]
Glass, D. V., and Eversley, D. E. C., Population in History, 35n, 307n
Glauber, Johann Rudolph, 372, 374
Glauber’s Salt, 234, 372, 374, 377
Glisson, Francis, 105
Glover, John, [128]
Gold-headed cane, [128], [133]
Gonorrhea, 336, [353], 365, 366, 377
Goodman, Louis S., and Gilman, Alfred, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 367n
Gordon, Maurice Bear, Aesculapius Comes to the Colonies, 74n, [118], [129], [141], 264n
Gorham, John, 192–194
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 270
Goulard’s extract, 382
Granuloma inguinale, 378
Graunt, John, 257
Graustein, Jeanette E., “Natural History at Harvard College” 87n, 89n, 189n
Grave-robbing, 166. See also Body-snatching
Great Awakening, 7; Second Great Awakening, 18
Great Barrington, 55
Green, Jonas, 183
Green, Samuel Abbott, History of Medicine in Massachusetts, 22, 52, 74n, 75n, 78n, 84n, [118], [130], [132], [137], [138], [143], 176n, 283n; “Medicine in Boston,” 163n
Greene, Evarts B., and Harrington, Virginia D., American Population before the Federal Census of 1790, 6n, 17n, 161n
Greene, John C, “The Boston Medical Community and Emerging Science,” 89n, 187–197; The Science of Minerals in the Age of Jefferson (with John G. Burke), 188n
Greenland, [141]
Greenleaf, Elizabeth, 276
Greenleaf, Grace, 276
Gresham’s Law, 336
Greven, Philip J., Jr., Four Generations, 56n, 200n
Grieve, James, [139]
Grieve, John, [139]
Griffenhagen, George, “Bartholomew Browne, Pharmaceutical Chemist of Salem, Massachusetts,” 273n
Griffits, Samuel P., 170
Griffits, Samuel P., et al., “Return of Diseases of the Patients of the Philadelphia Dispensary,” 351n, [359]n
Grob, Gerald, Mental Institutions in America, 200n
Gronovius, Jan Frederick, 284
Gross, Robert A., The Minutemen and Their World, 51n, 56n; “The Problem of Agricultural Crisis in Eighteenth-Century New England,” 36n
Gross, Samuel D., 21; A Century of American Medicine, 22
Ground ivy, 268
Guadeloupe, [125]
Guaiac gum (tincture), [319]
Guerra, Francisco, American Medical Bibliography, 1639–1783, 24, 80n, 107n, [118], [125], [127], [138], 219n, 273, 277n, 278n, 283n
Guild of Barber Surgeons, London, [129]
Guilds, 147
Gum arabic, [323], [332], 368, 369
Gum emplastrum, [326]
Gum galbanum, [322]
Gum plaster, 382
Gunn, Jasper, [128]
Gutman, Robert, Birth and Death Registration in Massachusetts, 1639–1900, 250n
Guy’s Hospital, London, [130], [131], [132], [134], [136], [142], [143], 173
H
The Hague, [138]
Hales, Stephen, 105
Haley, Edmund, 257
Haliburton, John, [142]
Halifax, N.S., [143]
Halkerston, James, [129]
Hall, Courtney R., A Scientist of the Early American Republic, Samuel Latham Mitchell, 1764–1831, 189n
Hall, David D., The Faithful Shepherd, 146n
Hall, Gordon, 183
Hall, James, 172
Hall, Percival, 98
Haller, Albrecht, 113
Hallett, Leaman F., “Medicine and Pharmacy of the New England Indians,” 269n
Hamilton, 280
Hamilton, Alexander, 17, [125], [140]
Hamilton, Horatio A., 183
Hampton, N.H., 292, 296, 306, [308–310], 311, [313]
Handlin, Oscar and Mary, Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy, 84n, 85n, 91n
Hanover, [121]
Harrington, Thomas F., “Dr. Samuel Fuller, of Mayflower,” 263n; The Harvard Medical School, 22, 78n, 79n, 84n, 91n, 176n
Harrington, Virginia D., see Greene, Evarts B.
Harris, Andrew, 182
Harris, Benjamin G., 182
Harris, Mary, 205
Harris, Neil R., The Artist in American Society, 146n
Hart, Albert B., Commonwealth History of Massachusetts, 71n, 81n, 89n
Hartford, [138]
Hartford Convention, 18
Hartlib, Samuel, 114
Hartog, Hendrik, “The Public Law of a County Court,” 203n, 205n
Hartshorn, 372, 377; Drops, 382
Hartshorn, John, 106
Harvard, Thomas, 378
Harvard Medical School, 40, 41, 47, 64, 84, 92, [95–97], 177, 181, 196; Acquires physical plant in Boston, 194; Chemical and mineralogical lectures at, 192–193; Early make-up, 86–89, 166–169, 176, 191; Founding of, 79–80, 163; Friction with Massachusetts Medical Society, 91, 167, 168, 192; Removal to Boston, 168, 176, 192; Students denied access to Boston Almshouse, 190
Harvard University, 4, 13, 71, 82, [95–97], 103, [120–147], 171, 260, 294, 363; Catalogus Librorum Bibliothecae..., 105n; Chemical and mineralogical lectures at, 192–193; Early lack of medical instruction at, 104–105; Early medical instructionat, 78–80, 105–106, 165, 189; Fire of 1764, 78, 79, 105–106; Holden Chapel, 193; Library of, 105–106; Mineral cabinet at, 190, 193; Peabody Museum, 215; Quinquennial Catalogue of Officers and Graduates, 81n, [123]; Spunker’s Club, 78, 166; Teaching of botany at, 286–287; Teaching of science at, 104, 190–191
Harvey, William, 29, 263–264; De Motu Cordis, 105
Harwood, Thomas, [129], 272, 273; Elect tuarium novum Alexipharmacum, 273, 378
Haustus catharticus, [317], 372
Hawes, Lloyd E., Benjamin Waterhouse, M.D...., 191n, 286n
Hawke, David, The Colonial Experience, 6n
Hawkins, Mistress Jane, [129]
Hay, William, [129]
Hayward, George, 167n, 173, 178, 179n, 181n, 183, 196
Hayward, Lemuel, 76, 83, 96, 99
Hazard, Enoch, 182
Heal-all, 376
Heale, Giles, [129]
Heart failure, 220
“Heat,” [309]
Heberden, William, 346–347, 348; Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases, 347n
Heister, Lorenz, 113
Hellebore, [318], 344, 363, 369, 373
Heller, Robert, “‘Priest Doctors’ as a Rural Health Service in the Age of Enlightenment,” 51n
Hemlock, 224, 271, 343, 344, 347, 373
Hemorrhage, 220, 221, 265, [309], 347, [358], 365
Henbane, 344
Henretta, James A., “Economic Development and Social Structure in Colonial Boston,” 71n; The Evolution of American Society, 1700–1815, 59n, 62n
Henry VIII, 111
Herbert, John, [129]
Hernia, 223–224, 244–245, [304]
Herpes, [353]
Herpes milliaris, 271
Herrick, Martin, 81n
Hersey, Ezekiel, 52n, 79, 132, 133, 138
Hewson, Thomas T., 287
Hiccup, [309]
Hiera picra, [318], 369, 370, 373
Hildreth, Samuel P., “Biographical Sketches of the Early Physicians of Marietta,” [118], [133]
Hill, John, 281; Natural History, 280; The Vegetable System, 280
Hindle, Brooke R., The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America, 72n, 84n, 89n, 146n, 280n, 285n
Hippocondrial infusion, [319], 373
History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, [118]
History taking in medicine, 26
Hoffman’s drops, 382
Holbrook, Amos, [130]
Holker, Thomas, [130]
Hollingsworth, Buckner, Flower Chronicles, 275n
Holmes, Jabez, 183
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 22, 49, 51, [134], [142], 159, 176, 267n; Medical Essays, 49, [118], [132], [134], [138], [141], 218; “Scholarship and Bedside Teaching,” 176n
Holyoke, Edward Augustus, 209, 218, 219n; Accounts kept by, 213, 290; And analysis of Salem health conditions, 260–261; Apprentices of, [137], 212, 213; Size of practice, 211, 212; Treatment of the poor by, 205, 209, 210–211
Honey, 273, [331], 372, 373, 374, 375, 377
Hool, Abigail, 204
Hooper, Henry, [130]
Horner, William E., 177
Horsebalm, 283
Horseweed, 272
Hortus siccus, 286
Hosack, David, 189
Hospitals, 93, 108, 154; Agitation for in Boston, 194; In England, 111–112; Inoculation hospitals, 57, 73–75, 130; Lacking in colonial Massachusetts, 112, 115, 150, 166, 168; Marine hospitals, 294; Military hospitals, 82, 83, [122], [127], 163, 165; Quarantine hospitals, 154
Hôtel Dieu, Paris, 80, [121], [132]
Howe, Abner, 182
Howe, Adonihah, 183
Howe, M. A. DeWolfe, Boston: The Place and the People, 81n, 89n
Hrdlička, Alěs, Physical Anthropology, 195n
Hubbard, Oliver, 183
Huger, Francis Kinloch, 177
Huguenots, [124], [131], [141]
“Humor,” [309]
Humoral theory of disease, 216, 264, 267, 336, 346, 349, 362
Hunt, Ebenezer, 70n, 82n, 96, [137], [139]
Hunt, William, 99
Hunter, William, 113, [121], [134], [135–136], [138], [143]
Huntoon, Daniel Thomas Vose, History of the Town of Canton, [119], [131]
Hurd, D. Hamilton, History of Rockingham and Stratford Counties, New Hampshire, 294n
Hutchinson, Anne, [129], [130]
Hutchinson, James, 172
Huxham’s tincture, [321], 367, 373, 375, 382
Hydrargyrus, 373
Hydrophobia, 175
Hyperacidity, 338, 365. See also Antacids
Hypochondriasis, 365
Hysteria, [309], [358], 364, 382, 383
I
Iatrochemists, 114
Ileus, [309]
Illness, 203–204; Colonial attitudes toward, 37–39. See also Disease
Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, 84n
Indian pink, 284
Indians, 101, [126], 195, 215, 216, 226, 258; And King’s Philip’s War, 5–6; Cherokee, 284; Diseases of, 271; Drugs and medicines of, 269–270, 271, 272, 273, 279, 283; Medicine of, 39, 269–270; Wage war for France, 9
Infection, 311, 351, [352–354], 360; Decline of in 19th Century, 31
Inflammation, 222, [353], 362, 365, 366, 380, 381, 383
Inflation Monetary, 150–151, 199
Influenza, [308]
Inheritance, 199
Injuries, 205. See also Accidents, Death from
Innes-Smith. R. W., English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the University of Leiden, [119], [120], [122], [125], [126], [136], [139], 171n
Innys & Richardson, London, 106
Inoculation, Smallpox, 40, 52n, 57, 73–75, 93, 94, 107, [121], [124–126], [130], [132], [134], [135], 146, 153, 155, 160, 294, [304], 305, [353]
Insane, 93
Instruments, Surgical, 107, [133], 227–246
Intolerable Acts, 11
Intoxication, 365
Ipecac, 270, [322], [333], 371, 372, 373, 377, 382
Ipswich, [122], [125], [134], [138], 182, 183, 215
Ireland, [122]
Iron, 371, 374; Deficiency, 337
Isolation of sick, 211, 216. See also Quarantine
J
Jackson, Clement, [130]
Jackson, Hall, [130], 219, 261
Jackson, James, 70n, 169, 173, 190–191, 194, 287; An Address Delivered at the Funeral of John Gorham, 193n; A Eulogy on the Character of John Warren, 84n, 170, 172n
Jackson, Paul, 163
Jackson, Russell I., The Physicians of Essex County, [119], [122], [123], [125], [126], [127], [133], [134], 215n
Jalap, 267, [318], [331], 372, 373, 377, 382
Jamaica, [123]
James II, 3
Jameson, Edwin M., “Eighteenth Century Obstetrics and Obstetricians in the United States,” 75n
James’s powder, 382
Jamestown, 53
Jarvis, Charles, 70n, 72n, 82n, 96, 99, [130], 173
Jaundice, 265, 266, 267, 273, [308], [357], 365, 368
Jefferson, Thomas, 17, 18, 160
Jeffries, John, 44, 70n, 72n, 76, 77, 83, 96, 99, [131], 166, 173
Jenner, Edward, [142]
Jepson, William, 65n
Jerauld, Dupee, [131]
Jerauld, James, [131]
Jerauld, James, Jr., 131
Jerusalem oak, 379
Jesuit bark, see Cinchona
Jewel weed, 268
Joe Pye weed, 283
Johnson, Sir William, 283
Johnstone, Adam, [131]
Jones, Douglas L., “Charity, Medical Charity, and Dependency in Eighteenth-Century Essex County, Massachusetts,” 42n, 52n, 112n, 199–213, 296n; “Geographic Mobility and Society in Eighteenth-Century Essex County, Massachusetts,” 200n; “The Strolling Poor: Transiency in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” 200n, 203n, 210n
Jones, E. Alfred, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, 44n, 77n
Jones, Electra F., Stockbridge, Past and Present, [119], 141
Jones, Horatio, 182
Jones, John, Plain Concise Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures, 221, 222, 223, 226
Jones, Margaret, [131]
Jones Library, Amherst, [132]
Josselyn, John, 268, 287; New-Englands Rarities Discovered, 268, 270–272, 287
Judd, Sylvester, History of Hadley, Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granby, [119], [123]
Juniper, [325], [333], 343, 372, 373, 377
Jurisprudence, Medical, 194
K
Kalm, Peter, 271–272, 283, 285, 287;
Travels into North America, 270
Kammen, Michael, People of Paradox, 66n
Kast, Philip Godfried, [131], [132]
Kast, Thomas, 70n, 72n, 82n, 83, 86, 96, 99, [131], [132], 173
Kaufman, Martin, American Medical Education, 89n
Keegan, Thomas G., 182
Keill, James, 113
Kelly, Howard A., and Burrage, Walter L., Dictionary of American Medical Biography, [119], [122], 294n, 305n
Kelly, Raymond, see Kopelman, Robert
Kensington, N.H., 296–297, 303, 306, 307, [308–310], 311, 312, 348, 364
Kett, Joseph F., The Formation of the American Medical Profession, 42–43, 67n, 85n, 89n, 93n, 263n; “Provincial Medical Practice in England,” 52n
Kilgour, Frederick G., “The Rise of Scientific Activity in Colonial New England,” 74n
Killingworth, Ct., 294
King, Lester S., 28–29; Medical World, 349n; “Why Celebrate?” 29n
King, P. M., 302n
King George’s War, 9–10
King Philip’s War, 5–6, [124], 273–274
King William’s War, 9
Kingman, Bradford, Epitaphs for Burial Hill, Plymouth, Massachusetts, [119], [133]
King’s Chapel, Boston, [129], [141], 273
King’s College, Aberdeen, 107, [128]
King’s College, New York, 80
King’s evil, see Scrofula
Kingston, N.H., 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, 299n, 302, 303, 364; Mortality in, 306, 307, [308–310], 311, 312; Population of, 296–297
Kirker, Harold and James, Bulfinch’s Boston, 1787–1817, 85n, 89n
Kirkwood, Captain, 107n
Kittridge, John, [132]
Knife, Surgical, 228–229
Knoppe, Nicholas, [132]
Kopelman, Robert, et al., “Camphor Intoxication Treated by Resin Hemoperfusion,” 337n, 369–370
Kremers, E., “American Pharmaceutical Documents, 1643 to 1780,” 166n; “A Drug List of King Philip’s War,” 273n
Krumbhaar, Edward B., “Early History of Anatomy in the United States,” 77n
Kuczynski, R. R., “The Registration Laws in the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New Plymouth,” 250n
Kuhn, Adam, 164, 170, 172, 285
Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 29n
L
Labrace, Leon W.,[139]
Lac ammoniaci, [325]
Lafayette, Marquis de, 177
Lake, Lancelot, [132]
Lancet, 380
Land, 200; Abundant in seventeenth century, 199; Growing shortage of, 59, 60, 199; Promised as lure to physicians, 61
Lane, William Coolidge, “Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse and Harvard University,” 87n, 89n
Laslett, Peter, The World We Have Lost, 51n, 53n
Laterriere, Peter le Sales, [132]
Latham, James, 75
Laudable pus, see Suppuration
Laudanum, 217, 224, [318], 368, 371, 373, 375, 378, 382, 383
Lauren, Andre du, Anatomy, 105
Lavender, Compound spirits of, [320]
Lawrence, William R., A History of the Boston Dispensary, 92n
Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648), 4
Le Baron, Francis, [133]
Lead, 217, 382; Red, 374, 376, 378; White, 373
Lead monoxide, 379
Leake, John, 134; Practical Observations on the Childbed Fever, 119, 134
Leavitt, Josiah, 99
Leavitt, Judith Walzer, Medicine without Doctors, 47n
Lectisternium, 373
Ledgers, see Account books
LeDran, Henri François, 113, [128]; The Operations of Surgery, 227–246
Lee, Samuel, 284n
Legal profession, 17, 43, 149n, 156, 157; Collection of fees by, 151; Development of, 7, 146, 147
Leib, Michael, 351n
Leipzig, [123]
Lemon juice, 372
Lenitive electuary, [317], 373
Leonard, William Bouchier, [133]
Leprilete, Lewis, [133] “Letters of Samuel Lee and Samuel Sewall Relating to New England and the Indians,” 284n
Lettsom, Abraham, 190
Lettsom, John Coakley, [142]
Leverett, John, [130]
Lewis, Walter H., and Elvin-Lewis, Memory P. F., Medical Botany, 367n
Lewis, William, Materia Medica, 113, 278; New Dispensatory, 367n
Lexington, 11, 12, 71n, 75, 77, 81
Leyden (Leiden), 107, [120], [122], [125–128], [137], [139], [142], 171, 172, 189, 266, 283
Liability, see Malpractice
Libraries, Private, 106, [131]. See also Harvard University, Library of
Life expectancy, 35n, [313], 314, 361–362
Life tables, 260
Lignum vitae, 372
Lime, 368
Lincoln, [138]
Lincoln, Bela, [133], [142–143]
Lincoln, William, History of Worcester, Massachusetts, [119], [123]
Liniment, Cerate, [326]
Liniment, Sapo, 373
Liniment, Simple, 373
Liniment de minio negro, [327], 373
Linnaean Society of New England, 196
Linnaean Society of Philadelphia, 188
Linnaeus, Carolus, 271, 280, 281, 284, 285, 287
Linseed, 372
Liquid laudanum, [318]
Liquorice, [323], [328], [330], 371, 373, 374
Litchfield, J. T., Jr., “A Method for Rapid Graphic Solution of Time–Per Cent Effect Curves,” 293n
Literacy, 36
Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, 189
Litharge, 367, 368, 370, 371, 373, 379
Lithontriptics, [325], 366, 367, 369, 370
Lithotomy, [121], [128], [143], 219, 224
Little, Moses, 210n
Littlefield, G. E., Early Boston Booksellers, 106n
Lizard tail, 283
Lloyd, Henry, 171n
Lloyd, James, 70n, 72n, 74n, 75–77, 82n, 83, 86, 91, 96, 99, 109, [123], [126], [127], [131], [133], [136], 166, 171n, 173
Lloyd, John U., Origin and History of All the Pharmacopoeial Vegetable Drugs, 269n
Lobelia, 272, 283, 284; Inflata, [322], [331], 338, 344, 372
Locatelli, Balsam, 374
Locke, William, 274–275
Lockridge, Kenneth A., Literacy in Colonial New England, 36n, 63n
Logwood, 373
London, 40, 41, 43, 72, 90n, 95–97, 114, [120], [122–143], 159, 160, 178, 189; 193, 252; Bills of mortality, 529; 311, Board of Trade, 250n; Compared medically to Edinburgh, 173n; Drugs imported from, 114, 274; Massachusetts medical students in, 107–108, 109, 114, 172, 173; Medical practice in, 110; Plague of 1665, 114, [120]; Quality of medical education at, 108
London Practice of Physic, 278
Long, Hannah, 205
Long, Henry Follansbee, “The Physicians of Topsfield,” 208n
Long Island, 277
Longevity, 35, 62n, 255, 312–314, 360, 361
Lord, John, [137]
Lord, Joseph, [134]
Louis XIV, 217
Louis, Dr., [134]
Low cathartic, [317]
Lowell, 262
Lowell, John, [134]
Lowell Institute, 49
Lowthain, Thomas, [134]
Lucatelli, Balsam, 374
Ludwig, Allen, Graven Images, 253n
Lunerus, Dr., [134]
Lux, Christopher, 271
Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 196
Lye, 347
Lyman, William, 223–224
Lynn, [122], 204; Vital Records, [119], [122]
Lynnfield, [137]
M
Macbride, James, 287
Mace, 374
MacKensie, Colin, [131], [132], [138]
Madison, James, 18
Magdalen College, Oxford, [142]
Magnesia, 382
Magnesia alba, [325], 367, 374
Magnesium carbonate, [332], 374
Magnesium sulfate, [331], 372, 376
Main, Gloria L., “Inequality in Early America,” 53n
Maine, 12, 182, 183; Part of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 3; Ravaged during King Philip’s War, 6
Maine District Medical Society, [126]
Majno, Guido, The Healing Hand, 216n
Major, Ralph, A History of Medicine, 216n
Malaria (intermittent fever), 268, 365, 375, 381
Malden Bridge, 16
Malloch, Archibald, Medical Interchange between the British Isles and America before 1801, [119], [120], [141]
Malpractice, [126], 148–149, 150n
Malthus, Thomas R., 314
Manning, John, [134]
Manning, Joseph, [134]
Manufacturing, 148; Growth during American Revolution, 12
Marblehead, 12, 112, [134], [141], 204
Marietta, Ohio, [133]
Marietta, Ohio, [133]
Marischal College, see Aberdeen University
Markham, Gervase, The English Housewife, 275
Marlebone, England, [136]
Marshall, Samuel, 72n, 96, [135]
Martin, Hugh, 363
Martin, Rachel, 276
Marvin, George, 183
Marx, Karl, 145
Mason, N.H., 306
Massachusetts, 22, 115, 183n, 260; Agriculture in, 5, 36; And Charter of 1691, 6, 11, 13; And Constitution of 1778, 13, 14; Birth rate in, 35; Drug wholesalers in, 342–345; Economic status and problems, 6, 8, 14–15, 17, 36, 59; Founding of institutions in, 15–16; General Court, 4, 6, 46, 71, 81, 110, [133], 149n, 194, 203, 205, 206, 218; Governorship created by Charter of 1691, 6; Growth of bureaucracy and royal government, 6; Historical overview of, 319; Land holding in, 5, 8; Legal development in, 4, 146, 147; Literacy in, 36; Longevity in, 35; Medical statistics of, 249–262, 295–296, 306, 308–310, 313; Opposes English taxation and legal reforms, 11; Participation in Revolution, 12–15; Participation in war with France, 9–10; Political tensions in, 6; Population of, 6, 7–8, 17, 35–36; Religious status in, 6, 7, 1411, 18; Ties to England and Scotland, 36–37
Massachusetts Agricultural Society, [137]
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 102, 114, 274; Autonomous nature of, 3, 4; Leadership and social structure of, 5; Population of, 6; Religious and political autonomy, 4; Vital record keeping in, 250
Massachusetts Bay Company, [127], [135]
Massachusetts Charitable Society, 83–84
Massachusetts College of Physicians, 167
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post-Boy, 80n
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News-Letter, 75n, 78n, 80n
Massachusetts General Hospital, 164, 181; Founding of, 169, 194
Massachusetts Historical Society, 73n, [140], 149n; Bulfinch Papers, [121]; Paine Manuscripts, [122], [140], 160n; Warren Papers, 75n, 82n, 84n, 91n, 167n; Winthrop Papers, [119]
Massachusetts Humane Society, 83, 90n
Massachusetts Medical Society, 40, 41, 64, 72n, 73n, 82, 84, 92, [125], [130], [131], [132], [133], [137]. [140], 194, 218, 223, 224, 294, 338; Founding of, 45–47, 81n, 85–86, 90n; Friction with Harvard University, 91, 167, 168, 192; Medical Communications of, 46, 85, [143]; Pharmacopoeia (1808), 192, 287; Reorganization and creation of district societies, 93
Massachusetts Pharmacopoeia, 192, 287
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, 191
Massasoit, [143]
Materia medica, 84, 114, 187, 188, 194, 285; Of Jabez Dow, 349n; Of James Thacher, 364–366
Mathematics, 187
Mather, Cotton, 39n, 51n, 155, 217, 219, 282; “The Angel of Bethesda,” 109, 263n, 273; Christian Philosopher, 268n; Interest in Indian medicine, 272–273; Magnalia Christi Americana, 171
Matthews, Albert, “Commeniusand Harvard College,” 105n; “Notes on Dr. William Perkins,” 44n, 77n; “Notes on Early Autopsies and Anatomical Lectures,” 77n, 78n, 167n
Mayflower, 52, [129], [143], 216, 263, 287
McDaniel, W. B., [135]
McIntire, Samuel, 17
Mchityre, Charles, “The Percentage of College-Bred Men in the Medical Profession,” 57n
McKean, Rev. Robert, 171
McKinstry, William, [135]
McSparran, Rev. James, [128]
Mead, Richard, 78, 105, 113, 284
Meade, Richard Hardway, An Introduction to the History of General Surgery, 217n
Measles, 209, [308], 311, 312, [353]
Mecom, Jane, [137]
Medical and Agricultural Journal, 260n, 306n
Medical biography, 21–22
Medical education, 146–147; Apprenticeship system of, 42, 44–45, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64–65, 72, 76–77, 84, 106–107, 170–171, 177, 218, 363; Carried on by medical societies, 65; Clinical teaching in, 88, 168, 169; College training for physicians, 57, 58, 60, 64, 72, 77, 86, 363; Degree granting in, 52; Lacking in early physicians, 59–60, 61–62, 110; Role of history in, 27–28; Teaching of obstetrics, 91–92
Medical fees, 62n, 148, 149, 153, 157, 291, 298–299, 302; Collection of, 150–151; For treating poor, 208–209, 210, 211, 213; Forms of payment of, 208, 213, 218; In obstetrical cases, 75–76, 84, 299; Of degree-holding physicians, 42
Medical history, 20–21, 23; Of early Massachusetts, 49–50; Relevance to modern medicine, 26–31, 32
Medical journals, see Medical Literature, Periodical
Medical libraries, 78, 79, 82, 85, [128], [133], [135]. See also Libraries
Medical literature, 187; In colonial Massachusetts, 42, 45, 106, 107, 109, 113, 146, 219, 220, 346; Periodical, 46, 85, 93, [143], 181, 188, 192, 196, 260, 261n, 306
Medical practice, see Medical profession
Medical profession, 20; Adherence to English standards, 40, 43; Aid to poor, 111, 112, 208–209, 210, 211; And medical statistics, 258, 259–261, 262; Cure rate of, 351. [352–359], 360, 362; Democratization of, 46–47; Development of, 7, 40, 46–47, 54–68, 146–157; Drug therapies, see Drugs; Early nature of, 50, 51–68, 146–157; Effect of Revolutionary War on, 44–45; Effectiveness of, 41 (see also Medical profession, Cure rate of); English and European influences on, 43–44, 56, 72, 77, 86, 90, 101–[143], 171–174, 217, 266–269; Examination for membership in, 81, 85, 91, 93; Families and dynasties in, 57–59, 60, 64, 65; Foreign element, 72; Geographical concentration of, 42, 56; In Boston, see Boston; In Massachusetts, 40, 42 (see also Massachusetts); In rural areas, 212, 213, 302, 303; Income of, 62 (see also Medical fees); Increasing involvement in obstetrics, 73, 75–76; Legal limitations on, 148–149, 151; Legislative support of, 41, 148–149; Licensing and certification for, 91, 148, 153, 157, 167; Military experiences of, 86–87 (see also Medicine, Military); Mobility and stability of, 53, 56, 61–62; Monopolies and privileges, 62, 110, 148–149, 154–155, 157; Native–born physicians in, 56, 72; Physicians-to-population ratio, 297; Political affiliations of physicians in, 17, 44, 73, 77, 83, 86; Regulation of, 110, 150, 205; Relevance of medical history to, 26–31, 32; Religious orientation of, 73; Shortages and surpluses of, 55, 62; Size of in 1776, 21; Social character of, 42, 94; Workloads of physicians in, 62n, 211, 212, [295], 297–299
Medical reform, 54, 59, 63, 113, 115
Medical Repository, 188, 260n, 261n
Medical societies, 16, 63n, 64, 65–66, 81, 94, 219, 363–364. See also Boston Medical Society; Massachusetts Medical Society; etc.
Medical Society of London, 125, 143
Medical theory, 108, 109, 347–348. See also Humoral theory of disease
Medicine, administered by clergy, see Clerical profession; Family and selfhelp, 41, 59, 275, 276, 277–279; History taking in, 26; Relevance of medical history to, 26–28
Medicine, Botanic, 287
Medicine, Herbal, 207
Medicine, Military, 44–45, 57, 60, 86–87, 131, 143, 153–154, 292, 293, 363
Medicine, Naval, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 141
Medicine, Popular, 40, 41, 47, 153. See also Folk medicine
Medicine, Theoretical, 108, 109, 263–288. See also Humoral theory of disease
Medicine, Veterinary, 374
Medicine chests, 380–383
Medicines, Botanic, 263–288, 340
Medicines, Patent and proprietary, 337, 363, 378
Meindl, R. S., and Swedlund, A. C., “Secular Trends in Mortality in the Connecticut Valley, 1700–1850,” 253n
Mel, 374. See also Honey
Melendy, Sarah, 52n
Melhiot, 374
Mellin, Henry, 348
Merchants, 149n
Merck Index, 367n
Mercurial pills, 374. See also Murcurial pill
Mercuriale, 374
Mercuric chloride, 369, 372, 379
Mercuric oxide, 374
Mercuric precipitate rubrum, [324], 374
Mercuric sulphide, 372
Mercury, 217, [330], 347, 368, 369, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376; Sublimate, 378, 379
Mercury (plant), 344
Mesmaker, Johanne de, [124]
Metcalf, Dr., [130]
Methodist Church, 17
Methuen, 204
Mettler, C., History of Medicine, 264n, 266n, 276n
Mevers, Frank C., Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Josiah Bartlett, 290, 293n, 296n, 305n, [329]n; “Josiah Bartlett: Dedicated Physician, Sterling Patriot,” 293n; The Papers of Josiah Bartlett, 293n
Meyerson, Martin, Gladly Learn and Gladly Teach, 160n
Michaux, F. A., 287
Microscope, 105
Middle class, 154
Middlesex Hospital, London, [130]
Middlesex Medical Society, 65, [142]
Midwives, 40, 41, 52, 61, 75–76, [127], [129], [130], [137], [141], 153, 176, 205, 206n, 207, 208, 213, 258, 303; In Boston, 71
Migration, 199, 200, 204, 210, 212; And residency of poor, 203; Of heads of households, 201
Milford, [139]
Milford, Ct., [128]
Milk of sulphur, 382
Miller, Genevieve, Bibliography of the History of Medicine of the United States and Canada, 1939–1960, 24
Miller, Perry, The New England Mind, 39n, 155n
Miller, Sanford, see Kopelman, Robert
Minderer, Raymond, 374
Mindererus, see Spirits of Mindererus
Mineralogy, 89, 187, 188, 189, 192
Ministerial profession, see Clerical profession
Mississippi Valley, 177
Mitchell, B. B., and Deane, P., Abstract of British Historical Statistics, 112n
Mitchill, Samuel Latham, 188, 189
Monasteries, 111
Money, 151, 302; Paper, 7, 302; Types entered in colonial physicians’ account books, 302. See also Specie
Monopolies and privileges, 62, 110, 148–149, 154–155, 157
Monro, Alexander, [118]
Monson, Alfred S., 183
Monsters, [129]
Montpellier, [125]
Moore, Francis, 183
Moore, J. B., see Farmer, J.
Moore, Thomas E., Jr., “The Early Years of the Harvard Medical School,” 78n, 79n, 82n, 84n, 89n, 91n
Morbidity, 314, 360. See also Disease; Epidemics; etc.
More, Thomas, Utopia, 111
Morgan, Edmund S., The Challenge ofthe American Revolution, 156; The Puritan Family, 252n
Morgan, John, [135], 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 170, 172, 285
Morison, Samuel Eliot, “Charles Morton’s Compendium Physicae,” 104n; “Dr. Amos Windship,” 90n; The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England, 103n, Three Centuries of Harvard University, 89n, 91n, [119], [142], [143]
Morrain, 374
Morris, J., 351n
Morrison, Alexander, 204
Morse, Jedidiah, “Topographical Account of Charlestown,” 261n
Mortality, 261; Bills of, 250, 251, 252n, 255, 259, 262, 292–293, 311, 349; Connection with divine providence, 255, 257; In childbirth, 258, 312; Of infants and children, 258, 311; Rate of, 211, 306–307, 311–314, [352–359], 360
Mortification, see Gangrene
Morton, Charles, 104
Moschata, 374
Motherby, George, Medical Dictionary, 278
Moultrie, John, 187
Muddy River and Brookline Records, [119]
Muhlenberg, G. H. E., 162, 285, 287
Muhlenberg, Heinrich Melchior, 171, 282
Mumford, James, 78
Mumford, James G., A Doctor’s Table Talk, 218n
Munk, William, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, [119], [122], [137]
Munro, Dr., see Monro, Dr.
Munsell, George N., “The Medical Profession in Barnstable,” [119], [130]
Murcurial pill, [317]. See also Mercurial pills
Murrain, 374
Murray, John, Elements of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, 349n
Murrin, John, “The Myths of Colonial Democracy and Royal Decline in Eighteenth-Century America,” 43
Murrin, John M., “Review Essay,” 7n
Museums, 196
Musk, 382
Mussey, Reuben Diamond, 177–178, 182
Myrrh, 274, [331], 374, 376, 378; Tincture of, [320], 376
Mystic River, 16
N
Napoleon Bonaparte, 162
Narcotics, 224, [318–319], 335, 346, 364, 368, 369, 371, 373, 374, 375, 378. See also Camphor; Laudanum; Opium
National Institute of France, 194
National Library of Medicine, 24
Natural history, 160, 188, 196, 197
Natural History Society, Ebindurgh, [130], 187
Navigation laws, 8
Neapolitan unguent, 374
Needle, Surgical, 228–229
Nepeta glechoma, 268
Nephritis, [353]
Nervinum, Unguent, 374
Nervous fever, [308]
Nervous system, 194, 221, 346; Diseases, [355], 382
Nettles, 268
Nevins, Allan, The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775–1789, 14n, 81n
New England, 10, 56, 57, 62n, 73, 89, 160, 178, 180; Benjamin Rush’s influence in, 179; Bills of mortality in, 251; Causes of death in, 252; Drugs and drug therapies in, 314–345, 349, 367–379; European medical training by students of, 171; Indigenous drugs of, 342–345; Influence of Philadelphia medicine on, 178, 181; Inoculation for smallpox in, 305; Life expectancy in, 360; Malaria rare in, 375; Medical botany of, 280–281, 282; Medical schools of, 161, 170; Opposition to bloodletting in, 175–176; Students at the Pennsylvania Hospital, 182–183; Therapeutics in, 291, 351, 360, 362, 364; Tonics popular in, 337; Witchcraft in, [131]
New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts, 102, [138], [142]
New England Journal of Medicine, 181, 192, 196n
New Englands First Fruits, 103n
New Hampshire, 3, [131], 200, 260, 293; Drugs and Drug therapy in, 314, 375; Indigenous drugs of, 342–345; Life expectancy in, [313–314], 360, 361; Medical practices contrasted with Boston’s, 290–291, 292; Mortality statistics of, 306–314, 338; Students at the Pennsylvania Hospital, 182, 183; Tooth extraction in, 303
New Hampshire Gazette, 219
New Hampshire Historical Society, 290
New Hampshire Medical Society, 293, 363, 364
New Jersey Medical Society, 171
New Westminster Lying-in Hospital,[135]
New York, 9, 20, 36, 80, 159, 160, 161, 171, 177, 181, 277; Compared medically with Boston, 69, 189, 194, 197; Interest in science in, 188–189
New York Dispensary, 92
New-York Historical Society, [134]
Newburyport, [125], [133], [138], [141]
Newcastle-on-Tyne, 111
Newcomb, Daniel, 182
Newell, Samuel, 183
Newport, R.I., [122], 164, 257, 258, 259
Newton, [140]
Newton, Isaac, 37
Nicotiana, 374
Nicotinic cathartic, [318]
Nicotinic unguent, [318]
Nitre, [322], 371, 372, 374, 382, 383
Nitric (nitrous) acid, [330], 372, 374
Nitrous ether, 371
Noodle’s Island, 93
Norfolk County, England, 53
Norfolk County, Massachusetts, 183
North, Elisha, 182
The North-American Almanack, 277
North Carolina, 177
Northampton, 7, 55n, 61n, [137], [139]
Northampton, England, 112
Northcote, William, 220–221; Extracts from the Maine Practice of Physic and Surgery, 221n
Norton, [131], [133]; Vital Records, [119], [133]
Norwich, Ct., 255
Norwood, Jonathan, 76
Nosology, 175
Noyes, Oliver, 156
Numbers, Ronald L., Medicine without Doctors, 47n
Nurses and nursing, 52, 176, 205, 207–208, 213
O
Oak, 379
Oak bark, 266
Oakes, Thomas, 156
Obstetrics, 73, [139]; Absent from practice of two New Hampshire physicians, 302; Fees for, 84; In Boston, 75–76, 94, [131], [132], [135]; In four New England medical practices, [300–301], [304]; Teaching of, 91–92, 104. See also Midwives
Occupational disease, 256, 258
Odontalogia, [352]
Oil-nut, 343
Old age, 203, 205, [309]. See also Longevity
Old Sturbridge Village, 290
Oleson, Alexandra, and Brown, Sanborn C., The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic, 63n
Olive oil, [328], 367, 369, 371, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378
Oliver, Andrew, 106
Oliver, Benjamin Lynde, 181
Oliver, James, [134]
Oliver, Thomas, [136]
Ophthalmic unguent, 375
Opium, 174, 224, 275n, [318–319], [330], 337, 347, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 375, 377, 378
Orange County, N.Y., 284
Orange peel, [332], 369, 370, 373, 375, 377
Ordway, Nehemiah, 293
Orme, ———, [136]
Orphans, 202
Orthopedic appliances, 107, 242–243
Osborne, Woodbury, [136]
Osier, 281
Otalgia, [353]
Otis, James, 11
Otter, Horace, 182
Ox hooves, [332]
Oxenbridge, John, [136]
Oxford, [122]
Oxford English Dictionary, 42n, 349n, 367n
Oxford University, 104, 110, [122], [129], [136], [139], [142], 278
P
Packard, Francis R., History of Medicine in the United States, 23, 78n, 102n, [119], [124], [135], [142]
Paige, Lucius R., History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, [119], [130]
Paine, Robert Treat, [135], 159–160
Paine (Payne), William, [137], [139]
Palgrave, Richard, [137]
Palisot de Beauvois, Count Ambrose M. F. J., 162
Palmer, Joseph, 160n
Palmer, R. R., The Age of the Democratic Revolution, 14n
Palsy, [309]
Palsy drops, 383
Paracelsus, 113, 114, 217, 264–266, 267, 268, 274, 345. See also Emplastrum Paracelsum; Elixir proprietatis (Paracelsi)
Paralysis, 204
Paré, Ambroise, 217
Paregoric, [318], 336, 368, 369, 375
Paris, 96, 107, 121, [128], [130], [131], [133], [142], 159, 178, 181, 194, 246, 283
Parker, Henry, 99
Parker, Irene, Dissenting Academies in England, 104n
Parker, Theodore, 66n
Parker, Timothy, 205
Parkinson, John, Theatrum Botanicum, 267
Parkinson’s Law, 145
Parsley, 267
Parsons, Theodore, 76
Partridge, Ralph, [137]
Partridgeberry, 273
Patent medicine, see Medicines, Patent and proprietary
Paupers, see Poor classes
Pawtucket, R.I., 262
Paxton, 277
Paxton, John Adams, Philadelphia Directory and Register, 176
Peale, Charles Wilson, 162
Pearl ash, 370
Pearson, Ora, “Bill of Mortality for Kingston, N.H.,” 306n; “Mortality in Kingston, N.H., from 1725 to 1832,” 307n
Peck, Seth S., 183
Peck, William Dandridge, 191, 196
Pecker, James, 70n, 82n, 83, 86, 97, 99
Pectoral powder (decoction, balsam, drops), [323], 375, 383
Peirce, Mary F., Town of Weston: Births, Deaths and Marriages, 1701–1850, 251n
Pelham, [131]
Pennsylvania, 43, 75, 108, 170, 171, 177, 180
Pennsylvania Gazette, 166n
Pennsylvania Hospital, 160, 161, 163, 164, 168, 181, 294, [351]; English medical students at, 160n
Pennyroyal, 376
Pepperrell, Sir William, 10
Peptic pill (powder), [319], 375
Perce, [328]
Percival, James, 183
Perkins, Cyrus, 183
Perkins, John, 70n, 72n, 82n, 97, [137]
Perkins, Nathaniel, 44, 70n, 83, 97
Perkins, Nathaniel S., 183
Perkins, William, 44n
Perkins, William Lee, 70n, 72n, 77, 83, 97. [130]
Perry, Alfred, 182
Peru, Balsam of, [333], 343, 375
Peruvian bark, see Cinchona
Peters, Alexander Abercrombie, 99
Peters, John S., 182
Petit, J. L., [128]
Pettigrew, Thomas J., On Superstitions Connected with the History and Practice of Medicine and Surgery, 264n
Petty, William, 257; Advice of W.P., to Mr. Harlith, 111
Pharmacopoeia, 266, 274, 275, 276; American, 282, 287; London, 267, 278
Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 267, 274n, 275, 278
Phelps, James, 183
Philadelphia, 20, 159–160, 272, 369; Bills of mortality in, 252n; Bloodletting in, 175–176; Charity and medical charity in, 160, 162; Compared with Boston, 161–162; Compared medically with Boston, 40, 69, 76, 159–183, 189, 194, 197; European influence on medicine of, 171–174; Interest and influence in science, 188, 196; Medical influence nationally, 176–181; Medical school at, see University of Pennsylvania; Population of, 161, 162, 164
Philadelphia Dispensary, 92n, 163; Diagnoses at, 351–360
Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, 188
Philadelphia Medical Society, 167
Phillips, Mrs. Elizabeth, [137]
Phillips, James Duncan, Salem in the Eighteenth Century, [119], [134]
Phrenitis, 366
Phrenology, 194
“Physician” (term), 52, 217. See also “Doctor” (title)
Physicians, see Medical profession
Physick, Phihp Syng, 161n, 170, 172, 286
Physiology, 187; Teaching of, 125
Phytolacca, 286
Pighogg, Mr., [138]
Pile ointment, 383
Piles, 382
Pilgrims, 4, 35, 101–102, [127], 267
Pill sapo, [328]
Pink root (pinkroot), 284, [324], [333], 376
Pisser, [324]
Pitch-pine, 343
Pitman, John, 204
Pitman, Ruth, 204
Pittsfield, 55n
Plague, 114
Plaster, Strengthening, [327], 378
Plasters, 275, 286, [327], 338, 367, 370, 371, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382
Platte, Gabriel, Macaria, 104
Plunkett, George Washington, 61
Plymouth, 55n, 102, [127], [129], [133], 182, 183, 216, 217
Plymouth Colony, Autonomous status of, 3; Political and social nature of, 4; Population and merger, 6; Vital record keeping in, 250
Poison ivy, 268
Pole, J. R., Political Representation in England and the Origin of the American Republic, 14n
Political parties, 17; Affiliations of Boston physicians, 95–97. See also Democratic-Republican Party; Federalist Party
Polychrestum, 376
Polygala senega, 269
Polypectomy, 246–247
Poor classes, 163, 211, 212, 213, 258, 261, 298; Definition of, 200–202; Difference between transient and resident, 203; Growth of in 19th century, 213; Laws for regulation of, 203; Medical aid to in England, 111; Medical aid to in Massachusetts, 112; Overseers of, 207; Responsibility for care of, 202, 207; Support of in Essex County, [123], 199–213. See also Relief, Poor
Poplar, 343
Population, density, correlation of mortality and morbidity to, 314; Growth in 18th century, 199; Of Boston, 8, 70, 262, 296–297; Of Kensington, N.H., 296–297; Of Kingston, N.H., 296–297; Of Marblchead after the Revolution, 12; Of Massachusetts, 6, 7–8, 17, 35–36, 54, 55; Of New Hampshire, 307; Of Philadelphia, 161; Ratio of physicians to, 54, 55–56
Porée, ———, [138]
Port Royal, 9
Porter, Harry C., 116
Porter, Hezekiah, 61n
Porter, James, “Growth of Population in America,” 35n
Portland, Me., [126]
Portland powder, 347
Portsmouth, N.H., [130], 204, 261, 293, 305, 306, [308–310], 311; Life expectancy in, [313], 314
Potassium acetate, 371
Potassium aluminum sulfate, [333], 368
Potassium bitartrate, [331]
Potassium carbonate, [332], 370, 378
Potassium citrate, [332]
Potassium nitrate, [331], 376, 377
Potassium sulfate, [331], 371, 376
Potassium tartrate, 378
Pott, Percival, 113
Potter, J., “The Growth of Population in America, 1700–1860,” 307n
Potter, James, 20
Poverty, see Poor classes
Powell, David O., see Barlow, William
Practice of the London Hospitals, 278
Prickly ash, [323], [334], 376
Prince, Thomas, 257; A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of the Honourable Mary Belcher, 257n
Pring, Martin, 101
Printing press, 219
Prostheses, 223
Prostitution, 206
Providence, R.I., 190
Provincial Congress, 11
Prunes, 373
Public health, 211; In Boston, 152, 153
Puccoon, 283
Puerperal (childbed) fever, [308], 311
Pulmonic fever, [308]
Purgative apozemata, [317], 376
Purging and purgatives, 42, 109, 216, 222, 264, 267, [317], 347, 365, 376, 380, 382, 383. See also Cathartics
Puritans, 4, 5, 7, 8, 35, 43, 73, 102, 103–104, 111, 112, 113, 115, 217; Concept of “Affliction,” 202
Pursh, Frederick, 287
Putnam, James Jackson, A Memoir of Dr. Jackson, 92n, 93n, 192n
Pynchon, Joseph, 71, [122], [124]
Q
Quackery, 60, 134, 351, 363. See also Empiricism
Quassia, [320], [334], 375, 376
Quebec, 9, 10, [143], 272, 277
Queen Anne’s War, 9
Queen Elizabeth I, 110
Queen of Hungary water, [322], 373
Quicksilver, 347, 376. See also Mercury
Quincy, Josiah, The History of Harvard University, 78n, 79n, 106n
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., Reports of Cases Argued and Adjusted in the Superior Court of Judicature of the Providence of Massachusetts Bay, 151n
Quincy, Samuel M., 151n
Quinsy, [308]
R
Raach, John A., A Directory of English County Physicians, 1603–1643, 53
Rabelais, François, 102
Rabkin, Simon, et al., “A Model of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sudden Death,” 370
Rafinesque, C. S., Medical Flora, 282
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 270
Ramsay, David, 20
Rand, Isaac, Jr., 70n, 76, 82n, 83, 84–85, 86, 97, 99, 173, 175
Rattansi, P. M., “Paracelsus and the Puritan Revolution,” 113
Rattlesnake plantain, 268
Rawson, Edward, 274
Raynham, 255
Read, William, 100
Reading, 129; Vital Records, [119], [129]
Red lead, see Lead Redman, John, 162
Reed, Joan, 206
Refrigerants, [323], 339, 366, 369, 372, 373, 375, 377, 383
Relief, Poor, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207–208, 212, 213; Role of physicians in, 209–213
Religion, 115; As a healing art, 38; Early attitudes toward, 145–146, 147, 148–149, 154, 155; In Federalist era, 18; Status in Massachusetts, 7; Tensions created by, 6
Rendell, J., “The Influence of the Edinburgh Medical School on America in the Eighteenth Century,” 171n
Republicanism, 40–41, 44, 45, 64
Revolutionary War, 20, 35, 36, 42, 44–45, [137], [142], 153, 157, 173, 176, 189, 205, 210, 212, 220, 225, 284, 293, 294, 345, 364; Effect on medical profession, 44–45, 60, 66, 81–84; Smallpox inoculation in, 75
Rheims, 172
Rheumatism, 101, 175, [309], [357], 365
Rhode Island, 36, 72n, [128], [131], 176, 182, 183, 277
Rhode Island Historical Society, 259n
Rhubarb, 267, [330], 383; Chinese, 376
Richards, James, 183
Richmond, [141]
Ricini, see Castor oil
Rickets, [309], [328], [357], 372, 375
Ricketts, Harold W., Wild Flowers of the United States, 283
Riggs, Lewis, 183
Riolan, Jean, Sure Guide to Physic and Surgery, 105
Risse, Guenther B., Medicine without Doctors, 47n, 62n
Riznik, Barnes, “The Professional Lives of Early Nineteenth-Century New England Doctors,” 50n, 57n, 61n
Robbins, Christine Chapman, David Hosack, Citizen of New York, 189n
Robbins, Edward H., 183
Robbins, Samuel W., 183
Roberts, Kenneth and Anna M., Moreau de St. Mery’s American Journey, 1793–1798, 162n
Roby, Ebenezer, [138]
Roby, Ebenezer, Jr., [138]
Roby, Joseph, [138]
Roby, Thomas, [138]
Rochambeau, Dr., [132]
Roche, Monsieur de la, 82
Rodliff, John Frederick, [138]
Rogers, Benjamin, 183
Rogers, Fred B., “Pioneer Inoculators on Cape Cod,” [119]
Rogers, John, [138]
Rogerson, Robert, 100
Rohde, Eleanor S., The Old English Herbals, 264n–265n, 266n, 207n
Rolings, Nathan, 206
Rosemary, [331], 368, 372, 373, 376
Rosenberg, Charles E., “The Therapeutic Revolution,” 360n
Ross, Marjorie Drake, The Book of Boston, 89n
Rothman, David J., The Discovery of the Asylum, 200, 202n
Rothstein, William G., American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century, 40n, 67n
Rowe, Benjamin, Jr., 293–294, 297, 346, 348; Activity in medical societies, 363, 364; Demographic characteristics of medical practice, 294–296, 299–[305], 307, 311, 312, 314; Drug therapies of, 314–346, 349, 367–379, 381; Ledgers and account of, 290, 292, [329]n; Patient load, 298
Roxbury, [120], [125], [128], [133], 254
Royal Academy, Paris, 80
Royal Academy of Uppsala, 284
Royal College of Physicians of London, 46, 47, 110, 113, 114, [122], [126], [128], [129], [137], 148, 267, 273, 378
Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, [139], [140], 167
Royal Society of London, 281
Rum, 8
Ruschenberger, W. S. W., Account of the Institution and Progress of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 172n
Rush, Benjamin, 20, 86, 160, 164, 165, 166n, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 181, 187, 286, 305, 363; Medical Inquiries, 278
Russell, Anna, 38
Russell, Charles, 138
Russell, Thomas, 183
Rutland, 124
Rutman, Darrett B., Winthrop’s Boston, [119], [125], [136], [141]
S
Sabatier, R. B., Anatomy, 82
Saccharum officinarum, [329], 376
Sachs, Rose, “Life Table Technique in the Analysis of Response-Time Data from Laboratory Experiments in Animals,” 293n
Sacra, Tincture, 376
Saffron, 265, 267, 274, 373, 376
Sage, 275
Sagoe tea, 382
St. Andrews College, [129], 277
St. Catherine’s College, Cambridge, [132]
Saint-Côme (hospital), [132]
Saint George’s Hospital, London, [136]
Saint-John’s wort, 265, 266, 267
St. Méry, Moreau de, 162
St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, [128], [132], [138]
Sal absinthum, [324]
Sal ammoniac, 379
Sal carbonas calcis, [325], 376, 377
Sal catharticus amarus, 234, [318], 372, 376
Sal mirabile Glaube, [318], 377
Sal nitre, [322], 339, 372, 377
Sal poudre, [329]
Salem, 16, 17, [123], [127], [128], [131], [141], [142], 179, 216; Almshouse in, 209, 210; Apothecaries in, [131], 274; Bills of mortality in, 251n, 261; Medical charity in, 206, 210–212; Medicine and physicians in, 39, 55n, [126], [134], [139], 178, 182, 183, 212–213, 290; Population of, 112; Vital Records, 119
Salem Social Library, 131
Salem Workhouse, 205
Salicylic acid, 369
Saline cathartic, [317]
Salivation, 346
Salix, 281
Salmon, William, Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 274; Pharmacopoeia or New London Dispensatory, 284
Salt of wormwood, 383
Saltonstall, Henry, [139]
Salutis, Elixir, 377
Samech, 274
Sandwich, [137]
Sanford, Josephus, 182
Sanguisorba minor, 268
Saratoga, 12
Sassafras, 39, 101, 270, [332], 343, 377
Saturn, Extract of, 377
Saturnine anodyne pills, 377
Saturnine ointment, 377
Saunders, William, [131], [136], [137], [143]
Savage, James, A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, [119], [120], [126], [134], [138]. [142]
Savine, 377
Savoy and Ely House, 111
Saw, Surgical, 228–229
Sayre, John, 182
Scalpel, 228–229
Scammell, Samuel Leslie, [139]
Scammony, 267, [318], [334], 372, 377
Scarlet fever, [308], 311, [353]
Scharf, J. Thomas, and Westcott, Thompson, History of Philadelphia, 163n
Schirrus, [309]
Schistosomiasis, 378
Schoepf, Johann, Materia Medica Americana, 285, 387
Scholten, Catherine M.,“On the Importance of the Obstetric Art,” 206n
Schools, Public, 13, 103, 155; Development of, 4. See also Education
Schulze, Hartwin A., “Some Old Bizarre Medical Remedies,” 351n
Schutz, John A., and Adair, Douglas, The Spur of Fame: Dialogues of John Adams and Benjamin Rush, 20n
Schweitzer, Sebastian Hendrick, [139]
Science, 16; And medicine, 40, 47, 346, 348, 349, 350; Early teaching at Harvard University, 190–191; Literature of, 187, 188, 189; Role of Boston physicians in, 187–197; Teaching of, 103–104, [129]
Scituate, [135]
Scorpion-grass, 265
Scotland, 36, 37, 42, [129], 148, 173; Emigrants, 108
Seaman, Valentine, 177
Sedatives, 336
Sedge, 372
Segrist, Henry E., A History of Medicine, 216n, 269n
Self-help, 376
Self-treatment, 40, 41, 42, 43, 59, 62, 275, 276, 277–279
Sempervine, 267
Senna, [318], [331], 372, 373, 377
Separatists, 7
Septfoil, 378
Sergeant, Erastus, [141]
Serpentina, [320], 339, 373, 377
Seton, [304]
Sewall, Samuel, 251n, 253, 284n
Sewell, Thomas, 183
Shapin, Steven, and Thackray, Arnold, “Prosopography as a Research Tool in the History of Science,” 50n
Sharp, Samuel, 113
Shattuck, George Cheyne, 173n, 174n, 175n, 177, 178n, 179, 180, 181n, 182n
Shattuck, Lemuel, Report to the Committee of the City of Boston Appointed to Obtain the Census, 71n; The Vital Statistics of Boston, 90n, 296n, [310]n, [313]n
Shays’ Rebellion, 15
Sheldon, George, A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts, [119], [129]
Shelton, Thomas, [128]
Shindell, Sidney, The Law in Medical Practice, 148n
Shippen, William, Jr., 160, 164, 165, 170, 172, 294
Shipping industry, 16
Shipton, Clifford K., see Sibley, John Langdon
Shirley, Governor William, 10
Short, Thomas, Medicina Britannica, 282–283
Shrewsbury, England, [135]
Shryock, Richard H., The Development of Modern Medicine, 264n; “Medical Sources and the Social Historian,” 23, 24; Medicine and Society in America, 1660–1860, 55, 209n, 212n, 263n, 345n, 346n, 350n. See also Beall, O. T.
Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England, 110n
Shurtleff, Roswell, 180n
Sialogogues, [325], 338, 365, 378
Sibley, John Langdon, and Shipton, Chliford K., Sibley’s Harvard Graduates, 71n, 75n, 76n, 77n, 84n, 86n, 90n, [119–124], [126–142], 171
Siegel, Sidney, Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 293n
Signatures, Doctrine of, 264–266, 267, 269
Silliman, Benjamin, 160–161, 190, 191, 192, 193
Simmons, John, see Dwelley, Jedediah
Simpson, A. D. C., see Anderson, R. G. W.
Simpson, George Gaylord, “The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America,” 188n
Six Nations, 283
Skinner, Ezekiel, 182
Skunk cabbage, 344
Slaves, 8, [122], [124], [128], [139]
Sloane, Sir Hans, 287
Smallpox, 52n, 73–75, 94, 107, 152, 155, 160, 204, 208, 209, 251, 253, 254, 256, 259, 265, [304], 305, 311, [353]
Smellie, William, 75n, 113, [134]
Smibert, Williams, 72n, 109, [135], [139]
Smith, Alan, 116
Smith, Asahel, 182
Smith, Daniel Scott, “The Demographic History of Colonial New England,” 35n
Smith, Sir James Edward, Introduction to Physiological and Systematical Botany, 196
Smith, Nathaniel, 100
Snakeweed, 344
Snow, C. P., 27
Social reform, 115
Social services in Boston, 8–9. See also Essex County; Salem
Société Royale de Médecine, 137
Society for Promoting Agriculture, 47
Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts, 189
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 171
Society for the Study of Natural History, 192
Sodium borate, 369
Sodium hydroxide, 377
Sodium potassium tartrate, 371
Solidism, 346
Solomon, B. M., 302n
Sonnedecker, Glenn, “Harward’s Electuarium ... Earliest Drug Treatise Published by an American Colonist,” [119], [129], 275, 378; Kremers and Urdang’s History of Pharmacy, 270n, 273n, 276, 284n, 285n
Sons of Liberty, 11
Sore mouth, [308]
South Carolina, 108, 177, 180; Medical history of, 20
Southbridge, [135]
Spalding, Luther, 183
Spalding, Lyman, 182, 261n, 287; Bills of Mortality for Portsmouth, New Hampshire (with Richard Thurston), 299n, 306n, [310]n, [313]n
Spasms, 347
Speedwell, 283
Spencer, Archibald, [139]
Spermaceti, [323], [331], 339, 377
Spicebush, 270
Spice-wood, 343
Spinkard, 283
Spirits of ammonia, [320]
Spirits of mindererus, [317], 336, 338, 340, 374
Spirits of wine, [320]
Spofford, Richard S., 183
Spooner, William, 90n, 97, 100, [140]
Sprague, John, 70n, 82n, 97, 100, [140]
Sprague, John, Jr., [140]
Sprague, Laurence, [140]
Spunkers Club, see Harvard University
Spurzheim, Johann Caspar, see Gall, Franz Joseph
Squill, [324], [332], 338, 347, 373, 377; Oxymel of, 375, 377
Stafford, Edward, 266, 267, 287–288
Stahl, Georg E., 113
Stannard, David E., “Death and the Puritan Child,” 252n–253n; Death in America, 252n
Stannard, Jerry, “Medical Botany,” 268n
Star, Comfort, [140]
Stargrass, 283
Stark, James H., The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution, 43n
Starkey, George, 114
Statistical analyses, 50n, 293, 335n, 339n, 340n
Stearns, John, 182
Stearns, Raymond P., Science in the British Colonies of America, 146n
Stearns, Samuel, 277–278, 282; The American Herbal, 277, 278
Stewart, George, [141]
Stiles, Ezra, 257–258, 259, 262; “Deaths in Newport, R.I., 1760–1764,” 259n; A Funeral Sermon, 259n
Stilet, 234–235
Stillman, Samuel, 166
Stimulants, 383
Stinking snakeweed, 344
Stockbridge, Charles, [135]
Stoddard, Abram, 182
Stokes, Jonathan, 281–282
Stomach, see Digestion
Stomachic digestive pills, [319]
Stomachic emplastrum, [319]
Stomachics, [319–320], 377, 378, 382
Stone (calculus), 219, 224, [310], 338, 347, [356], 365, 366
Stone, Lawrence, “Prosopography,” 50n
Stoneroot, 283
Stoughton’s Elixir (tincture, drops), [320], 337, 378
Stout, Harry S., “University Men in New England, 1620–1660,” 50n
Strengthening plaster, [327], 378
Sudorific powder, [323]
Sudorifics, 264, 346, 365, 378
Suffolk County, England, 53
Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 13, 52n, 56; Court records, 149n
Sugar, 8, 367, 372, 373, 376, 382
Sulfur, [332], 347, 378; Balsam of, 378; Flowers of, [323], 378; Milk of, 382
Sullivan, John B., et al., “Pennyroyal Oil Poisoning and Hcpatotoxicity,” 376
Sumach, 344
Sumner, George, 183
Sunshine, Irving, see Kopelman, Robert
Supplantive elixir, [326], 378
Suppuration, 216–217, 221, 222
Surgeons and surgery, 110, [125], [126], [129], [130], [132], [133]; Drugs in, 224, 314; Frequency of, [300–301], 302–305; In Massachusetts, [126], [127], [131], [135], [136], [138], [140], [141], [142], 150, 172, 215–226; Literature of, 219, 221; Performed by laymen, 218–219; Training of, 60; Types performed, 303–305. See also Amputation; Lithotomy; and other types of operations; and Instruments, Surgical
Swamp sumach, 344
Swedlund, A. C., see Meindl, R. S.
Swett, John Bernard, 113, [141]
Swieten, Gerhard van, see Van Swieten, Gerhard
Swift, Jonathan, 31
Sydenham, Thomas, 105, 107, 113
Syphilis, 101, 265, 270, 283, 336, 344, [353], 372
Syrup of balsam, [329]
T
Tackamahacha, 267
Talleyrand, C. M., 162
Tamarack, 267
Tamarind, 373
Tapley, Harriet S., Early Physicians of Danvers, [119], [127]
Tapping, see Aspiration
Tartar, 274, 367, 377, 381–382, 383; Salt of, 378
Taxation, Influence of, on Massachusetts economy, 8; For care of poor, 202; Opposition to British tax reforms, 11
Taylor, William H., 183
Teele, A. K., The History of Milton, Massachusetts, 1640 to 1887, [119], [130], [140]
Tennent, John, 287; “An Epistle to Dr. Mead concerning the Seneca Rattlesnake Root,” 284
Tenney, Samuel, 81n
Terebinth, [324], 338, 343, 374, 378
Tetanus, [353]
Tewksbury, 132
Thacher, James, 21, 76n, 263n, 287; American Medical Biography, 75, 76n, 82n, 84n, 91n, [119], [121], [133], 305; The American New Dispensatory, 287, 291–292, [316], [328], [329]n, [330], 335, 336, 338, 339, 345, 349n, 364–366, 367, 368, 369, 372, 374, 376, 381
Thacher, Thomas, A Brief Guide to the Common People of New England, 107
Thackray, Arnold, see Shapin, Steven
Thayer, William, [141]
Thayer, William Roscoe, “Extracts from the Journal of Benjamin Waterhouse,” 87n
Thebaic tincture, [318]
Theobald, John, Everyman His Own Physician, 107
Theodoric, 216
Therapeutics, 289–290, 291, 314, 346, 347, 349, 351n, 363; Antiphlogistic, [328], 365. See also Drugs
Theriac, 273, [318], 336, 370, 378;
Tincture, 378
Thistle, 265
Thomas, Joshua, 100
Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 37
Thomson, Elizabeth H., 182n. See also Fulton, John F.
Thomas, Herbert, “The Medical Institution of Yale College,” 168n
Thomsonianism, 287
Thornapple, 344
Throat distemper, 253, 307, [308], 311–312
Throatweed, 273
Thurston, Richard, see Spalding, Lyman
Tidmarsh, Richard, [141]
Tilden, William S., History of the Town of Medfield, Massachusetts, 1650–1886, [119], [131], [134]
Tilly, Alice, [141]
Tinea, [353]
Tinkerweed, 283
Tobacco, 108, 224, 270, 271, [331], 344, 372, 374
Toner, Joseph M., Contributions to the Annals of Medical Progress ..., 21–22, 54–55, [141]; “History of Inoculation in Massachusetts,” 74n, 75n, [120]; The Medical Men of the Revolution, [119]
Tonics, [318], [319–321], [323], 337, 346, 364, 365, 368–379, 381–382
Tooth extraction, [300–301], 303
Toothache tree, 376
Topsfield, 213
Tormentilla, [321], [334], 378
Touton, John, [141]
Town meeting, 4
Townsend, David, 76, 97, 100, 294, 346; Accounts and ledgers of, 290–291, 297, 299; Demographic characteristics of medical practice, 294–296; Drug therapies of, 314–345, 349, 364–379, 381; Gospel News, 294; Medical fees, 299; Political affiliations, 83, 97; Therapies of, [300–301], [304–305]
Township system, 4
Tragacanth, 378
Transiency, see Migration
Trask, William B., “Rev. Samuel Danforth’s Records of the First Church in Roxbury, Mass.,” 255n
Traumatic balsam, [325], 378, 383
Treaty of Ghent, 18
Treaty of Paris, 10
Trent, Josiah Charles, “Benjamin Waterhouse,” 87n; “The London Years of Benjamin Waterhouse,” 87n
Trocar, 234–235
Truax, Rhoda, The Doctors Warren of Boston, 60n, 86n
Trumbull, G. H., “George Stark, Philosopher by Fire,” 114n
Trumbull, James Russell, History of Northampton, Massachusetts, 61n
Truro, [141]; Vital Records, [119], [141]
Tuberculosis, see Consumption
Tufts, Cotton, 81n
Tufts University, 202n
Tulip tree, 272
Tumors, 265, [304], [357], [358], 363, 366
Turmeric, 265, [322], [333], 371, 378
Turner, Henry, [141]
Turner, Robert, The British Physician, 268
Turner’s cerate, 383
Turpentine, 378. See also Venice turpentine
Tuttle, J. H., “The Libraries of the Mathers,” 106n
Tutty, 379
Twitchell, Amos, 181n
Tyringham, 55n
Tytler, James, [141]
U
Unguent, Simple, 379
Unguent alba, [322]
Unguent dessicativum rubrum, [327]
Unguent Egyptiae, [324]
Unguent/embrocatio cortex Peruviana, [326]
Unguent/embrocatio dialthea, [326]
Unguent for burns, [326]
Unguent lectisternium, [326]
Unguent liniment/embrocatio/lotio/ salve, [326]
Unguent mercuriale, [327]
Unguent morraine (murrain), [327]
Unguent Neapolitan, [327]
Unguent nervinum, [326]
Unguent saturnine, [327]
Unguent tutiae/ophthaimic, [326]
U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 17n, 35n
United States Pharmacopoeia, 287
University of Pennsylvania, Medical Department, 160, 161, 164–165, 166, 168, 174, 176–182, 282, 285, 286; General Alumni Catalogue, 176n
University of South Carolina, 161
Uterine disease, 338
Uterine elixir, [325]
Utrecht, [126]
Vaccination, 92–93, 142, 192, 294
Valerian root, [322], [331], 337, 379
Vamos, Mara Soceanu, 306n, [313]n
Van Swieten, Gerhard, 379; Commentaries on Boerhaave, 107, 113; Diseases Incident to Armies and the Method of Cure, 220n, 221
Van Swieten’s antivenereal, [317], 336, 379
Vaughan, Samuel, 162
Vegeto-mineral water, [327], 379
Veins, 220–221
Venereal disease, 273, 283, 347, 381. See also Gonorrhea; Syphilis
Venesection, see Bloodletting
Venn, J. and J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, [119], [122], [126–127], [129], [132], [136–137], 263n
Veridem, Balsam, 379
Vermifuge, [324]
Vessicativum, Tinctura, 379
Viets, Henry Rouse, “Benjamin Waterhouse, M.D.,” 87n; A Brief History of Medicine in Massachusetts, 22, 52n, 60n–61n, 74n, 76n, 81n, 84n, 85n, [119], [122], [125–127], [129], [137], [143], 171n, 189n, 216n, 218n, 266n, 283; “Death of Benjamin Waterhouse, M.D.,” 87n; “James Lloyd,” 75n–76n; “The Medical Education of James Lloyd in Colonial America,” 76n, 86n
Vietz, Ilza, see Zimmerman, L. M.
Vinovskis, Maris A., “Mortality Rates and Trends in Massachusetts before 1860,” 35n, 251n, 253n; “The 1789 Life Table of Edward Wigglesworth,” 260n
Virginia, 10, 11, 12, 22, 54n, 108, 177, 180
Virginia anemone, 272
Virginia snakeroot, 270, [330], 337, 377
Vis medicatrix naturae, 360
Vital statistics, in colonial Massachusetts, 251–262; In Tudor England, 250. See also Childbirth; Mortality
Vitriol, 379
Vitriol antimonium cerate, 379
Vogel, Virgil J., “American Indian influence on the Pharmacopoeia,” 39n; American Indian Medicine, 39n
Volatile drops, [322], 337, 379, 383
Voting, based on property and not church membership, 6; In Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4; Turnout between 1780 and 1789, 14n
W
Wadleigh, George, Notable Events in the History of Dover, New Hampshire, 350n
Wait, Francis D., 183
Waite, Frederick C., “The Development of Anatomical Laws in the States of New England,” 77n
Waite, Richard, 206
Walker, John, [130]
Wallis, George, 278
Waltham, 262
Wangensteen, Owen H., 28
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 9
Ward, James, [142]
Warden, Gerald B., Boston, 1689–1776, 71n, 148n, 151n, 157n; “The Distribution of Property in Boston, 1692–1775,” 71n; “The Medical Profession in Colonial Boston,” 145–157
Waring, Joseph I., A History of Medicine in South Carolina, 177n, 187n
Warm grass, 284
Warner, John Harley, “The Nature-Trusting Heresy,” 360n
Warner, Joseph, [132], [134], [136]
Warren, Charles, A History of the American Bar, 146n
Warren, Edward, 183
Warren, Edward, The Life of John Warren, 75n, 78n, 82n, 84n, 85n, 91n, 92n, 165n, 166n, 167n, 189n, 192n, 195n
Warren, John, 76, 78, 82, 90n, [97], 100, [133], 166, 170; And founding of Harvard Medical School, 85, 86–89, 165; As military surgeon, 83, 163, 189; Lectures on anatomy, 44, 84, 91, 163; Medical training of, 172, 189; Political affiliation, [97]
Warren, John Collins, 70n, 167n, 169, 173, 179n, 181n, 191–192, 194–195, 286, 287; Comparative View of the Sensorial and Nervous Systems in Men and Animals, 195
Warren, Joseph, 44, 70n, 74n, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 97, 157, 170, 294
Warren, Commodore Peter, 10
Warren, Winslow, 183
Wars, Effect of, on population of Massachusetts, 199–200, 204; In colonial Massachusetts, 5–6, 9–10. See also French and Indian War; King Philip’s War; etc.
Washington, D.C., 159
Washington, George, 20
Water, Mineral, 347
Water dock, 284
Water dragon, 283
Waterhouse, Benjamin, 65, 86–89, [142], 167, 172, 189, 285; Autobiographical manuscript, 190n–191n; The Botanist, 89n, 286; Heads of a Course of Lectures on Natural History,” 190, 286; Hortus siccus, 286; The Rise, Progress, and Present State of Medicine..., 20, 65n, [142]; Vaccination experiment, 92–93
Waterhouse, John Fothergill, 183
Waters, Thomas Franklin, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 216n
Watertown, [126]
Watkins, Alfred, 183
Wax, 368, 374, 378. See also Beeswax; Cerate
Weber, Max, [145]
Webster, Charles, The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform, 1626–1660, 103n, 111n
Weeden, William B., Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789, 71n, 298n, 302n
Weems, Mason L., 20
Weinberger, Bernard Wolf, An Introduction to the History of Dentistry in America, 218
Weisser, Conrad, 272
Welch, W., 178n
Welfare, see Relief
Wellington, Palgrave, [137]
Wells, Robert V., The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776, 35n, 297n
Welsh, Thomas, 81n, 83, 97, 100
Wesley, John, Primitive Physic, 278–279
West, Benjamin, 162
West Roxbury, [133]
Westcott, Thompson, see Scharf, J. Thomas
Westminster Confession of Faith, 4
Whelpley, William A., 183
Whigs, 15
Whipple, Allen O., The Story of Wound Healing and Wound Repair, 217n, 224n, 225n
White lead, see Lead
White Mountains, 179
Whitehead, Charles, “The Indian Medical Exhibit,” 265n, 269n
Whitehill, Walter Muir, Boston: A Topographical History, 89n
Whitfield’s ointment, 369
Whittelsey, Chauncey, 259
Whitworth, Miles, 97
Whitworth, Miles, Jr., 70n, 81n, 83
Whorehouses, [138]
Whytt, Robert, 113; Observations on Nervous Diseases, 107
Wigglesworth, Edward, 260
Wigglesworth, William C., “Surgery in Massachusetts, 1620–1800,” 215–226
Wilkinson, R. S., “The Alchemical Library of John Winthrop Junior,” 106n; “George Starkey, Physician and Alchemist,” 114n; “New England’s Last Alchemists, 114n
Wilkinson, Sarah, 219
Wilkinson, Thomas, [142]
Willard, Joseph, 88
Willard, Sidney, Memories of Youth and Manhood, 191n
Williams, Stephen West, 21
Willis, Thomas, 105
Wilson, A., 287
Wilson, Edmund, [142]
Wilson, J. Walter, “The First Natural History Lectures at Brown University,” 89n
Wilson, John, [142]
Wilson, Rev. John, [142]
Wiltshire, [122]
Windship, Amos, 70n, 90, 97, 100, [133], [142]
Windship, Charles Williams, 90n, [143]
Wine, Spirits of, 379
Winslow, Gov. Edward, [143]
Winslow, Forbes B., 113; Anatomy, 106
Winslow, Ola E., A Destroying Angel, 74n, [119], [124]; Meetinghouse Hill 1630–1783, 252n
Windsor, Justin, Memorial History of Boston, 71n, 81n, 90n, 163n, 166n, 176n
Winthrop, John, 4, 56, 102, 104, [127], [137]
Winthrop, John, Jr., 105, 106, 114, 266, 287–288
Winthrop, John (teacher), 104
Wistar, Caspar, 170, 174n, 187, 286
Wistar, Caspar, Jr., 351n
Withering, William, Botanical Arrangement of British Plants, 280, 281
Wolfe, Richard J., Jacob Bigelow’s American Medical Botany, 1817–1821, 196n
Women physicians, 51–52, 53, [127], [129], [130], [131], [137], [141]. See also Midwives
Woodall, John, The Surgeon’s Mate, [329]n
Woodward, J., To Do the Sick No Harm, 112n
Wootan, A. C., Chronicles of Pharmacy, [329]n, 367n
Worcester, England, 112
Worcester, Mass., 43, 55, [123], [137], 277
Worcester County, 15, 56, [137], 206
Work ethic, 156
Worm powder, 383
Worms, 274, [310], 338, 366, 375, 382, 383. See also Anthelminthics
Wounds, 221–222, 225, 271, 383; Healing of, 379. See also Bandages and dressings; Surgery
Wright, Samuel, 182
Writs of Assistance, 11
Wyer, Edward, [143]
Y
Yale University, 80, 160, 193, 280; Medical Institution, 160–161, 168
Yellow basilicon, 383
York, 112
York, Jeorku, [143]
Yorktown, 12
Young, Thomas, 70n, 72n, 97, 157
Z
Zimmerman, L. M., and Veitz, Ilza, Great Ideas in the History of Surgery, 217n
Zinc salts, [332]
Zuckerman, Michael, “The Fabrication of Identity in Early America,” 66n
