INDEX
“A True Patriot” (anti-government writer), 117–19n, 372n
assembly, considered by, 113
cited, 123n
Council, considered by, 113
on FB, misrepresentations by, 112, 117n
“flagitiousness” of, 112
as libel, 115
quoted, 118n
Acadia, 396n
Achilles, 86n
Adams, John
on Adams, S., 75n
on House of Representatives, papers of, authorship of, 75n
Hutchinson, criticizes, 170n
on Otis Jr., 75n–76n
Tudor, letter to, quoted, 75n
Adams, Samuel
Appeal to the World
FB, comments concerning, 133n, 134n, 188n, 189n, 193n, 204n, 210–12n, 246n, 323–24n
writes, 22
biographers of, 163
and Boston Gazette, 112, 115, 117n
as Boston representative, 50n, 211n, 228n, 237n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
on Bostonians,
alarm at arrival of troops, 323n
arming of, 324n
on British women, 133n
FB
character attacked by, 24, 163
on conspiracy of, 22, 25, 133n, 323n
on Customs commissioners and, 133n
editorial comments concerning, 39
as enemy of, 212n, 226, 229n, 237n
investigated by, 88n
on misrepresentations of, 134n, 188n, 189n, 211–12n, 246n, 323n
on FB’s correspondence with Hillsborough, 323n
FB’s views on, 164
and Hancock, 187–188
House of Representatives
authors papers of, 12, 75n, 229n, 279n, 361, 362
as clerk of, 2, 75n, 352, 353n, 361
as committee member, 75n, 228n, 229n, 389n
criticizes Hutchinson, 167, 170n
identified, 75n
as insurrectionist, 188–89n, 211n
on Liberty Tree, 210n
and Otis Jr.,
similarities, 225–26
Otis, quotes, 212n
as political writer, 362
portrait of, 111
radicalism of, 12, 200, 225, 246n
on rights and liberties, 324n
on treason, evidence of, 324n
on violence, 134n
Whig party, as leader of, 6, 12, 20, 163, 167
Administration of the Colonies (Thomas Pownall), 51n, 145n
FB reads, 148–149
Admiralty Board
and advocate general of Vice Admiralty, appointment of, 308
clerks of, 43
Hillsborough, letters from, cited, 184n, 241n, 399n
Hood, orders to, 241n
lords commissioners of, mentioned, 183
orders Royal Navy to Boston, 183
secretary of state, letters from, 44
Advocate General of Vice Admiralty (Massachusetts), 17–18, 34, 52n, 154, 188, 307–08, 310
Alexander, Wiiliam
identified, 416n
letters to, listed, 413
Almon, John
Collection of Interesting, Authentic Papers, relative to the Dispute between Great Britain and America (1777), 55n
Almsbury, Mass., 229n
American Board of Customs
attorney general of England and Wales, seeks opinion of, 188, 310
authority of, defiance to, 129
Boston
on civil order in, 127
retreat from
British troops, as justification for, 257, 263, 266
FB’s knowledge of, 191–92
Hillsborough’s views on, 274
“may assist our purpose,” 186
return to
anticipated, 274
discussed, 268
Hillsborough’s views on, 274
Bradshaw
letters from, cited, 378n
letters to, cited, 363
and British troops, arrival of, 37
Castle William
FB provides sanctuary at, 15, 186, 197, 235
request sanctuary at, 191
retreats to, 22, 192, 195n, 209, 215, 313n, 377
and Chatham administration, 187
Chaumier, “indulgence” toward, 146
commissioners
commissions read in House of Representatives, 71
death threats, 202
houses of, 129–30
identified, 180–81n
mentioned, 22, 53n, 110n, 128n, 180, 243, 266, 268, 366, 368n, 372n, 376n0, 378n
Temple’s estrangement from, 22, 53n, 195n
threatened, 15, 128–30, 153, 186, 202, 243, 370
as Treasury appointees, 308
conversations with, FB recounts, 131
Corner
correspondence with, as enclosure, 190n
intelligence of insurrection provided by, 390
letters to
as enclosures, 379
correspondence with, about, 127, 180, 191, 193, 195, 197–198, 307
crowd action
complaints concerning, 308, 364
reports on, 15, 36, 127–28, 180, 370–71
representations on, 40
on customs officers,
“discouraged,” 363
lack of powers, 309
Dalrymple
letters from, as replies, 376
letters to, 374–76
effectiveness of
revenue collection, 14
trade laws, enforcement of, 2
FB
assistance expected from, 153, 159, 206, 251, 273, 301, 367, 372
collusion with
about, 21–22, 110, 195, 214n, 220, 237, 366, 372
British troops, in obtaining, 15, 21–22, 28, 30, 154, 193n, 195, 220, 257, 263, 266, 270n
and commissioners’ retreat, 192
revolt against Board feared by, 153
FB writes to, 202
FB’s views on
Boston, retreat from, 186, 189n, 209, 215, 249, 250, 257, 263
commissioners “frightened,” 14
fears revolt against, 154
“precarious Situation,” 14, 120
their security, 23
Treasury, commissioners’ reports to, 153
on friends of government, 365
Gage
alarmist reports received by, 235
letters from, as replies, 376
letters to, 374–76
requests protection from, 375
“very alarming State of things at Boston,” 376
Governor and Council
requests protection from, 30, 108, 127–28, 190, 193–95, 201, 375
considered, 270n
letter from
as enclosure, 379
as reply, 379
letters to
cited, 380n
as enclosures, 379–80
Hancock
returns Liberty (sloop) to, 187
vendetta against, 188
Hancock et al., manages prosecution of, 34, 188, 309–10
Harrison, J.
letter from
as enclosure, 379
as reply, 379
letter to
cited, 380n
as enclosure, 379–80
Hillsborough
FB instructed to assist Board by, 159, 206, 251, 273, 301, 367, 372
influence on, 10, 16, 24–29, 187
views on, 183, 251, 372, 397–98
Hood
discuss FB with, 378
letter from
cited, 380n
as enclosure, 380
as reply, 376n
letters to
quoted, 378
request protection from, 241n
House of Representatives
criticized by, 360
Hutchinson, letters from, cited, 313n
Hutchinson’s views on, 372n
informations, use, 123
letters from, 126–28, 180–81, 190–92, 194–95, 306–13
about, 308
Adams, S., commentaries by, 189n
cited, xxvi, 19, 22, 133–34n, 155, 159n, 190n, 192–93n, 197–98, 308, 311, 380n
Council, considered by, 192
as enclosures, 191, 203–04n, 371, 379
received, 127, 130, 186, 189n, 191, 198, 201, 204n, 219
as replies, 193
Wootton delivers, 127
on “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” 368n
about, 197–98
cited, 22, 52n–53n, 204n, 237n, 308, 310, 313n, 380n
as enclosures, 379–80
listed, 407–08
as replies, 191, 195, 197–98, 202
and Liberty (sloop), 187–88
Liberty riot
accounts of, 26, 180–81, 190–191, 214n, 375, 377
about, 274
accused of provoking, 187
depositions concerning, 203
Lisle, charge, 310
on mail packet, inadequacy of, 303
Malcom
defied by, 15
on, 138n
on Massachusetts, “state”of government in, 362–72
mentioned, 144n
minutes of
cited, 380n
as enclosure, 379
on nonimportation movement, 364–65, 369–70
officials of
identified, 188n, See also Williams, John (customs officer); Irving, Thomas
mentioned, 191
threatened, 185–86
Oliver, letter from, cited, 192n
on parliamentary authority, opposition to, 308, 363–64
on parliamentary taxation, opposition to, 368n
Pickman, letter from, transmitted by FB, 143
popular hostility to, 109, 129, 169, 187
on popular radicalism, 364
proceedings of, FB excluded from, 15
protection and safety of, 22–23, 30, 108, 240, 294
Council’s deliberations on, FB reports on, 192–93
FB, considered by, 197–98, 235, 243
FB unable to provide for, 131, 269n, 289
radicalism, alarmist accounts of, 36
rescues reported by, 15
and revenue, collection of, 308
Romney, HMS
on board, 215
removal of, criticize, 294
retreats to, 22–23, 186, 191–92, 313n, 377
Council’s reaction, 193
FB’s knowledge of, 192n
Hutchinson considers, 192n
Ropes, letter from, transmitted by FB, 143
Royal Navy
assisted by, 29
request protection of, 241n
safety of, considered by Council, 270n
salaries of, 157n
secretary to, 180, 309–10, See also Venner, Samuel
on seditious libels, 370
on seizures, 363
Sewall
allegations of
FB to investigate, request, 307, 306–13
Hutchinson leads investigation into, 311–12n
refute, 307
Board’s solicitor to assist, 309–10
competency of, question, 18, 308–10
complaints concerning, 308
concerning legal procedures, 309
proceedings concerning, 310
letters from, quoted, 312n
letters to, as replies, 312n
on smuggling, 138n
solicitor to, 310
on Townshend duties, opposition to, 365
“extensive Plan of Resistance,” 377
on trade laws, enforcement of, 366
Treasury
correspondence with, about, 141n
Hallowell makes representations to, 214
letters from, as replies, 366
letters to, cited, 141n
memorials to, 376–78
about, 15, 26, 29, 141n, 204, 274, 308, 368n
cabinet, considered by, 274
cited, xxvi, 50n, 110n, 128, 138n, 155n, 159, 214n, 241n, 251n, 300n, 303n, 310, 312–13n, 372n, 374n, 378n, 399n
crowd action, concerning, 308, 370–71
discussed, 251
enclosures to, 191, 193, 195, 197–98, 204, 366, 371, 376
discussed, 368n
Parliament, presented to, 379–80
as enclosures, 378
FB’s knowledge of, 129
Hillsborough
Gage, sends copies to, 373
responds to, 158–59
copied to, 10
lack of government support, concerning, 308–09
Liberty riot, concerning, 377–78
Parliament
considered by, 214n
presented to, 378
political impact of, 367
popular radicalism, concerning, 377
Privy Council, considered by, 214n
received, 372
secrecy of, 366
secretary of state, Bradshaw copies to, 366, 372, 378
seditious libels, concerning, 370
Sewall, dispute with, concerning, 310–11
trade laws, enforcement of, concerning, 138n, 159, 309, 363–66, 369–70, 377
Treasury
read by, 371
writs of assistance, opposition to, concerning, 141
sends
American Board of Customs’ minutes, 377, 379
anonymous letters, 380
Corner, letter to, copy of, 379
Council minutes and proceedings, copies of, 371
letter to, copy of, 380
letters from, copies of, 376n
DeBerdt, letter to Otis from, extract of, 368n
depositions and affidavits, 190n, 377, 379–80
FB
correspondence with, copies of, 371, 379–80
letters to, copies of, 379
Gage, letter to, copy of, 380
Hallowell and Harrison, correspondence with, copies of, 379–80
Hallowell, deposition of, 379
Harrison, J., deposition of, 379
Harrison, R.A., deposition of, 379
Hood, letter to, copy of, 380
Irving, memorial of, 379
Kirk, deposition of, 379
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” 368n
newspapers, file of, 366
Oliver, letter from, copy of, 379
Williams, J., letter from, 371
Venner
instructs, 312–13n
violence, fears of
FB communicates Council’s views on, 192–93, 198
FB’s views on, 193
Hutchinson evaluates, 110n
report, 110n, 127, 191–92, 308, 371, 377
writs of assistance, views on, 140–41
American Colonies
assemblies of, 104, 361, 384, 386, 400
Circular Letter from Massachusetts, 87, 359–62
and, 9, 112, 149, 313–14, 385–86
reply to, 151
and governors, 142
king, right to petition, 72
mentioned, 359
parliamentary authority
challenge, 9
subordination to, 70
as parliaments, 320
Townshend Acts, opposition to, 87
“Bill of Rights” for, 5, 66, 83, 101
British Army in. See under British Army
British friends of, 6–7, 66, 289n
British intervention in proposed, 3, 11, 19–20, 24, 27, 110, 115, 162, 176
and British policymaking, 8, 28, 151, 269
British politics, news of, 6
British regiments ordered to, 338
charters of, 363, See also Province Charter (1691)
“common Concern,” issues of, 359, 384
debtors in, 137
defiance of, 17
economy of, 137
“enemies” of, 361
exports of, 394
FB’s critics in, 13
French and Indian War, and. See under French and Indian War
governments in, 144, 155, 266, 286–87, 325
governors of. See under Governors, Colonial
Great Britain
constitutional relationship with, 85
disputations with, 9–11, 80, 87, 99, 109, 126n, 400
and imperialism of, 6, 11, 68n, 84, 397
mail to and from. See under Mail
mutual interests, 96, 102, 126, 137, 150, 272, 388n, 393
opposition to, 87, 136, 154, 384, 387, 397
reconciliation with, 32, 39, 70, 80, 82–84, 89, 122, 137, 152, 181, 384
trade with. See under Trade, Colonial
happiness of, 30
imperial administration of, 43, 60, 254
and Imperial Crisis, 81–82
imports to, 121n
impressment in, 175n, 201n, 273
independence of, 39, 144, 148, 168, 225, 275n, 322n
land values in, 393
law in, 63
laws, collections of, 158n
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” influence in, 64, 101, 148
mail. See under Mail
manufactures of, 139n, 365, 368n
manufacturing in, 136–37
mentioned, 2, 6, 20, 98, 157n, 162, 174, 252n, 267, 279, 285n, 361, 365, 373
newspapers. See Newspapers; individual titles
nonimportation movement in, 2, 14, 136–37
northern colonies, 144–45
Parliament
papers and speeches of, printed in, 66, 138
representation in, 8, 17, 65–66, 83–85, 89–91, 101, 125n, 144–45, 148–49, 320
parliamentary authority
and, 8, 63, 68n, 76n, 84–85, 89, 98, 136, 225, 268, 320, See also Parliamentary Authority
defiance of, 90
and parliamentary supremacy, 67, 89
and parliamentary taxation, 1, 5, 8, 10, 65, 67–68n, 76n, 83, 95n, 108, 138–39n, 157n, 225, 359, 360, 364–65, 368n, 383, 386–87, 394–95
petitions of, 5
“popular” governments in, 365
popular power and authority in, 365
“pretensions” of, 83
and Quartering Act, 336–37n, 340
radicalism in, 9, 14, 20, 63–64, 138, 366
rights and liberties of, 14, 25
Royal Navy in, See under Royal Navy
and secretaries of state, 27–28, 43, 74, 76–77, 80, 133, 145, 154, 159, 274, 366, See also Hillsborough, Earl of; Secretary of State (Colonial Department); Secretary of State (Southern Department)
seditious publications in, 370
settlement of, 394
Sons of Liberty in, 296
and Stamp Act Crisis, 101
standing armies in, 320
“state” of, 278
taxation of, 59, 83, 99, 139n, 394–95, 400
Townshend Acts
and opposition to, 87, 90, 98, 142
trade of. See under Trade, Colonial
treasonable publications in, 377
“unwarrantable Combinations” of, 149, 383
wars in. See French and Indian War
writs of assistance in, 140
American Colonists
and, British statesmen, 8
Chatham administration, exasperated by, 225
FB insults, 19
FB, misrepresented by, 1–2, 383–85
FB’s conspiracy against, 115
FB’s relationship with, about, 3
governors to mediate with, 7, 215
governors, expectations concerning, 17
Great Britain, resentment of, 3, 9
Grenville, resent, 8
happiness of, 96, 181, 199, 360, 401
Hillsborough’s attitude to, 27, 133, 275n
liberty, struggle for, 141
loyalty of, 156
and Parliament, representation in, 362
parliamentary authority
and, 7–8
arguments respecting, 151, 225, 320
parliamentary taxation, grievances concerning, 10, 12, 64–67, 76n, 85, 109, 256
Pitt, praise, 68n
radicalism of, 40
and Revolution, 1
rights and liberties of, 9, 25, 59, 75n, 85, 149, 163, 205, 225, 228n, 32n2, 388n, 400–01
Shelburne sympathetic to, 27
“slavery,” in “state of,” 322n
“spirit of Decency and Love of Order,” their, 150
as subjects, 67, 320, 359, 361, 384, 400, See also King: subjects of
submission of, 137
Townshend Acts, repeal of, campaign for, 2, 5, 109, 133n, 143
treason of, 39
trials in England, prospect of, 37, 272, 275n
American Revolution
mentioned, 144n
origins of, 1, 37, 39–41, 64, 275n
revolutionary aspects and tendencies, 20–21, 39–40, 64, 106, 122, 188
Americans. See under American Colonists
Amherst, Sir Jeffery
as governor of Virginia, 157n
and governorship of Virginia, 284, 287, 378
Amory, John, 282n
Amory, Jonathan, 282n
Amory, Thomas, 282n
Anchors, 139
Andros, Sir Edmund, 353
Anonymous
letters
as enclosures, 380
cited, 380n
Robinson, letter to, 389–91
Antigua, 180n
Aristocracy
mentioned, 284
satirized, 299n
Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK), xv
Ashley, John, 230n
Ashley, Jonathan, 230n
Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives)
answers to FB’s messages and speeches
discussed, 104
attendance at, 73
Boston, removal from
instructions respecting, 273, 277–80
British government, communciations with, 39
British troops, quartering of, expense of, 334, 339
Circular Letter
adoption of, 314
and colonial assemblies, 93, 144, 150, 361
colonial assemblies, replies from
cited, 249n
listed, 228n
and rescinding of, 313–14
committees of, 193
British troops, concerning apprehensions of, 212n, 236
on state of the province, 198, 200, 203–05, 210, 243, 270n
dismissal of, 94
disposition of, 142
dissolution of, 24–26, 32, 213–14n, 222, 224, 226–27n, 229n, 233, 239, 277, 299, 331, 394, 400
FB lacks support in, 88n, 100, 115, 167, 215
FB’s relationship with
about, 17
Pownall, T., advises on, 148
good “humour” of, 59
government officers, salary grants for, 172
and governor’s authority, 74, 80
and governor’s salary grant, 94, 227n
Hillsborough, instructions from, concerning, 280n
House of Commons, petition to, about, 75n
imperial power, opposes, 25
king, petitions to. See also House of Representatives: king, petition to
Boston town meeting promotes, 365
DeBerdt receives, 389n
mentioned, 170n
protocol for transmission, 71, 73, 142, 257n
legislative year, 396n
libels, prosecution of, considers, 115
Liberty riot, inquiry into, 205n
meetings of. See under Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives): session, in
messages and speeches to, 170
discussed, 115
as enclosures, 60, 66, 170, 173, 177
New York boundary commission, 60n, 173n
newspaper libel, considers, 372n
politicians in, 181
politics in, 88n
proceedings of, 71–72
cited, 117n
protocol for reporting, 73
proroguations of, 105, 112, 213, 223, 229n, 255
province agents, salary grants for, 91n
provincial government, opposition to, 2, 39
public gallery, 73
radicalism in, 88
secretary of state’s letters, FB not to communicate, 292, 314
in session, 71, 80, 84, 93, 101, 109, 173, 278, 314, 330, 365, 385
in abeyance, 38
commencement of, 115, 149, 170, 385
dates of, 60n, 88n, 116n, 177n, 229n
end of, 100, 105, 109, 149, 169, 213, 385
“humor” of, 104
opening of, 71, 112, 169–70, 172, 175
previous, 122, 150, 160–61, 167, 181–82, 221, 223, 233, 295
in winter, 278
Shelburne recommends conciliation to, 118n
and standing armies, 320
summon, FB requested to, 222, 320, 400–01
summoned, 71
summoning of
outside Boston, 278
FB requests orders for, 278
governor’s authority challenged, 35
Whig party in, 40
Atlantic Ocean, 3, 26, 80, 124, 210n, 290, See also Transatlantic Voyages; Transatlantic Communications
Atlantic Seaboard, 333
Attorney General of England and Wales, 34, 188, 201n, 310, 313n
Attorney General of Massachusetts, 307
Council, exclusion from, 166
identified, 118n
and libels, prosecution of, 115
Auchmuty, Robert
FB, as adviser to, 17
Sewall and Customs commissioners, dispute between, intervention in, 310–313n
Sewall, compared to, 310
Vice Admiralty Court, as judge of, 169, 188
Bailyn, Bernard, 171n
Baldwin, Loammi, 128
governors of, 95n
governorship of, FB considers, 92
Baronecties, 155
Barracks
Boston lacking in, 331-32, 338
in Boston, 33
public buildings, 139n, 334, 338–39, 353–54
and troops’ behavior, 354
at Castle William, 293–94, 333–39
mentioned, 294
Quartering Act, provisions of, concerning, 38, 331–33, 336n, 338
debates over, 333–41, 347, 354
Barrington, Lord
American Board of Customs, predicament of, FB reports on, 152–53
American Colonies
fears independence of, 8
union with Great Britain, FB proposes, 85
assembly, proceedings of, FB reports on, 74
Bernard, Shute, death of, informed of, 146
Boston Evening-Post, FB sends, 85
and Boston, riot control in, 29
Botetourt, describes, 285n
British colonial policy
discusses, 7
British troops, deployment of
discusses, 36
FB urges, 264–65
Camden’s speech, FB sends, 85
career of, 51n
Chamier, patron to, 147n
Chatham administration, FB discusses, 11
colonial assemblies, governors’ disputes with, FB discusses, 80–81
colonial government, reform of, discusses, 8
colonial policy, as hard-liner in, 8
correspondence with, about, 11, 45, 81, 85, 94, 109, 144, 147, 154, 215, 234, 264, 269, 287
Council, opposition in, FB discusses, 265
cousins of, 124, 145, 156, 284, See also Bernard Family
crowd action, resurgence in, FB reports on, 108–09
Crown salaries, introduction of, FB discusses, 94
FB
advises him to leave, 13
as advocate for, 7, 95, 110, 145, 152
baronetcy for
and, 32
conveys offer of, 155–56
and cost of, 326n
discusses concerns about, 285–86
delays writing to, 144
and despondency of, 32, 119, 215, 258, 269
friendship with, 81n
on titles and FB’s opinions of, 156
warned of crisis by, 215
FB as governor
advises him to remain in post, 284
on conduct as, 125n
leave of absence
FB seeks, 146, 152–53, 173, 233
obtains permission for, 26, 95
relocation of
options for, discussed, 20, 92–93, 145, 151, 154
salary of
Crown revenue, not to be paid from, 145, 156
discussed, 93–94
FB writes to, 32, 80, 103n, 146, 173
Hillsborough
and, 17
friendship with, 7, 13, 28, 78, 102, 124, 145, 269
as interlocutor with, 13, 28, 95, 103n, 110, 124, 151–52, 155–56, 218, 234, 284–87, 325–27
praises “firmness” of, 145
views on, 28
House of Representatives
Circular Letter, refusal to rescind, FB reports on, 234
proceedings of, FB reports on, 109, 233, 234
Hutchinson as successor, FB recommends, 286
identified, 51n
Imperial Crisis, causes of, discussed, 23, 80–82
independence of colonies, fears, 144
insurrection, prospect of, discussed, 17, 26, 153–54
letters from, 124–25, 144–45, 284–85
Chamier, delivered by, 147n
cited, 8, 13, 28, 52n, 145n, 151, 155, 216n, 285n, 287–88n, 326–27n
enclosures to, 103n
listed, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 412, 413
received, 80, 124, 145, 155–156, 215, 284, 285, 287n, 327
“serious importance” of, 145
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” FB sends, 102
letters to, 80–86, 91–95, 107–10, 149–55, 214–16, 233–35, 263–65, 285–87
cited, 4, 7–8, 20, 32, 53n, 81, 91n, 108, 110n, 119–20, 125n, 145, 149n, 155n, 174n, 214, 218, 234, 266n, 270n, 284, 326n, 368n
composition of, 50n
Hallowell, carried by, 215, 233
Hillsborough, transmitted to, 17
not sent, 85
quoted, 11, 13, 15–17, 26, 36, 74, 147
as replies, 23, 80, 92, 124, 156, 215, 284–85, 327
secret, 17
as member of Parliament, 125n
military assistance, FB explains his reluctance to request, 263–65
optimism of, 125
Parliament, American representation in
discussed, 83–86
parliamentary authority, opposition to, discussed, 11, 85
parliamentary taxation, opposition to, discussed, 82–83
St. George’s Fields Massacre, role in, 29, 124
on Stamp Act, repeal of, adverse consequences of, 145
on Townshend, 156
Townshend duties, opposition to, FB reports on, 108–09
Virginia, lieutenant-governorship of
FB accepts offer, 286
conveys offer of, 155–56
withdrawal of, intimates, 284
Wilkes, debates on, participation in, 7
Barrington, William Wildman, 51n, See under Barrington, Lord
Barton, Benjamin, 254n
Beacon Hill, Boston, 211n, 316, 319, 323n
Belcher, Andrew
Council, not elected to, 168
libelous handbill, receives, 169
as registrar of the Vice Admiralty Court, 169
Bellew, Henry, 216n
Beresford, Jane
as “female Council,” 285
Berkeley, Norborne, 157n, See also Botetourt, Lord
Bernard Family
dangers to, 153
England, return to, plans concerning, 32
summer residence of, 290n
BERNARD, FRANCIS
“FB,” referred to as, 47
AMERICAN COLONIES
and assemblies, 9, 80, 142, 348
authority of, 297
and British government, communications with, 73, 252
influence of, 9
Great Britain
on constitutional relationship with, 85
on disputations with, continuance of, 11, 19, 80, 87, 109, 352
and imperialism of, 6, 68n, 84
intervention of, proposes, 3, 11, 19–20, 24, 27, 110, 115, 162, 176
and mutual interests, 137
opinions of misguided, 120
on opposition to, incitement of, 14, 20, 63–64, 87, 93, 136, 138, 154
on reconciliation with, prospects of, 70, 80, 82–84, 89, 122, 137, 152
on independence of, prospect of, 148, 168
on manufacturing in, 136–37
on parliamentary authority, defiance of, 90
“popular” governments in, 365
“pretensions” of, 83
Virginia, governorship of
Botetourt’s appointment to
learns of, 326–27
unaware of, 284
Virginia, lieutenant-governorship of, offer of
Barrington conveys 26, 28, 155–56, 234
considers, 92
made, 234
BERNARD LETTERS
imprints, quality of, xxv
newspapers, printed in, xxv
pamphlet series. See Copies of Letters from Bernard to Hillsborough; Letters to Hillsborough; Letters to The Ministry
content of, xxvi–xxvi
publication of, xxvi–xxvi
BRITISH GOVERNMENT
on British intervention, 73–74
Chatham administration
and, 11–13
on, 146
and colonial policy, 12, 30, 40–41, 96–97, 105, 151, 154–56, 182–83, 218, 234, 254, 269, 272, 274, 287, 291, 314–15, 350
on colonial policy, 266
firmness in, favors, 37, 120, 133, 269
leniency of, criticizes, 268, 328
communications with, protocol respecting, 73
on disaffection to, 85, 167, 332
expectations concerning, 8, 329, 353
governor, conduct as, considered by, 11, 13, 24, 97, 234
and Grafton Ministry, 156, 329
Hillsborough
and American affairs, 124
baronetcy
discusses with, 325
and British policy, 162
conciliation, recommends, 96, 274
conduct approved by, 96–97, 155, 315
considered expendable by, 151
Hutchinson as successor, discusses with, 272
influence on, 16, 40, 97, 133, 154, 225, 268–69
political solution, recommends, 269
recall considered by, 13
reports evaluated by, 5, 151, 184, 271–72, 298
secretary of state, on his appointment as, 60, 78, 120, 146, 152
Hillsborough, instructions from
American Board of Customs, to assist, 251, 273
received, 301
assembly, to dissolve, 150, 275
Board of Trade, correspondence with, respecting, 241–42
British troops, deployment of, respecting, 270–76
Circular Letter, to rescind, 9, 150, 313–14
about, 13, 24–28, 77, 106, 143
discussed, 383
in post, to remain, 274
Kinsman, to apprehend, 289
leave of absence, for, 217–18
issued, 234
Liberty riot, to investigate, 272, 274, 291
official correspondence, transmission of, concerning, 76–78
province magistracy, to reform, 274
royal instructions, to review, 216–17, 301
secretary of state, communication with, respecting, 251–52, 302
treason, to investigate, 39, 272
sends Hillsborough, proposals for
colonial government, reform of, 37
Council, reform of, 20
sends Hillsborough, reports on
colonial politics, 161–64, 243–44
Council, elections to, 166–71
House of Representatives, proceedings of, 97, 142–43, 213, 220–32, 255–57, 261–63
Liberty riot, 184–90
aftermath of, 201–12
investigation into, 295–96
manufacturing, 164–66
nonimportation movement, 280–84
rescinding controversy, 220–32
sedition, 35–36, 245, 296–97, 318–24
intervention in American affairs, urges, 266, 278
Shelburne
concerns regarding, 60
concilation recommended by, 74, 329
conduct approved by, 74, 105–06
Council, unreliability of, discusses with, 122
House of Representatives, reports on proceedings of, sends, 70–76, 213, 243–44
relationship with, about, 6, 8–9, 28, 60, 74, 106, 133, 218, 329
views on, 60
BRITISH TROOPS
arrival of
anticipates, 3, 31, 33, 38, 95, 217, 291, 298, 306, 319, 333
and preparations for, 31, 33, 291, 293, 304, 326, 334–35, 338–40, 346
on landing of
resistance to, warns of, 154, 250n, 296, 316, 319–22
“Probability” of, 315–18
and quartering of, 291, 293, 331–35, 338
preparations for, 338–41, 353–54
on quartering of, 337–42
in Manufactory House, authorizes, 353–54
proposes Manufactory House, 347
opposition to, 353–55
on townspeople, future relations with, 332, 334, 338, 343, 354
BRITISH TROOPS, DEPLOYMENT OF
contemplates and plans for, 36, 41, 170, 258
his rationale, 109
hopes Gage will issue orders, 23, 220, 237–38, 253
hopes Hillsborough will issue orders, 32, 110, 154, 267–68, 297
preferences, 257–58
Dalrymple
miltary assistance from
not ordered to provide, 220, 232, 238, 253, 376, 382
ordered to provide, 346
orders for, “private hints” of contents, requests, 238
prepared to provide, 220, 232, 254, 258, 267, 317, 381–82
secret discussions with, 177–79
transmits sealed orders to, 232, 239, 254, 258, 267, 270n, 382
as “functionary” following orders, 33
Gage
civil government, weakness of, warns him about, 30, 235, 237
explains his position regarding, 219–20, 237, 239, 253–54, 263
orders from
anticipates, 16, 23, 28, 219–20, 237, 253, 258, 265, 268
receives, 269n
orders issued by
confused by, 220, 232, 238, 245, 253, 382
discusses, 293–94
informed of, 290–92, 304–06, 374
knowledge of, 253, 263–64, 267, 291, 374, 382
requests “public” copy of, 33, 294, 304–06
Hillsborough
direct orders issued by
influences, 28–30, 40, 184, 195
instructions respecting, 270–76
receives, 155, 183–84, 253, 274, 277, 291, 304, 317, 338
preference for, 32, 131, 264, 297
direct orders, persuades him to issue, 28
and military assistance, authority to request, 183
procedure for, follows, 265
on purpose and function, 263
reinforcements required, thinks, 317
request for
makes tacitly, 27–28, 109, 195, 235–37, 245
reluctant to make directly, 31, 36, 263–66
CORRESPONDENCE
American Board of Customs, with
about, 127, 180, 191, 193, 195, 197–98, 307
Treasury, copied to, 371, 379–80
Barrington, Ld., with
about, 11, 34, 45, 81, 85, 94, 109, 147, 154, 215, 234, 264, 269, 287
discussed, 144
Board of Trade, with
about, 44
assembly, messages and speeches to, sends copies of, 59
boundary disputes between Massachusetts and New York, commission report on, sends, 173n
discussed, 120
editorial policy concerning, 44
instructions respecting, 241–42
listed, 120
manufactures, account of, transmits, 164
newspapers, sends, 86n
Boston town meeting, with, about, 206
British correspondents, about, 2, 8, 14
British government, with
about, 2, 5, 11–25, 35–36, 39, 41, 109–10, 154, 269, 362
and colonial policy, 96, 142, 149, 151, 181–82, 184, 187, 254, 269, 271, 274, 313
departments of, 44
discussed, 224
Cade mentioned, 207
Calendar of, 47
Cicero alluded to, 145n
confidentiality, anxieties concerning, 157–58
Convention of Towns, with
about, 331
printed, 344
Cushing, with, about, 344
Dalrymple, with
about, 178
transmits disaptches and orders, 31, 220, 232, 238, 244, 254, 316, 382
FB holographs, 43–44
Francklin, with
about, 140
Hutchinson, paper by, sends, 140
Gage, with
about, 219, 232, 236, 239, 253, 258, 265, 291, 294, 304–05, 317, 339, 346
Dalrymple, orders for
Gage sends, 253
Gage sends copies of, 267, 316, 382
inconsistencies in, 269–70n, 294n
General Court, acts and resolves of, transmits, 160
Hillsborough, with
about, 77, 97, 133, 143, 151, 158, 163, 165, 170, 184, 187, 204, 210, 214, 217, 225, 241, 245, 249, 251–52, 255–56, , 268, 274, 279, 281, 289, 292–93, 298, 301, 303, 315, 322, 326–27, 336, 350, 353, 356
Bernard Papers, printed in, 52n
composition of, 10
contents of, concerning, 133, 151
features of, 11–12, 184, 187, 215, 245, 261, 268–69, 317
Gage, FB’s correspondence with, sends copies of, 268
Gage, orders issued by, sends copies of, 268, 382
his messages and speeches, sends him copies of, 169, 220
House of Representatives, papers of, sends, 257,
newspapers, FB sends copies of, 242
Otis, speeches of, FB sends copies, 297–98
reading of, 110
Shelburne, letters to, concerning, 10, 120, 133
Hood, with, about, 288
House of Representatives requests copies of, 107n
Jackson, with
about, 7, 51n, 70, 90, 102, 177
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” sends, 101–02
numbering of, 102
king
considered by, 1, 9, 73, 77, 96, 151
presented to, 142, 149, 181, 254, 313
letterbooks, 43–44
Liberty riot, respecting, 21, 184–90, 201–5
about, 5, 16, 21, 29, 36, 86, 210n, 250n, 252n
List of Correspondence, 401–16
mentioned, 47
not found, 115, 141n, 144n, 149n, 177n, 212n, 216n, 274, 292
as official source of information, 3–12, 28–30, 33, 106, 151–52, 172, 242, 308
Parliament
considered by, 158n
presentation to, about, 242, 255
presented to, 25–26, 28, 32, 74, 87, 99, 115, 123, 133, 138, 143, 151, 184, 187, 193, 195, 197–98, 204, 210, 214, 225, 245, 252, 255–56, , 268, 274, 277, 279, 281, 289, 298, 315, 322, 336, 350, 353, 361, 378
political problems arising from, 157–58
Pownall, J., with
about, 60, 63, 66, 76n, 173, 329, 372
boundary commission report, sends, 160
FB’s correspondence with Shelburne, sends copies, 99, 105, 115, 120, 123
House of Representatives, papers of, sends, 120
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” sends, 63, 65–66, 101–02
Massachusetts Circular Letter, sends, 99
mentioned, 59
messages and speeches, sends copies, 59, 66, 120, 172
newspapers, sends, 250
Pownall, T., with, about, 148
private or secret letters, 3, 65, 153, 156, 172, 181, 183, 247, 252, 269, 306, 319, 325–26, 328
published
in newspapers, 206, 330, 388, 401
pamphlet, as. See Copies of Letters from Bernard to Hillsborough; Letters to Hillsborough; Letters to The Ministry
Ropes, with, about, 144
secretary of state, with
about, 11, 26, 28, 43–44, 60, 74, 77–78, 106, 112, 116, 247, 261, 274, 314, 400
secretary of state, with, about, xxv, 51n, 60n, 107n, 229n, 252n
Shakespeare alluded to, 82
Shelburne, with
about, 8–10, 15, 24, 74, 76n, 87, 96, 99, 105, 115, 120, 133, 138, 146–47n, 252n, 261, 293
Council, proceedings of, sends, 115, 133
Hillsborough, appointment of, following, 8, 11, 74, 77–78
House of Representatives
answers to his messages and speeches, sends copies of, 102
letters to Shelburne from, sends copy, 105
messages and speeches to, sends copies of, 105, 114
presented to, 10, 101–02, 104, 106, 112
proceedings of, sends, 112, 115
newspapers, sends, 123, 137–38
CROWD ACTION
accounts of
Boston (4 Mar. 1768), 129
Boston (18 Mar. 1768), 128–34
Boston (5 Jun. 1768), 174–75
Boston (10 Jun. 1768), 21–22, 184–90, 201–12, See also BERNARD, FRANCIS: LIBERTY RIOT
Boston (15 Jul. 1768), 258
Boston (18–19 Jul. 1768), 258–61
Boston (23 Aug. 1768), 295
manufacture crisis, 133
Roxbury (4 Jul. 1768), 243
American Board of Customs, targeting, 129–30, 180, 185–87, 257, 259–60
anti-impressment riots, 174–75
on Boston “mobs,” 19, 31, 119–20, 129, 132–33, 136, 162, 180, 185, 207, 257, 259–60, 263–64, 273, 279, 295
“terrible” noise and “Fury” of, 130–31
in Boston, accounts of, 129–31, 184–90, 202, 207, 242, 259–60
celebrations, parades, and processions, depictions of, 129–31, 136, 185–86, 207, 212, 289
crowds, his depictions of, 108, 129–30, 136, 174, 185, 207, 242–43, 251, 259, 295, 297
on crowds, leaders of, 260, 295
“directors,” 259
Liberty riot. See under BERNARD, FRANCIS: LIBERTY RIOT
as political weapon, 13, 133, 162, 164, 257, 260, 263–64, 273
on restraint of, 132, 191, 207, 248, 260
on resurgence in, 109
Sons of Liberty, organized by, 260
on terror of, 130, 162, 186, 260, 272, 279
on “trained mobs,” 19, 162, 257, 263
on violence, apprehension and fear of, 129–32, 173, 185–86, 190, 193, 197, 201–02, 204, 260
GOVERNMENT
American Board of Customs
Boston, retreat from
informed of, 192
“may assist our purpose,” 186
views on, 186, 189n, 209, 215, 249–50, 257, 263
collusion with, 15, 21–22, 28, 30, 110, 154, 192, 195, 220, 237, 257, 263, 266, 366, 372
commissioners, conversations with, 131
Council, views of, communicates, 192–93, 198
frustrated by, 154
memorials to Treasury from, aware of, 129
on opposition to, 129–30, 152–53, 186, 202, 243
protection and safety of
cannot ensure, 128–34, 197–98, 269n, 289
considers, 30, 108, 127–28, 190, 192–95, 197–98, 201, 235, 243, 270n, 375
provides sanctuary to, 15, 186, 197, 235
responsibilities to, 153
Sewall’s dispute with, intervenes in, 311, 312n, 306–13
on assemblies and governors, disputes between, 80–81
and assembly
adjourns, prorogues, and summons, 71, 105, 112, 213, 222–23, 255, 262, 275, 277–78, 306, 320
answers to messages and speeches, 104
dismissal of, 94
dissolution of, 213, 222, 224, 226, 233, 239, 277
and governor’s authority, 80
and governor’s salary, 94
petitions of, discusses, 71
proceedings of, 72–73
on assembly
divisions in, 59
governor, communications with, 73
optimistic about, 74
support in, lacking, 100, 167, 215
authority of
on restoration of, 38, 93, 122, 125, 162, 271, 278, 327, 330, 348
and Boston Gazette, prosecution of printers of, 18, 113–15, 121–25, 181
Boston selectmen
and, 130, 207–08, 245, 248, 319, 332–33, 338
exceed their authority, 321, 343
Boston town meeting
(12 Sept. 1768), views on, 35, 316, 319–20, 322
meets with committees of, 208
Boston, removal from, considered, 279
Circular Letter
on adoption of
first motion for, defeat of, 87, 100, 261
passage of, 90, 98, 100–01, 104, 161, 163, 261, 314
on colonial responses to, 222
FB, comments on, 99
observations on, 98–99
obtains copy of, 10, 98, 104, 106
on radicalism of, 12, 99, 102, 144, 161
rescinding of. See under BERNARD, FRANCIS: RESCINDING CONTROVERSY
and Council
addresses and answers from
commentaries on, 268
discussed, 169, 268, 335, 349, 356
printing of, unauthorized, 336, 348, 355
quoted, 342
American Board of Customs
protection and safety of, consider, 127, 130, 190, 193, 195, 202, 235, 370
retreat from Boston of, consider, 23, 30, 195, 235, 268, 370
Bowdoin’s influence in, xxv, 2, 22, 38, 40, 163, 230n, 256, 269–70n, 348, 355
British troops
imminent arrival of, disclosed, 37, 275, 291
and Gage, letters from, 294, 304, 306, 316, 338, 340–41
and Hillsborough, letters from, 182–83, 221, 258, 275, 277, 289, 292, 340–41
and impressment, 208
king, and petition to, 224, 255–56, 314, 396
Liberty riot
deliberations on, 22, 186, 192–94, 198, 201–03, 243, 250, 268, 342
investigation of, 193, 272, 295
messages and speeches to, 113
military assistance, propriety of, deliberations on, 16, 22, 31–32, 73, 203–04, 264–68
newspaper libels, deliberations on, 113, 121, 167
proceedings of, 113
(1 Mar. 1768), 117n
(18 Mar. 1768), 128–30, 133–34n, 275, 294, 332, 338
(11–13 Jun. 1768), 180, 186, 189–90, 193–95, 202–03, 236
(30 Jun.–7 Jul. 1768), 223, 395
(22 Jul. 1768), 267
(29 Jul. 1768), 277
(30 Aug. 1768), 289
(26 Sept. 1768), 339–42, 347–50n, 356, 355–56
(29 Sept. 1768), 354
relationship with, about, 2, 17, 25, 31, 38–39
and Shelburne, letters from, 74, 101, 103, 105
“state” of province, discuss, 250
his strategic considerations, 163, 169–70, 195, 265, 297
on Council
censure of, 74, 101, 104–05, 112, 356
councilors in crowds, 259
crowd action, views of concerning, 15, 127–28, 130, 342
debates in, 131–32
elections to, 122, 168–69, 176
government officers and judges, exclusion of, 166, 168–69, 321
Hutchinson, attempted restoration of, 167, 172–76
“imbecillity” of, 122
and lieutenant governor as member, 169
membership of, constitutional provisions for, 169
military assistance
on authority to request, 131, 257, 264, 266–67, 298
reluctance to request, 16, 22, 30–31, 108, 110, 131, 195, 204, 235–36, 239, 254, 258, 263–67
opposition from, 170, 265–66, 296, 331–36, 349
Otis, insulted by, 113
Otis’s influence on, 113, 115, 332
popular influence in, 113, 122, 131, 235–36, 296, 349
has “popular Spirit,” 267
and province secretary as member, 169
royal appointment of, 18, 20, 296
support from, 113–15, 122, 168
support in, 113
timidity of, 122, 243, 273, 297
vetoes elected councilors, 167
as tactic, 19, 74, 101, 105, 160, 166–68, 170, 221
votes and divisions in, 38, 113, 347, 355
on Crown officials
low morale of, 146
loyalty of, 286
“obnoxious” to people, 169
protection and safety of, 23, 108–09, 152, 154, 250, 268, 305
reprisals, fear of, 17, 23, 153–54, 318
salaries, 93
Cushing
consults with, 10, 12, 65, 71–72, 98, 104
Shelburne, letter to FB from, presents, 10
on Customs officers
intimidation of, 108–10, 119–20, 135, 153–54, 169, 215, 243, 259–60, 317
on “Dignity” of, 163
and General Court
adjourns, prorogues, and summons, 114, 119, 223, 242, 255
on proceedings of, 59, 113, 119n, 169, 202–03
on government officers
Crown salaries for, recommends, 147, 172
salaries of, 93, 147, 150, 154, 278
on governors, colonial
Crown salaries for, recommends, 7, 93–94
salaries of, 233
House of Representatives
and House of Representatives,
agent of, refuses to recognize, 19, 70n, 91n, 142, 160–61n
enemies in, 106
Hillsborough, instructions from, plans for communicating, 213
messages and speeches to, 25, 59, 102, 104–06, 109, 112–16, 120, 169–70, 172, 202, 220–22, 328
proceedings of
(1765), 328
(1766), 90n
(21 Jan.–11 Feb. 1768), 88n
(23 Feb. 1768), 76n
(25 May–30 Jun. 1768), 25, 169, 171n, 181, 201n, 203, 205n, 212–14n, 220–23, 228–29n, 243–44
(30 Dec. 1767–4 Mar. 1768), 59, 65, 67, 69, 71–73, 87, 89–90, 93, 98, 100, 103–06, 112–13, 116, 160, 386
discusses, 71–72, 109, 113, 213, 233–34, 261–63
province agents, grants for, 101, 103n
and Shelburne, his correspondence with, 104, 106–07, 293
Townshend duties, papers respecting, negotiates for, 72
on House of Representatives
DeBerdt, instructions to, 65, 69, 71–72, 112, 207
disposition of, 72, 80, 84, 87–88, 92–93, 142, 221, 313
irregular proceedings of, 72–73
king, petitions to, 71–74, 138–39, 142, 221, 223, 255–56
lacks influence and support in, 74, 100, 115, 167, 215
libel, dismissal of, 86, 112–13, 119–20
members’ speeches, 65, 69, 90, 113, 221, 297, 299
moderation of, 115
printers, reluctance to prosecute, 86, 112
procedural irregularities and innovations, 74
proceedings of, 66, 70–76, 86–88, 97–99, 103–07, 112–18, 160, 172
radicalism of, 102, 104, 112–13, 221–22, 225, 244
reconciliation with, 87
Townshend duties, remonstrances against, 59, 65, 69, 71–73, 90, 112, 143, 148, 161, 163
votes and divisions, 14, 59, 87, 89–90, 98, 100–02, 104, 113, 142, 149, 223
Whig leaders in, 113, 119–20, 169–70, 172, 221–22, 225, 297, 299–300
and Whig party, 12–13, 65, 69, 87, 90, 100–01, 104–05, 109, 112–13, 161–62, 166–67, 176, 181, 213, 220–21, 225, 244
and Hutchinson
as advisor and confidant, 17, 104, 140, 156, 213
as FB’s successor, 156
relationship, about, 17–18, 32, 272
on Hutchinson
as Castle William, captain of, 240
censure of, 59
as chief justice, 121–26, 140, 181, 248, 295
conduct of, praises, 122–23
Council
attempted reelection to, 175
nonelection to, 167, 169, 172, 176
proposed restoration to, 167–68, 172–73, 175
libels against, 295
as lieutenant governor, 156, 167–68
“resolution & steadiness” of, 122
on juries, unreliability of, 121
on justices of the peace, 186, 201, 259, 266
on law
breaches of, 301
fundamental laws, 82
ignorance of, 330
law of the land, 63, 113, 122, 131, 140
popular resistance to, 122, 356
rule of, 110
submission to, 108
suspension of, 108
on “levelling” of, 122
loyalist association, supports, 132
on Malcom, attempted arrest of, 15, 295
may have to quit, 268
on opposition to, 93, 122, 235, 325, 343, 352
on province agent, appointment of, 101
on rescinding controversy, 223, 296
on support for, 18, 20, 59, 89–90, 93, 100–01, 104, 113, 147, 161–62, 176, 269
on weakness of, 14, 16, 19, 30–31, 40, 114, 119, 122, 131, 235, 259, 263, 296, 328, 349
on writs of assistance, 139–41
GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS
See also Governor and Council
accused of misconduct
by Adams, S., 133n, 193n, 204n
accused of misrepresentation
by Adams, S., 133–34n, 189n, 211–12n, 323–24n
evidence respecting, 115–16
by House of Representatives, 226, 244, 383–85
Otis, retracted by, 208
by Whig party, 40, 105, 109, 112
administration, history of, 268
Boston
on defiance of, 31, 162, 234, 249, 321–32
prepares to leave, 298, 326, 346
Boston town meeting
aids and assists, 200, 205–06, 208, 215
campaign against impressment, assists, 200
his conduct reviewed and examined by, 11, 26, 133n, 193n, 323n
requests of, FB answers, 205–06
British army officers, assists, 59
British government, communications with, protocol respecting, 72–73
Castle William, in residence at, 353, 379
as “Civil Magistrate”
British troops to assist, 271, 284, 305, 373
parliamentary authority, obedience to, duties concerning, 273
responsibilities, 271–73
conduct as
approved, 74, 96–97, 101, 105, 142, 155, 182, 218, 254, 314–15, 325
royal observations, 142, 150, 181, 314, 388
Corner, discusses impressment with, 206, 208, 210
Crown, defends authority of, 166, 168, 205, 219, 254, 286, 296, 330
despondency of, 32, 215, 258, 269
errors of fact and judgment, 269n
Hallowell, briefs, 214
Hancock, and pursuit of, 19, 35
impressment, and opposition to, 23, 175, 200, 205–10, 214–15
informers, and use of, 33–35, 154, 226, 248, 296, 299, 309–10
instructions as
American Board of Customs, to assist, 26, 159, 206, 251, 273, 366–67, 372
received, 301
assembly, to dissolve, 150
Board of Trade, correspondence with, respecting, 241–42
British troops, deployment of, 270–76
Circular Letter, rescinding of, 9, 12–13, 142, 150–51, 275, 313–14
about, 9, 13, 24–26, 28, 77, 106, 143
discussed, 314
receives, 13, 24, 77, 170, 214
his reporting of, 25–26, 99, 225, 230, 261
undermines his support, 215
General Court, removal of, respecting, 273, 278, 280
in post, to remain, 274
Kinsman, apprehension of, respecting, 289
leave of absence, sign manual for, 217–18
Liberty riot, to investigate, 272, 274, 291
official correspondence
communication to assemblies, concerning, 292–93, 314
transmission of, concerning, 4, 76–80, 241, 252
province magistracy, reform of, 272, 274, 291, 314
royal instructions, review of, respecting, 216–17, 301
secretary of state, communication with, respecting, 242, 251–52, 302
treason, to investigate, 39, 272
as king’s representative, 12, 39, 71–73, 106, 116, 264, 271, 325, 331, 348–49
leave of absence
advised to postpone, 284
intimation of, 156
prepares to take, 287–88, 298, 325–26
proposes to take, 36, 94, 120, 287, 317
reconsiders, 234
request for, about, 154–55
requests, 146, 152–53, 173, 233–34, 287, 317
suspends, 326
messages and speeches to assembly
ennui in, 60n
opponents, 5
on oratory, inoffensiveness of, 59
orders-in-council concerning, 77
as people’s advocate, 147
political strategy
discusses, 166–73
as politician, 7, 17, 215, 269, 274, 291
recall of, considered, 13
relocation of
options offered, 20, 145, 151, 154
options, considers, 93, 145, 156
removal of sought, 223, 226–27
on royal authority
challenges to, 12, 35, 104, 321, 339, 353, 356
reinvigoration and restoration of, 6, 20, 96, 110, 122, 141, 161, 265–66, 296–97
secretary of state, represents, 73, 385
GREAT BRITAIN
America, and friends of, 6–7
American politics
on misunderstanding of, 172–73
British politics
and, 67
on, 269
Crown, authority of, expected to maintain, 182–83, 217, 271, 274, 286
as “enemy,” 320
and Halifax, 6
his critics in, 13
on imperial administration, 137
on imperial authority, 162, 320
on merchants of, 137
Parliament impatient with colonies, 65, 69, 71
IMPERIAL CRISIS
Administration of the Colonies (Thomas Pownall), reads, 148
American Colonies, rues “Indulgence” of, 93
American colonists
accused of conspiring against, 115
accused of misrepresenting, 1–2, 383–85
on rights and liberties of, 71, 131, 205
Englishmen, of, 221
“Imprudent Assertions,” 59
self-defense, of, 320
treasonable assertions of, 85
on colonial government,
British intervention, advocates, 3, 11, 20, 24, 27, 110, 115, 173, 176
discusses, 11
escalation in, warns of, 20, 132, 153, 162, 165, 215, 263
on insurrection
fear of, 194
possibilities of, 154
Parliament traduced, 137, 154, 176, 233
Parliament, American Representation in, advocates, 65–66, 69–70, 81–86, 89–90, 101, 148, 320
on parliamentary authority
arguments undermining, 71, 84, 89, 98–99, 108–09, 138, 168, 320, 332
and colonial legislative autonomy, 320
defiance of, 271
determined to maintain, 256, 265, 273
opposition to, 59, 63, 84, 89, 98, 101, 108–09, 122, 132, 136, 138, 168, 173, 320
submission to, 70
and supremacy, 40, 70, 89, 101, 320
undermining of, 64
parliamentary intervention, urges, 109, 266, 278
on parliamentary taxation
“external” and “internal” taxes, 69, 71, 83
grievances concerning, 83, 94, 99
opposition to, 14, 65, 69, 71, 82–83, 108, 138
on royal authority
challenges to, 122, 162, 167, 263, 316, 320, 335
on sovereignty, 82, 85, 89, 262, 330, 344
on Stamp Act, repeal of, 109
Westminster
blames “political dissentions” at, 83
on colonists ignorance of, 116
LEGISLATION
on Impost and Tunnage Act (1768), 278
on province agent, grants for, 119n
on salary acts, 278
LIBERTY RIOT
accounts of, 184–90
Hallowell delivers, 214–15, 274, 276
Harrison, discusses with, 191
on aftermath of, 201–12, 233–35
Hallowell, assaults on, describes, 185
Harrison, assaults on, describes, 185
Hillsborough, instructions from
investigation, to undertake, 37, 272, 274, 291
on failure of, 295–96
response to, about, 24
OPINIONS
on Adams, S., 164
on American Board of Customs
commissioners “frightened,” 14
in danger, 14, 120, 153–54, 193, 235
on Boston faction
“Terror,” foment, 162, 260, 279
on civil disorder, 80, 120, 130–31, 321, 333
on DeBerdt, 69–70n
on Dulany, 63
freedom of debate compromised, 15, 273, 278
on friends of government, 59
on “good government”, 30, 87–88, 93–94, 100, 104, 157, 254
on Hawley, 89
on Hutchinson, fidelity of, 168
on insurrection
plots, 31, 35, 240, 245, 319, 321, 390
possibility of, 22–23, 29, 129, 153, 194, 201, 209, 234, 240, 316, 318–20, 332, 345
King Charles I, “Murther” of, 221
on “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” 63–64
as “American Political Creed,” 148
as “Masterly Writings,” 63–64
on “levelling,” 122
on libel, prosecutions for, 113, 121–22, 125, 167, 296
on newspaper libels, 112, 114, 295
on Otis Jr.
antiauthoritarianism of, 221, 225–26
Boston Gazette, as political manager of, 112, 115, 119
Council, insults, 113
disputes with colleagues, 12, 119
influence of, 89, 101, 104, 222
as “madman,” 113
“Quarrel” raises, 120
reasonableness of, 169–70, 172
as “seditious Demagogue,” 122
“violent & virulent” speeches of, 221, 225, 297
on Otis Sr., 168
people, the
anxieties and distress of, 278
“enraged,” 123n
“ill temper” of, 356
lacking composure, 213
nonimportation movement, confidence in, 136
official correspondence, on awareness of, 239
parliamentary taxation, will not submit to, 120, 132
resentment of, 278
sedition of, 316–17, 319, 321, 332
social depictions of, 93, 122, 162, 168, 172, 207, 235, 332, 348
on politicians
“Depotism” of, 162
provoke British resentment, 352
on sedition, 35, 186, 202, 236, 250, 259, 263, 316–18, 345
evidence of, 262, 299–300, 314
on Sons of Liberty, 23, 31, 36, 109, 186, 204, 207, 209, 235–36, 250, 259, 261, 316–17, 346
as source of information, 296, 298, 348
on treason, 20, 36, 85, 162, 297
PERSONAL AFFAIRS
baronetcy
awarded, 156
offer of, Barrington conveys, 155–56
patent of, cost of, anxieties concerning, 156, 286
on Bernard, Amelia, 92, 285–86
on Bernard, Shute, death of, 146
and Bernard, Thomas, 45
loss of, 146–47
country house and estate (Jamaica Farm), 201, 207, 290n
death, reflections on, 126
England, wishes to return to, 17, 267, 288
cost of supporting, 325
reputation of, 153
portrait of, iv
on Pownall, J., career of, 59
POLITICS
on Adams and Otis,
disagreements, 244
Adams, S.
accused of bullying by, 193n, 204n
accused of conspiracy by, 22, 25, 133n, 134n, 188–89n, 211–12n, 246n, 323n
and, 2, 39–40, 167, 212n, 226, 229n, 237n
character of, attacks, 24, 163
correspondence reviewed by, 133–34n, 188–89n, 193n, 204n, 210–12n, 246n, 323–24n
investigates, 88n
on, 352
and Boston Faction
accused of misrepresentation by, 105, 109, 112, 167, 244
on Boston faction
American Board of Customs, intimidates, 152, 260
British troops
and arrival of, 319
influence of, 162–63, 223, 295, 332
and jury “tampering,” 121, 125, 295
leadership by, 90, 162, 167, 244, 319
military action against, considers, 263–64, 279
mob, distrust of, 259
populism of, 244
proposes impeachment of, 223
radicalism of, 109, 152, 168, 173, 244, 295, 325
sedition of, 17, 153, 250, 318
tactics of, 162, 167, 169, 176
“Wickedness” of, 114
on Boston Gazette
libels published by, 12, 112–13, 121–22, 125, 295
political “Managers” of, 112, 121
printers of, 181
on Boston representatives, 20, 87, 90, 100, 105, 112–13, 161–63, 167, 213, 220–21
and Convention of Towns, 352
death threats issued by, 236
divisions among, 244
House of Representatives, as leaders in, 100, 120, 169, 172, 222, 233, 297, 299
on Boston town meeting, 213, 328
on Boston, prominence of, 278–79
Bowdoin
accused of misrepresentation by, 256
on Brattle, 355
Convention of Towns
dispersal of, orders, 330–31
on “moderation” of, 36
proceedings, on criminality of, 321, 344
on Danforth, 355
on Erving, J., 355
on Flucker, 355
friends of government
in House of Representatives, 12, 59, 89–90, 100, 104, 113, 161–62, 167–68, 176
on, 20, 59, 93, 126, 146–47, 162, 176, 244, 269, 296
support from, 101, 167–68, 176
on Gray, H., 355
Hancock, and pursuit of, 237n
and Hawley, 212n
on Hubbard, 355
on intimidation as tactic, 162, 223, 235, 243, 349
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”
as “Bill of Rights,” 66
on, 63–65
on New York, 93
on nonimportation movement, 134–39, 182, 280–84
agreements
adoption of, 108, 132, 135–36, 182, 280–81
subscribers and nonsubscribers, 136, 162, 280–81
dissenters and opponents, 136, 281
on Otis family, attempted compromise with, 167–68, 175–77
Otis Jr.
insulted by, 233
on
in Boston town meeting, 35, 207–08, 316, 320, 332, 334
at Convention of Towns, 352
Cromwell, praises, 221
Hawley, disagreement with, 90
in House of Representatives, 69, 89, 100–01, 104, 113, 119–20, 167, 169, 172, 221–22, 233, 297, 300
“raise & blow up fire,” promises to, 352
unpredictability of, 208
opposition from, suspended, 80
on Otis Sr., 176
on partisanship, 166–71
on Pitts, 355
on political writing (anti-government), 63, 65
on popular authority and power, 162, 248, 257, 259
on “popular leaders,” 69
on radicalism, 14, 31, 63, 88, 102, 112, 138, 152, 162, 234, 244, 249, 274, 278, 295, 297, 317, 321, 325, 332
on Russell, 355
on strategy and tactics, 172–73, 176
on Tyler, 355
on Whig party, 243–44
ascendancy of, 148, 161–63, 166, 171–74
divisions in, 168, 213, 225–26, 244
his role as mediator, 80, 210, 213
in House of Representatives, 87, 90, 100–01, 104–05, 109, 112–13, 148, 161–62, 166–67, 176, 181, 213, 220–21, 226–27, 244, 297
informers among, 34
leaders of, 12, 20, 40, 65, 84, 90, 115, 122, 152, 162–63, 167, 221, 225–26, 244, 269
Whig party, relationship with, about, 10–12, 40–41, 99, 110, 116
on Whig writers, 64
RESCINDING CONTROVERSY
accounts of, 25, 220–34, , 299
assembly, dissolves, 25, 214, 275
FB, political support for, undermines, 214–15, 223, 227
House of Representatives, refusal to rescind vote for Circular Letter, 25, 223, 275, 296
initial optimism, 213
SOCIETY
on laborers, 165
on lawyers, 309
on manufacturing, 136–37, 164–66
on merchants, indebtedness of, 137
on shipbuilding, 165
on transatlantic travel, 152, 173
STAMP ACT CRISIS
on British politicians, 329
on government, disruption to, 372n
and leave of absence, 234
and public offices, closure of, 110
TOWNSHEND DUTIES
on American revenue acts, opposition to, 14, 94, 108, 119–20, 132, 135, 138
Crown salaries, expects introduction of, 94
on House of Representatives’ campaign for repeal, 59
on opposition to, 65–66, 69n–74, 119, 138–39, 221, 223, 268
incitement of, 87, 90, 98, 132, 142, 152
remonstrances against, 59, 65, 69, 71, 73, 93
on repeal of, 256
on Townshend duties act, 71, 100, 112
WRITINGS
“List of the Council who passed upon the Answer,” as enclosure, 350
“Observations upon the Answer of the Council,” as enclosure, 268
“Principles of Law and Polity” (1764)
cited, 26n
Select Letters (1774)
publishing history, 26n
Bernard Letters. See under BERNARD, FRANCIS: BERNARD LETTERS
Bernard, Amelia (née Offley)
family of, 415n
mentioned, 286
recuperation of, 285
as wife and mother, 16
Bernard, Francis, Jr. (son), 16
Bernard, John (son)
Bernard, Shute (son)
about, 146–47n
Bernard, Thomas (son)
as father’s clerk, 44–45, 152n
Harvard, graduates from, 147n
papers in handwriting of, 60, 63, 66, 70, 77, 90, 94, 102, 109, 119–20, 140, 144, 146, 148, 163, 170, 174, 178, 216–17n, 238, 240–41, 250–52, 255, 274, 287–88, 292, 294, 315, 317, 326–27, 329
Bernard, William (son), 16
Betty (brig), 230n
Bill of Rights (1689), 35, 231
Blackstone, Sir William
Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765), 230n
Bliss, Jonathan, 230n
Board of Customs (London), 363
Board of Trade
American affairs, reduced responsibilities for, 60
assembly
FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends, 59
on irregular proceedings of, 73
boundary disputes between Massachusetts and New York
report concerning, 160
report of provincial commission concerning, FB sends, 173n
and colonial governors, correspondence with, 60, 72
composition of, 241
correspondence with
considered, 242
instructions concerning, 241–42
listed, 120
FB, letters to Shelburne from, considers, 97n
governors, correspondence with, about, 60, 242
Hillsborough reforms, 242
Hillsborough, representation to, cited, 96
in-letters, filing system, 44
king, representation to, cited, 97n
letters from, cited, 164
letters to
considered by Board, 97n
manufactures, account of, FB transmits, 164
manufacturing in America, collects information on, 166n
presidents of, 26, 50n, 53n, 241,
and province agent, election of, procedures concerning, 96
secretary of, 51n, 60n, 372, See also Pownall, John
secretary of state
and, 60
letters from, 44
Shelburne, letters to FB from
considers, 74, 87, 123, 133, 138
representation on, 96
Stamp Act Congress, Ruggles’s condemnation of, FB sends, 86n
Bollan, William
and Bernard Letters, xxv–xxvi
as Council agent, 25
on FB as governor, 18
Hillsborough, letters to, cited, 25n
Hutchinson
letter from, cited, 52n
letter to, cited, 52n
as province agent, 18
Borton (sea captain), 253
Boston
American Board of Customs
established at, 2, 14, 29, 183
reports of, concerning, 10, 251
retreat of, from, 192, 194–95, 209, 215, 243, 257, 263, 266, 268, 313n, 375, 377
return of, to, 209, 268, 270n, 274
returns to, 313n
safety of, endangered in, 110n, 194, 197, 375, 377
assembly convening away from, 275, 278, 280n
barracks, lacking in, 33, 332, 338
batteries of, 174
Bernard Letters published in, xxv–xxvi
British government’s views on, 28–29, 41, 187, 255
British troops
arrival anticipated, 3, 31, 33, 38, 291, 298, 306, 319, 323n, 333
arrival not anticipated, 32, 267
arrival of, 3, 10, 19, 95, 155, 217, 275n, 317, 324n
arrival, preparations for, 31, 33, 291, 293, 304, 326, 334–35, 338–40, 346
deployment of, protests against, 3, 35, 199–200, 316, 319–20, 322, 333, 339–41
landing of, 3, 36, 38, 324n, 333–34, 346n, 354, 397
ordered to, 3, 16, 23, 26–29, 33, 183–84, 200, 220, 232, 245, 253, 255, 258, 269n, 271, 277, 285n, 290, 303–04, 317, 326, 367, 372, 378, 381, 397, 398
plans to bring, 21, 23, 32, 36, 41, 109–110, 154, 170, 178n, 220, 237–38, 253, 258, 267–68, 297, 350, 376, 382
quartering of, 10, 28, 263, 266, 291, 293–94, 331–35, 338–41, 349, 353–54, 373
preparations for, 338
resistance to planned, 250n, 296, 321
caucuses, 163
celebrations in, 130, 182, 290n, 370
churches of, 177
civil order in, 23, 127, 131–34n, 190, 192, 194, 198, 202–03, 235–36, 238, 264, 271–72, 314, 332, 341, 354, 370
and colonial protest movement, 32
Council records in, xxv
councilors residing in or near, 267, 349
councilors residing out of, 171n, 269n
countryside, communications with, 343, 345
crowd action in, 1, 10, 28–29, 110n, 127–31, 134n, 182, 185–87, 190–92, 202, 204, 207, 219, 232, 242, 257, 259–60, 267, 295, 351n, 369–71, 390, 397, See also Liberty Riot
Crown officers in, 26, 40, 180–81n
Customhouse in, 147n, 192, 313n
customs officers in, 53n, 128n, 180n, 185, 192, 201, 215, 243, 259–60, 370–71
“Faction” in. See under Boston Faction
factionalism in, 114
FB, and
attends meetings in, 201–02
family in, 16
plans to leave, 20, 234, 291, 296, 298, 326, 346
retreats from, 190n, 201, 321, 347
Gage
arrives at, 346n
and correspondence of, 220
gentlemen of, 207, 236, 259, 289n, 319
gentry of, 175
Great Britain
defies, 31, 162, 234, 249, 321, 332
handbills in circulation, 202, 209, 259
impressment, resistance to, 20, 175n, 200, 208, 237n
inhabitants of, 21, 35, 162, 175, 187, 200, 248, 259, 323n, 354
insurrection in, fears of, 1, 29, 34, 133, 194, 317
justices of the peace in, 272
king’s speech (8 Nov. 1768) concerning, 38
labor in, 137
law courts meet in, 121, 181, 295
London, compared to, 29
magistrates, 272
mail to and from, 3, 171n, 173, 183–84n, 186, 214–15, 219, 230n, 232, 247, 253, 285, 287–88, 294, 295, 298, 302–03, 306, 321, 366, See also under Mail
mentioned, 2, 19, 22, 177–78n, 191, 259–60, 313, 316, 338, 366, 369, 371
merchants of, 32, 90, 103n, 132, 136–37, 139n, 141, 164, 189n, 281, 308, 337n, 367n
artillery, 174
and Stamp Act riots, 195
“mobs” in, 19, 132–33, 162, 185, 257, 280, 390
New York, communications with, 232
newspapers of, 63, 158n, 170n, 364, 370, See under Newspapers; individual titles
nonconsumption agreement, 139n, 166n
nonimportation agreement
adoption of, 14, 20, 32, 132, 136–38n, 165, 280–81, 365, 372
enforcement of, 136
opposition to, 280–81
support for, 20, 116n, 136, 139n, 280–82
nonimportation movement in, 282n, See also under Nonimportation
impact of, 166
North End, 178n
pamphlets published in, 64n, 67n, 103n
parliamentary authority, opposition to, 397
peace in, 134, See also Boston: civil order in
people of, 248, 259, 274, 354, 364, 377
poor of, 337n
poor rate, 137
popular opinion concerning, 278–79
popular opinion in, 3, 20, 23, 35, 38, 110, 166, 189, 200, 215, 346
popular power in, 30–31, 162, 248, 257, 259, 274, 354, 364, 377, See also Boston: “mobs” in
population of, 37
property holders, 365
public buildings in, 38, 337–38, See also Manufactory House, Boston; Town House, Boston
radicalism of, 31, 162, 234, 249, 317, 321, 332
insulted, 243
revolt (1689), 353
seizures at, See under Seizures: Boston, at
sermons in, 226
shipbuilders of, 165
shipbuilding in, 165
smuggling in, 369
Sons of Liberty in, 85, 316, See also Sons of Liberty
South End, 210n
and Stamp Act crisis, 152
and Stamp Act riots, See under Stamp Act Riots, Boston (1765)
“state of,” 30, 108, 119, 154, 212n, 215, 219, 235, 237, 270n, 272, 297, 332, 335
crisis in, 199
submission of, 245
town batteries, 372n
troubles in, 266
unemployment and underemployment in, 165
wages in, 165
waterfront, 21, 165, 175, 185, 187, 243, 248
Whig party, 51n, See also under Whig Party; Boston Faction
ideology of, 237n
and popular celebrations, 64
Stamp Act, repeal of, celebrates, 15
workers of, 165
Boston Chronicle
cited, 171n, 175n, 201n, 230n, 292n, 337n, 350n
colonial assemblies, letters to House of Representatives from, prints, 228n
as enclosure, 225
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 63, 67n, 102, 368n
Boston Evening-Post
Boston nonimportation agreement, prints, 282n
Boston selectmen, circular to Massachusetts towns from, printed, 401
Camden’s speech, prints, 68, 70n, 85
cited, 26, 107n, 117n, 121n, 237n, 276n, 279–80n, 285n, 318n
colonial assemblies’ letters to House of Representatives, prints, 228n
Convention of Towns, letter to FB from, prints, 344
Conway, letter to FB from, prints, 107n
as enclosures, 85, 249–50, 262
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 63, 102
Maryland assembly, letter to House of Representatives from, prints, 249n
Parliament, presented to, 262
and Pitt’s speech, 68n
Boston Faction. See also under Whig Party
American Board of Customs, intimidates, 152, 260
and Boston Gazette, 65, 112, 121, 349
British resentment, “provokes,” 352
British troops
and Council
influence in, 223
“Depotism” of, 162
dominance of, 161–63
FB
impeachment of, advocates, 223
misrepresentations by, accusations concerning, 105, 109, 112, 167, 244
House of Representatives
in, 105, 112–13, 115, 167, 213, 220–21, 225–26
influence in, 87, 90, 100, 105, 161–63, 221
decline of, 161
jury, “tampering” with, 121, 125, 295
leadership by, 12, 90, 112, 162–63, 167, 244, 319
merchants aid, 280
military action against, discussed, 263–64, 279
mob, distrust, 259
and nonimportation, 112
opponents, intimidate, 162
parliamentary authority, opposition to, 109, 168, 173, 387
popularity of, 162, 173, 244, 323n
radicalism of, 152, 244, 295, 325
sedition of, 17, 153, 250, 318
“Terror,” foment, 162, 260, 279
and Townshend duties, opposition to, 132, 152
Boston Gazette
“A True Patriot”
about, 117n
quoted, 118n
and Boston faction, 112
Boston town meeting
petition of, prints, 200
proceedings of, prints, 211n
on British soldiers, arrival of, 324n
censure of, considered by assembly, 113
cited, 107n, 116n, 171n, 216n, 237n, 368n
“Clericus Americanus”
about, 323n
quoted, 322n
Convention of Towns
letter to FB from, prints, 344
petition to FB from, prints, 331n
proceedings of, prints, 345n, 353n
crowds, comments on, 128
DeBerdt, letter to Otis from, prints, 368n
“Democritus,” 139n
as enclosure, 115, 119, 123, 138, 262, 281, 298, 317, 321
FB, letter to Boston town meeting from, prints, 206, 330
House of Representatives
answers to FB’s messages and speeches, prints, 117n
letters to Hillsborough from, prints, 249n, 388
letters to Shelburne from, prints, 139n
proceedings of, prints, 245n, 279n
on Hutchinson’s salary, 300n
invective in, about, 117n
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 63, 65, 102
libels, prints, 12, 112, 115, 121–22, 125, 295
listed, 411
messages, prints, 105
Parliament, presented to, 262, 290n
political “Managers” of, 112, 121
political writers in, 125
printers of, 18, 115, See also Edes, Benjamin; Gill, John
legal proceedings against, 181
radical articles, prints, 318, 321
“Roger Martyn,” cited, 280n
Shelburne, letters to FB from, comments on, 106
Sons of Liberty, advertisement by, prints, 260
“Wyman,” cited, 280n
islands in, 135
mentioned, 135
Royal Navy
movements in and out of, 53–54n, 175n, 216n, 240, 241n, 318n, 376n, 378n
ships at anchor or in port, 29, 174, 200, 238, 345, 367
Boston Massacre (1770), 40, 351n
Boston News-Letter
Convention of Towns, letter to FB from, prints, 344
FB, letter to Boston town meeting from, prints, 330
Parliament, presented to, 289
and Pitt’s speech, 68n
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser
Boston selectmen, circular to Massachusetts towns from, prints, 401
Boston town meeting, minutes of, prints, 323n
cited, 52n, 107n, 126n, 146, 178n, 292n
FB, proclamation of, prints, 214n
House of Representatives
petition to king from, prints, 139n
proceedings of, prints, 279n
Boston Public Library, 25
Boston Representatives. See also Boston Faction
and Convention of Towns, 352
death threats issued by, 236
divisions among, 244
FB’s criticism of, 20, 163, 225
House of Representatives
committees, as members of, 75n, 221, 228n
as leaders in, 2, 10–12, 100, 120, 163, 169–70, 172, 222, 233, 297, 299
instructions to, 209–10, 273, 365
Boston Selectmen
armory, orders respecting, 245
authority of, 248
Baldwin, interview, 128
beacon, order erection of, 319
Boston faction, under influence of, 332
Convention of Towns, summon, 35–36, 331, 345, 351n, 353, See also Boston Selectmen: Massachusetts towns, circular to
Council, report to, quoted, 337n
crowd action, regulate, 130
effigies and flags, order removal of, 128
and FB, 133n
and impressment, 208
listed, 401
Massachusetts towns, circular to, 399–401
cited, 345n
co-signatories to, 401
mentioned, 343
Parliament, presented to, 322
published, 401
royal authority, usurps, 321
and smallpox quarantine, 60n
smuggled goods, order return of, 31, 248, 249
town meeting, summon, 207
troops, arrival of, apprehensions concerning, 400
and troops, quartering of, 332, 337–38
Boston Tea Party (1773), 189n
Boston Town Meeting
(12 Sept. 1768)
FB’s reports on, 35, 300n, 316–20, 322
proceedings of, 317, 323–324n, 346n
British government receives, 324n
American Board of Customs
discusses, 270n
insults delivered at, 15
retreat of, apprehensions concerning, 23
speeches concerning, 375
committees of, 165, 200, 207–08, 211–12n, 323n
FB meets with, 208
correspondence with, about, 206
debates in, 22
DeBerdt
letters to
cited, 211n
prepared, 207
writes to, 200
FB
assisted by, 205–06
conduct of, scrutinizes, 11, 26
meets with, 211n
messages and answers of, scrutinizes, 328
requests assistance of, 200, 208
requests information from, 33
friends of government at, 299
impressment
protests, 199–200
letters from, listed, 414
letters to, 205–06
quoted, 33
as replies, 200
town, considered by, 306n
Liberty riot, proceedings concerning, 198–201, 211n, 214n, 270n
linen manufactory, establishes, 337n
manufacturing, resolves respecting, 112, 116n, 139n, 368–70
minutes of
as enclosure, 321
Parliament, presented to, 322
mispresentations of, counteracts, 200
adopts nonconsumption, 139n
and nonimportation, 135, 365, 372
officials, election of, 370
opposition in, 200
and Otis Jr., 332
Parliament, condemned by, 38
Pennsylvania Farmer, thanks, 102, 370
petition from, 198–201
doctrines in, Hillsborough condemns, 273
FB considers, 215
Parliament, presented to, 200
petitions of
cited, 22, 206, 211n, 215–16n, 270n, 276n
as enclosures, 210
published, 324n
proceedings of
as enclosures, 317
printed, 211n
towns, transmitted to, 365
representatives, instructions to
about, 368n
cited, 201n
doctrines in, 273
Townshend Acts, concerning, 209, 211n, 365, 368n
requests of, FB answers, 205–06
rescued cargo, returns, 248
resolves of, concerning British troops, 346
Romney, HMS, demands removal of, 200
speeches in
bravado of, 36
discussed, 182
sedition, as evidence of, 36
Whig party in, 40
Boston Weekly News-Letter
cited, 214n
colonial assemblies, letters to House of Representatives from, prints, 228n
Copies of Letters from Governor Bernard to Hillsborough, advertises, xxv
FB, proclamation of, prints, 245n, 280n
Hillsborough, letter to FB from, prints, 275
House of Representatives
letters to Hillsborough from, prints, 229n, 388, 246n
proceedings of, prints, 279n
Letters to the Ministry, advertises, xxvi
printer of, 337n
Botetourt, Lord
death of, 157n
as governor of Virginia
appointment of
FB learns of, 326–27
FB unaware of, 284
arrival of, 285n
residence requirement, 285n, 327n
letter to, cited, 285n
mentioned, 157n
Boundary Commission (1767), 60n, 171n, 173n
Boundary Disputes between Massachusetts and
New York, 60n, 160–61, 171n, 173n
Bourn, Melatiah, 211n
Bowdoin, Elizabeth, 53n
Bowdoin, James
Bernard Letters
Danforth sends, xxv
printers, sends to, xxv
Council
election to, 396n
leads opposition in, 2, 22, 38, 163, 170, 347, 350
papers of
as co-signatory to, 395
as co-writer, 350–51n
publishes, 355
petition to king, drafts, 396
votes in, 350n
as councilor, 50n, 117n, 175n, 212n, 229n, 269n, 337n, 351n, 395
FB
on misrepresentations of, 256
Hillsborough, letters to, cited, xxv
identified, 356n
impressment, protests against, 21n2
letter from, cited, 212n
and Temple, 53n
Whig party, as leader of, 2, 22, 40, 163, 269–70n
Bowers, Jerathmeel
Council, election to, vetoed, 167–68, 228–29n
House of Representatives, as committee member, 75n, 229n, 362n, 389n
identified, 170–71n
Boylston, Nicholas, 282n
Boylston, Thomas, 282n
Bradbury, John
as councilor, 117n
politics of, 212n
Bradford, Alden, 362
Bradford, Gamaliel
as councilor, 117n
poitics of, 212n
Bradshaw, Thomas
American Board of Customs
letter to, cited, 378n
letters from, cited, 363
memorials of, explains Treasury’s reception of, 378
on Hillsborough, instructions to FB from, 372
Hillsborough, sends to
American Board of Customs
letter to Dalrymple from, copy of, 376
letter to Gage from, copy of, 376
memorials to Treasury from, copies of, 366, 372, 378
identified, 416n
letters from, not found, 289n
letters to
cited, 289n
listed, 413
mentioned, 147n
Pownall, sends to
American Board of Customs, memorial to Treasury from, 372
Brattle, William
Council, votes in, 350n
as councilor, 117, 175n, 189n, 229n, 269n
FB, as critic of, 117
Brett (ship’s captain), 214–15
Bridgewater, Mass., 230n
Bristol County, Mass., 180n
British Army. See also Boston: British troops
14th Regiment of Foot, 28, 33, 178n, 184, 290, 304
29th Regiment of Foot, 28, 33, 184, 290, 304
47th Regiment of Foot, 292n
48th Regiment of Foot, 346n
59th Regiment of Foot, 184
62d Regiment of Foot, 397
64th Regiment of Foot, 29, 38, 275n, 285n
65th Regiment of Foot, 29, 38, 275n, 285n
artillery companies, 33, 60, 184, 346, 381
Boston, arrival in, 3, 10, 19, 31, 36, 38, 95, 155, 217, 275n, 317, 324n, 326, 346
anticipated, 3, 31, 33, 38, 291, 298, 306, 319, 323n, 333
apprehensions concerning, 400–401
preparations for, 31, 33, 291, 293, 304, 326, 334–35, 338–40, 346, See also British Army: quartering of
Boston, deployment to, 3, 16, 27, 29–30, 109–10, 154, 200, 204–05n, 232, 237, 239, 264, 274, 337, 345, 351n, 372
Correspondence of Gage, not mentioned in, 23
duties and functions, 263, 305, 397
FB does not request, 266–70
FB reluctant to request, 257–58, 263–65
mentioned, 183, 219, 232, 253, 271, 290, 370, 381
occupation, as army of, 3, 20, 29, 35, 38, 199–200, 245, 258, 263, 316, 319–20, 322, 333, 339, 341
orders for, 3, 16, 26–29, 33, 36, 183–84, 200, 220, 232, 245, 253, 255, 258, 269n, 271, 277, 285n, 290–91, 303–304, 317, 326, 351n, 367, 372–74, 378, 381, 396–99
plans to bring about, 170, 178n, 195, 204
resistance to, talk of, 23, 31, 35, 209, 250n, 296, 321, 346, 351n
as strategic option, 131
Boston, land in, 3, 36, 38, 324n, 346n, 354
Boston, relations with inhabitants of, 332, 334, 338, 343, 354, 360, 400
and Castle William, garrisoning of, 197n, 294
commander in chief (North America), 16, 28, 52n, 183, 199, 271, 273, See also Gage, Thomas
fear of, 35
mentioned, 210, 253, 296, 321, 334, 345, 354
officers mentioned, 31, 33, 59, 60n, 178n, 220, 232, 258, 290–94, 305, 346, 354, 376
quartering of, 10, 28, 263, 266, 291, 293–94, 331, 332–35, 338–41, 349, 353–54, 373
preparations for opposed, 331–42, 353–56
Royal Regiment of Artillery, 346, 381
as standing army, 35, 70n, 320, 343, 400
British Coffee House, Boston, 130, 134n, 139n
British Colonial Policy. See also Imperial Administration
American Board of Customs
correspondence of, influence on, 187
governors’ responsibilities to, respecting, 159, 206, 251, 273
assembly, communications to, respecting, 292, 314
Board of Trade, role of, 60, 241–42
and British troops, deployment of, 3, 16, 20, 26–33, 37, 183–84, 187, 220, 271–72, 367, 372–73, 397
and colonial government, reform of, 1, 39
FB’s understanding of, 266
continuity in, 145
credibility of, 32, 41, 110, 255
entrenchment in, 64
errors of judgment in, 9, 11, 13, 24
FB as governor
and, 12, 30, 40–41, 151, 154, 350
conduct of, 19, 96–97, 105, 125, 155, 182, 254, 314–15, 388
and correspondence of, 96, 142, 149, 151, 181–82, 184, 187, 254, 268–69, 271, 274, 313
and Hutchinson, role of, 272
leave of absence, 183, 218, 234, 287
instructions to, 4, 218, 234, 292
firmness in, 28, 37, 39, 120, 133, 184, 269, 272, 373
General Court, removal from Boston, respecting, 272–73
Governor and Council, authority of, respecting, 183
governors
instructions, review of, 216–17
and salaries of, 94, 145, 150, 155, 157n, 170n
and Hillsborough, 24, 26, 28, 39–40, 74, 78, 97, 242, 269, 378
historiography of, 21, 28, 151, 378
and impressment in America, 273
on information, disclosure of, 10
innovations in, 64
Liberty riot, inquiry into, instructions respecting, 272, 274, 291
manufacturing, accounts of, governors to provide, 166n
Massachusetts Circular Letter, respecting, 9, 12–13, 142–43, 149–51, 275, 314
Massachusetts magistracy, reform of, 272, 291, 314
Massachusetts, radicalism in, 273–74
neglect in, 3–4
North America, British army in, dispersal of, 284
official correspondence, transmission of, respecting, 4, 76–78, 241, 252
opposition to, 97, 225, 226, 261
Parliament
and, 32
American correspondence, respecting, 242, 255
American representation in, respecting, 145
and parliamentary authority, defense of, 10, 39, 273, 314
and parliamentary taxation, 1, 3, 7–8
province agent, respecting, 96–97
representations, transmission of, respecting, 142, 314
resistance to, 261
revisions in, 367
and Royal Navy, deployment of, 183, 398
and Townshend duties, repeal of, 11
and treason trials in England, 272, 275n
uncertainty in, 6–7
British Empire, 64, 324, See Imperial Power
imperial elite, 308
British Government. See also British Colonial Policy
administration, changes of, 329
administrations, 60–61n
American affairs
sources of information concerning, xxv, 3–12, 28–30, 33, 106, 151–52, 172, 242, 308, 360–62, 387
and American Board of Customs, memorials from, 214n
American Colonies
expectations concerning, 10, 125n
friends in, 146
and radicalism in, 9
American department of, 51
American policy. See under British Colonial Policy
American printers answerable to, 114
Boston, fears insurrection in, 1, 324n
Boston, sends troops to, 3, 26–30, 37, 109–10, 154–55, 253, 350n, 378
from Ireland, 318n
rationale, 29–30, 32, 39–40, 110, 184, 187, 195, 204, 373
cabinet mentioned, 1, 7, 9, 11–12, 17, 28–29, 39, 52n–53n, 55n, 68n, 78, 145, 151, 184, 274, 329, 378
Circular Letter, response to, 9, 12, 151
Colonial Department. See under Secretary of State (Colonial Department)
colonial governors
and reputations of, 6
colonial policy. See under British Colonial Policy
colonial radicals, insulted by, 114–15
communications with, protocol respecting, 73
and Convention of Towns, 353
correspondence with
as historical evidence, 40–41
Hutchinson’s knowledge of, 17
information, control of, 5, 41
writing style, 19
and DeBerdt, 69
agent’s role not recognized, 50, 70n, 201n
FB as governor
and, 8, 10, 12, 33, 88n, 308, 329, 353
conduct of
approved by, 97
and intermediaries, 156
and leave of absence, 234
and Liberty riot, 23
salary of, considered by, 227n
as scapegoat for, 41
FB’s correspondence, considers
Boston town meeting (12 Sept. 1768), concerning, 35, 324n
Circular Letter, concerning, 362
as evidence, 2, 11, 16, 22–25, 36, 39
Liberty riot, concerning, 21
Massachusetts, “state” of, concerning, 22
troops, as rationale for, 109–10, 154, 268–69
General Court, acts and resolves received, 158n
hostility toward, 99
House of Representatives, reponses to, 126n, 201n
lieutenant governor’s salary, proposes, 300n
ministerial changes, 6, 8, 51n, 60, 76n, 78
ministers
FB, influenced by, 8, 11, 97, 106, 110, 151, 224, 234
mentioned, xxv, 1–12, 16, 24–29, 33, 51n, 59–60, 66, 72, 76n, 106, 131, 142, 145, 151, 225, 334, 361–62, 384–87
optimism of, 125n
Otis, Jr., disparaged by, 221
perceptions of, 5, 11, 24, 29, 85, 97, 151, 254, 308, 322n, 341, 350n, 360–61, 388
Northern Department. See under Secretary of State (Northern Department)
officeholders, appointment of, dates, 55n
and Parliament, 41
and American representation in, 65
supporters in, 84, See also Barrington, Lord
prime minister, 8, 27n, 50n, 61n–62n, 66n, 68n, 225
Southern Department. See under Secretary of State (Southern Department)
and Townshend Acts, repeal of, 2, 7, 132
and Townshend Revenue Act, enforcement of, 268
and treason, prosecution of, 275n
British Politics
and American affairs, 6–11, 26–27, 51, 124, 133, 148
and factions, 268
Boston town meeting (12 Sept.), reactions to, 324n
and colonial government, reform of, 124
developments in, 6
and FB, 6–9
FB’s friends in, 7–8, See also Barrington, Lord
general election (1768), 124–25n, 171n
and Hillsborough, 28
honors in, 156
and House of Representatives, 75n
satirized, 299
and Stamp Act, repeal of, 66n, 68n
and Townshend Acts, repeal of, 6
Whig dominance in, era of, 6
Bromfield (gentleman), 100
Bromfield, Henry, 103n
Bromfield, Thomas, 103n
Brompton, Richard, 62
Brooke, John, 27
Brown, John, 337n
Browne, William, 230n
Buildings, 2, 35, 38, 116n, 136, 139n, 207, 209, 211–12n, 245, 259, 260–61n, 318n, 322–24n, 330, 331, 334–35, 339–41, 345, 347, 351n, 353–54, See also Castle William
Bunch of Grapes Tavern, Boston, 134n
Burch, Ann
identified, 133n
Burch, William
American Board of Customs, letters of, as co-signatory to, 127, 180, 191, 194, 307, 366, 371, 377
as commissioner of Customs, 368n, 372n
crowd action, subjected to, 108, 129
Province House, take refuge in, 130
Buttons, 139
Byles, Mather, Jr.
England, travels to, 177
identified, 178n
Byles, Mather, Sr.
mentioned, 178n
Cade’s Rebellion (1450), 210–11n
Calef, John, 230n
Cambric, 139
Cambridge University, 299
Cambridge, Mass., 144n, 146–47, 273, 280n
Old Burying Ground, 146
Camden, Lord
American Colonies, taxation of, views on, 66
Chatham, confusion with, 67n
FB’s reports of Stamp Act riots, praises, 66–67
House of Representatives, letter from
quoted, 67
as enclosure, 85
House of Representatives, read in, 65, 67n, 69
Otis Jr. speaks on, 68n
and Parliament, American representation in, 65, 69
reprinted, 65, 67n, 69, 70n, 85
Captivi (The Captives. T. Maccius Plautus)
adapted, 351n
Caribbean, 399n
Cartographers, 179
Castle Island, Boston Harbor, 33, 240, 333
Castle William
attack on, rumors of, 31, 35, 240, 245–46n, 346, 390
barracks at, 33, 293–94, 333–341
British regiment ordered to, 304, 331, 340
British regiments at, quartering of
plans for, 28, 33, 291, 333, 340–41
Customs commissioners
retreat to, about, 22, 181n, 195n, 250, 310, 313n
Customs officers seek asylum at, 192, 219
garrison at
British troops for, 291
commander of, 197n
establishment of, 389n
provincial troops, removal of, 294
reinforcements for, 391n
size of, 245
insurrection, as target of, 319, 321, 390
occupation of, Gage’s instructions respecting, 373
as refuge, 245
Castle William, Captain of
letter to
listed, 407
Parliament, presented to, 204
Caterpillars, 118n
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina), 118n, 145n
Ceded Islands, 397
Celebrated Speech of a Celebrated Commoner (1766), 68n
Chadwick, John, 230n
Chamier, Anthony, 147n
Chamier, Robert
identified, 147n
mentioned, 146
Chandler, John
Council, not elected to, 168
as councilor, 117n
Charles I, King, 143n, 226, 392, 396
execution of, as murder, 221
Charleston, S.C., 280n
Chatham Ministry
and American Board of Customs, 187
American criticism of, 225
and American policy, 6, 8, 12, 32, 68n, 145, 367
and Board of Trade, 54n
and Grafton, 68n
and Hillsborough, 78
mentioned, 6, 60, 66, 227n, 242, 269
ministers in, 66
and Shelburne, 51n
Chatham, Earl of. See also under Pitt, William
administration of, 6–13, 50–51n, 54n, 60–61n, 66, 78, 145, 187, 225, 242, 269, 367, See also Chatham Ministry
and American greivances, 8
American policy, favors conciliation in, 32, 68n
Camden
compared with, 66–67
confusion with, 67n
Cushing, letter from, cited, 116n
House of Representatives
letter from
cited, 66
listed, 116n
Otis Jr.’s views on, 225
Parliament, speeches in, mentioned, 65
portrait of, 62
as prime minister, 8, 66, 68n, 227n
resigns office, 50n, 61n, 227n
supporters of, 8
Cheese, 139
Chelmsford, Mass., 229n
Chelsea Pensioners, 276
Chief Justice of Massachusetts. See also Hutchinson, Thomas
House of Representatives, censured by, 59
mentioned, 17, 115, 121–22, 125, 140, 248, 295
salary of, 177n
and Superior Court, 60n, 141n, 370
Children, 92, 108, 129–30, 133, 146, 392
Chilmark, Mass., 230n
Christ Church, Boston, 177, 178n
Christ Church, Oxford, iv
Chronicles, Book of, 189n
Church of England
and American episcopate, 226
mentioned, 177
state and, 143n
Church, Benjamin
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 118n, 145n
Orationes In Catilinam (Orations against Catiline), 145
Circular Letter, Massachusetts, 88, 359–62, See also House of Representatives: colonial assemblies, circular to (11 Feb. 1768)
about, 9
adoption of, 12, 88, 90, 95n, 98, 100–01, 104, 142, 145n, 163, 226, 261, 314–15n, 361–62, 386–87
British responses to, 52n, 142–45, 149–51
cited, 116n
colonial responses to, 93, 104, 222, 228n, 249n, 384
content and impact of, 9, 99, 161, 362, 386
controversy over, FB’s role in, 99, 210, 215, 222, 226,
FB, passages commenting upon, 99
first motion for, defeat of, 12, 87, 99–100, 313, 385
king praises, 142
Hillsborough discusses, 13, 86, 151, 226, 388
Hillsborough’s reaction to, 12–13, 25, 86, 145, 151
and historiography, 99
House of Representatives defends, 226, 383, 386
Parliament, presented to, 99
radicalism of, 9, 98–99, 151, 362
rescinding of, 214n
about, 9
about, 25, 220–33, 250n, 261, 300n
FB’s role in, 25–26, 171n, 214n, 226–28, 246n, 250n, 261, 275
House of Representatives
protested by, 383, 388–89n, 400
refused by, 25, 151, 223, 226, 231, 279, 296, 388
instructions respecting, 9, 13, 24–28, 77, 106, 143, 149–51, 170, 214, 215, 227–28n, 313–14, 383
opposition to, support for, 280n
and political alignments, 225
as political controversy, 10, 13, 26, 28, 99, 225–26, 228n, 279n
and Whig party, 25, 225, 280n, 297–300n
Shelburne, FB transmits to, 10–11, 98, 104, 112
Civil Disorder, 80, 120, 130–31, 148, 181–82, 187, 189n, 194, 314, 321, 333, 341, See also Sedition; Crowd Action; Insurrection; Rebellion
Civil List. See Crown: salaries
Clausen, Peter
identified, 415n
letter to, listed, 402
Cleaveland, John
as “Clericus Americanus,” 323n
Clergymen, 177, 178n, 226, 323n
“Clericus Americanus” (anti-government writer), 322n
identified, 323n
Clerk no. 3
papers in handwriting of, 81, 105, 215, 234, 264
Clerk no. 7
papers in handwriting of, 187, 210
Clerk no. 9
papers in handwriting of, 260, 354
Cloth, 139
Clothing, 139
Coaches, 139
Cobbett, William
Parliamentary History of England (1806–20), 68n
declaration of, cited, 155n, 299
as friend of government, 164
Collection of Interesting, Authentic Papers, relative to the Dispute between Great Britain and America (John Almon), 55n
Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xv
Colonialism, 39
Colvill, Lord, 54n
Commander in Chief (North America), 28, 52n, 183, 199, 271, 273, See also Gage, Thomas
Commentaries on the Laws of England (William Blackstone), 230n
Commissions
royal, 4, 71, 127, 140, 153, 156, 168, 191, 199, 206, 217, 259, 260, 263, 286, 295, 297, 360, 361, 363, 377
Common Sense (Thomas Paine), 64
Communications, 73, 77, 252n, See also Roads; Mail
official correspondence, transmission of, procedures for, 76–78
Company of Cadets, 174
Conference between the Commissaries of Massachusetts-Bay and the Commissaries of New-York at New-Haven in the Colony of Connecticut, 1767 (1768)
as enclosure, 160
Connecticut
agent of, 51n
assembly of, 228n
boundary disoute with Massachusetts, 160
as charter colony, 367n
courts in, 141
mentioned, 368n
Connecticut Gazette, 367n
Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies (Daniel Dulany), 64n
Constitutional Rights. See under Rights: constitutional
Convention of Towns
advocates colonial self-government, 85
correspondence with, about, 331
dispersal of
FB orders, 329–31
refused, 353n
grievances of, 343–44
historical analogies for, 353
and Imperial Crisis, 10
king, professes loyalty to, 343
letters from, 342–44
Parliament, presented to, 353
published, 344
letters to, 329–31
FB writes, 352
listed, 414
meeting of
anticipated, 320
Parliament, condemned by, 38
petition from, printed, 331n
proceedings of
criminality of, 344–45
discussed, 352
Parliament, presented to, 353
reported, 324n
Province Charter, endangers, 348
resolves of, “moderation” of, 36
summoning of, 35–36, 321, 324n, 401
and treason, 345n
as unlawful assembly, 38, 321, 330, 348, 353n
Conway, Henry Seymour
on American Colonies, British relations with, 10
Cushing, letter from, cited, 116n
Hillsborough, criticizes, 38
House of Representatives, letter from, cited, 116n
leave of absence, FB requests, 218
letters from, published, 107n
letters to
filed, 43
Stamp Act, accounces repeal of, 107n
Copies of Letters from Governor Bernard to Hillsborough (1769), 25, 134
Copley, John Singleton
Adams, S., portrait of, 111
FB, portrait of, iv
Gage, portrait of, 196
Hancock, portrait of, 283
Cordage, 139
Corner, John
American Board of Customs
correspondence with, as enclosure, 190n
letters from, cited, 192n, 380n
message from, transmits, 390
anti-impressment riot, discusses, 174–75
Castle Island, protects, 240, 375
correspondence of, 53n
correspondence with, about, 174, 240
Council, examines complaints of, 175n
Dalrymple’s orders, transmits, 238
FB
meets with, 206, 208, 210, 294n
naval protection requested by, 239–41
not subject to authority of, 206
orders to captain of Castle William from, FB sends copy, 240
FB writes to, 294
identified, 175n
and impressment, 20, 175, 187, 200, 208–09, 212n, 237n, 273
letters from, received, 174
cited, 20, 31, 187, 237–38, 251n
as replies, 174
mentioned, 216n
Romney, as captain of, 20, 174, 187, 191, 205, 208–09, 219, 235, 240, 294, 375
Corsica, 290n
Cotton, 139
Cotton, John
as deputy province secretary, 362
papers in handwriting of, 361
Council. See also Governor and Council; Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives)
Adams, S., views of, 204n
addresses from
mentioned, 109
advice and consent of, concerning, 131
agent, appoints, 12
American Board of Customs
representations of, considers, 127, 130, 190, 192–93, 195, 202, 268, 370
retreat of
apprehensions concerning, 23
American taxes, repeal of, petition for, 391–96
answers to FB’s messages and speeches
(28 May 1768), 169
(22 Sept. 1768), 335
(24 Sept. 1768), 342n
about, 351n
authors of, 351n
debates respecting, 347–48
as enclosure, 350
cited, 117n
discussed, 268
association for preservation of peace, discusses, 132
and Bowdoin, 350n
Bowdoin, leadership by, xxv, 2, 22, 38, 40, 163, 230n, 256, 269n–70n, 348, 355, 395
British troops
arrival of imminent, FB discloses, 37, 275, 291, 319
provisions for, FB to request, 354
quartering of
Boston selectmen, confers with, 332, 337n
Castle William, barracks at, recommend, 332–33, 335, 338–39
consideration of, anticipated, 294
evasiveness in, 38, 331, 338–39
in Manufactory House, considers, 334, 354
mentioned, 33
orders respecting, FB communicates, 331
refuses to provide quarters, 333–35, 339–41
and requests for, 370, See under Council: military assistance
Circular Letter, rescinding of, considers, 223, 296
and civil disorder, 189n, 193n
committees of. See also Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives): committees of
answers to FB, to prepare, 113
British troops, quarters for, to provide, 332, 337n
Corner
complaint of, considers, 175n
meet with, 208
king, petition to, prepares, 223–24, 229n
Liberty riot, to inquire into, 189n, 193–94, 212n
protocol respecting, 348
“state” of the province, to consider, 223
and constitution, 114, 122, 297, 348–49
constitutional functions, 38, 256n, 257n
on constitutional rights, 392
and Convention of Towns, 348
councilors
among crowds, 259
and Boston town meeting, 211n
as confidants, 323n
election of vetoed, 170n, 171n, 228n, 229n
as justices of the peace, 201, 272
mentioned, 2, 50n, 64n, 118n, 144n, 171n, 209, 323n, 415n
politics of, 356n
voters identified, 350–51n
crowd action, views on, 15, 128–30, 134n, 341–42
Dalrymple attends meeting of, 339, 354
debates in, 131–32
elected councilors
FB plans to veto, 160
FB vetoes, 166–67
constitutional implications of, 170
Shelburne, approved by, 74, 101, 105, 116n
elections to
(1767), 167
(1768), 166–69
and Hutchinson, 176, See also Council: Hutchinson, restoration of attempted
mentioned, 122
and Whig propaganda, 169
popular influences in, 113, 122
procedures for, 167–68, 170n, 176–77n
votes cast, 170
FB
advises, 101, 103, 113–14, 174, 243, 297
FB lacks support in, 265–66, 296, 349
FB’s critics in, 212n
FB’s influence in, decline of, 170
FB’s relationship with
his strategy, 162–63, 168, 195
on French and Indian War, Massachusetts’s contributions to, 393
friends of government in, 171n, 296
Gage, letters to FB from
FB plans to present, 294, 304, 306, 316
FB presents, 338
government officers and judges, exclusion of, 166, 169
on Great Britain, trade with, 393
“harmony” with, 168
Hillsborough
letters to FB from
and communication to, 292
discusses, 182–83, 221, 277, 340–41
House of Representatives
relationship with, 101
votes and resolves of, considers
House agent, grant for, 88
province agent, grant for, approves, 100
province agent, grant for, considers, 89
Hutchinson
exclusion of, censured by Shelburne, 112
restoration of, attempted, 167, 172–76
“imbecillity” of, 122
impressment, considers, 208–09
king, petition to, 391–99
Bowdoin drafts, 396
as enclosure, 230n, 256, 315n, 396
FB transmits to Hillsborough, 256, 396
and FB, 256
Parliament, presented to, 256, 315n, 396
prepares and discusses, 223–24, 255
signatories to, 395–96n
and king’s birthday celebrations, 175
as “King’s Council,” 72, 257, 306, 356
Liberty riot
aftermath of, discusses, 202–03
further violence not expected, 192–93, 198, 201–02, 250
discusses, 22, 186–87, 194, 198, 243
inquiry into, proposes, 193, 205n, 272, 295
observations on, 268
views on, 342
on Massachusetts economy, 393
meetings of
recorded. See under Governor and Council: meetings of
requested, 319
unrecorded, 237n
membership of, constitutional provisions for, 169
messages and speeches to, discussed, 113
military assistance. See also Governor and Council: British troops, authority to request, and
FB plans to take advice on, 264, 268
question respecting, considers, 22, 31, 73, 202–03, 237n, 269–70n
reluctant to request, 16, 22, 30–31, 108, 110, 131, 195, 235–36, 257–58, 263–64, 267
request for, refuses to concur in, 32, 204, 265–68
minutes of. See also Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives): proceedings of; Council: proceedings of (with given date)
discussed, 270n
as enclosure, 130, 133, 268, 350, 371
as evidence, 5
extracted, 396n
military assistance, request for, respecting, 270n
Parliament, presented to, 268
quoted, 134n
on New England, settlement of, 392
newspaper libels
proceedings respecting, 123n
Otis Jr.
influenced by, 332
Parliament, petitions to. See also House of Commons: Council petition to; House of Lords: Council petition to
prepares, 224
on parliamentary taxation, economic impact of, 394
popular criticism of, 171n
and popular politics, 122, 131, 349
“popular Spirit” in, 267
proceedings of
(1 Mar. 1768), 117n
(28 May 1768), 171n
(31 May 1768), 175n
(11–13 Jun. 1768), 180, 186, 189n, 190, 193–95, 201–03, 236
(30 Jun.–07 Jul. 1768), 223, 395, 396n
(22 Jul. 1768), 267
(27 Jul. 1768), 264, 265, 267, 270n, 342, 351n
as enclosure, 351n
printed, 351n
(29 Jul. 1768), 270n, 277, 279n
(30 Aug. 1768), 289
(19 Sept. 1768), 275, 294, 332, 337n, 338
(22 Sept. 1768), 332, 335, 337n
(26 Sept. 1768), 339–42, 347–51n, 355–56
(29 Sept. 1768), 354
as enclosure, 355n
British troops, quartering of, concerning, 33, 331–37, 346–51, 353–56
cited, xxv
FB’s commentaries upon, 268, 350
Parliament, presented to, 133, 268, 350
summarized, 337n
on provincial taxation, 393–94
records of, about, 25n, 117n, 275
revenue acts, repeal of, request, 394–95
royal appointment of, proposed, 18, 20, 296
Shelburne, letters to FB from, discusses, 103, 107n
Sons of Liberty, intimidated by, 235–36
on specie, shortage of, 394
Stamp Act riots, response to, 237n
“state” of province, discusses, 250
on trade, balance of, 394
on treason, 351n
unanimity in, 113
votes and divisions in, 347, 355
FB records, 38
and Whig party, 20, 38, 40, 296
Council Chamber, Boston, 113, 115, 129, 162, 175, 202, 223–24, 259, 347, 348, 395
Council of Trade and Plantations. See under Board of Trade
County Down, Ire., 27
Court Party. See under Friends of Government
Craftsmen, 165
Credit, Financial, 20, 136–37, 139n, 162–63, 181, 354
Creditors, 137
Crime, 123, 126, 275n, 289, 332, 344, 384, See also Smuggling; Murder; Land Riots; Insurrections; Informers
Crowd Action, 189n, See also Liberty Riot
and Adams, S., 164
American Board of Customs, against, 129–30, 180, 185–87, 257, 259, 370–71
Boston (4 Mar. 1768), 129, 370
Boston (18 Mar. 1768), 127–34, 370–71
Boston (5 Jun. 1768), anti-impressment riot, 174–75, See also Impressment
Boston (10 Jun. 1768), Liberty riot, 21–22, 184–90, 201–05, 375–78
American Board of Customs, reported by, 180–81
Boston (14–18 Jun. 1768), 206–12
Boston (8 Jul. 1768), 242–43
Boston (15 Jul. 1768), 258
Boston (18–19 Jul. 1768), 258–61
Boston (23 Aug. 1768), 295
Boston “mobs,” 19, 21, 31–32, 119–20, 129, 132–33, 136, 162, 180, 185, 207, 257, 259, 260, 263–64, 273, 279, 295, 371, 390
celebrations, parades, and processions, 32, 128–31, 136, 185–86, 206–12, 289, 295, 370–71
commemoration, festivals of, 367n
consequences of, 272
crowds
composition of, 108, 129–30, 207, 242, 290n
“directors” of, 259
leaders of, 132, 185, 260, 295, 371
“outrageous Behaviour,” 377
participants in, 174
size of, 128–29, 136, 185, 187, 207, 242–43, 251, 259, 295, 297, 363, 369–70
demonstrations, 129–130, 258–61
disposition of, 130
FB’s reports of, about, 39–40, 133–34n
and firearms, 127, 130, 370–71
and nonimportation, enforcement of, 136, 280–81
as political weapon, 13, 133, 162, 164, 257, 260, 263–64, 273
rescues of seizures, 243, 248, 308, 363
Customhouse, returned to, 248–49
restraint of, 109, 130, 132, 189n, 191, 207, 248, 260
riots. See Liberty Riot; Stamp Act Riots
Roxbury (4 Jul. 1768), 242–43
Royal Navy officers and men, against, 208
and smuggling, 135
and Sons of Liberty, 128, 260, 298
and terror tactics, 130, 162, 186, 260, 272, 279
“trained mobs,” 19, 162, 257, 263–64
vandalism, 243
and violence, 184–90
fear of, 110n, 130–32, 190, 193–97, 201–02, 204, 308, 364, 371, 375
not expected, 201–02
threats of, 130, 260, 365, 376–78
decline, 173
Crown. See also King, The
American Colonies, jurisdiction in, 160
assemblies, representations from, protocol concerning transmission of, 72
authority of. See also Government, Royal: authority of
challenged, 169
FB defends, 166, 205, 219, 254, 296, 330
maintenance of, 182–83, 217, 271, 274, 286
and British regiments, expenses of, 334, 339, 354
dignity and honor of, 168, 375
in history, 86
Hutchinson’s fidelity to, 168
lawyers acting for, 141n, 300n, 309
officers of, 3, 157, 271, See also Province Secretary of Massachusetts; Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts; BERNARD, FRANCIS
assistance to, 305
Council, exclusion from, 116n, 321
Council, not elected to, 166, 168–69
discouraged, 146
fidelity of, 286
insurrection, fear, 153–54, 318
legal penalities respecting, 230n
mentioned, 308
protection of, 268, 291, 373, 375
safety of, 23, 108–109, 152, 154, 250, 268, 274
salaries, 93
support for, 286
unpopularity of, 169, 175, 361
violence, threatened with, 108, 110
vulnerability of, 276
prerogatives of, 330
property of, 291, 373, See also Castle William
requisitions of, 26,
salaries, 7, 67, 94, 145, 155, 157n, 167, 300, 360, 362, See also Townshend Duties: tea duty
servants of, 7, 26, 39, 110, 175, 182, 205, 219, 254, 286, 307, 375, 384
in service of, 286
and Stamp Act Crisis, 91n
subjects of, 274
succession of, 324n
Currency
exchange rates, 135
Cushing, Thomas. See also House of Representatives: Speakers of
as Boston representative, 211n, 228n, 237n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Camden, letter to, as signatory, 116n
on Castle William, establishment for, 385, 389n
Chatham, letter to, as signatory, 116n
Circular Letter, obtains copy for FB, 98
Convention of Towns, as chairman of, 330, 344
Conway, letter to, as signatory, 116n
correspondence with, about, 344
DeBerdt
and, 70n
correspondence with, about, 388–89n
letter from, quoted, 388n
letters to
received, 389n
as signatory, 116n
reports from, 388n
FB
and, 237n
consults with, 71–72
Hillsborough
correspondence with, about, 389n
letters to, 382–89
cited, 25, 88n, 262–63n, 315, 361
as enclosure, 262
Parliament, presented to, 262
printed, 261
published, 388
quoted, 227
received, 388
as signatory, 229n
House of Representatives
as committee member, 75n, 228–29n, 362n
as Speaker of, 70n, 75n, 116n, 228–29n, 249n, 352–53n, 362n, 388
Jackson, salary grant for, arranges, 100
letters from, 342–45
cited, 353n
delivered by committee, 344
listed, 415
Parliament, presented to, 353
published, 344
Lloyd, letter from, cited, 249n
Parliament, American Representation in, discusses, 65
Randolph, letter from, cited, 228n
Rockingham, letter to, as signatory, 116n
Shelburne, letters to FB from
Shelburne, letters to, as signatory, 116n
speakers of colonial assemblies, circular to, as signatory, 116n
Treasury, letter to, as signatory, 116n
Whig party, as interlocutor with, 12
Customhouse. See also American Board of Customs
in Boston, 15, 21–22, 108, 135, 147n, 230n
British troops to assist, 271
retreat of, 192
rescued, 248
smuggled goods returned to, 31, 246n, 249, 313n
Stamp Act Crisis, closure of during, 13
unpopularity of, 153–54, 169, 215, 243, 249
Customs Officers
appointment of, 143
Boston. See Hallowell, Benjamin; Harrison, Joseph
corruption of, 369
and informers, 248
intimidation of, 108, 119–20, 127–28, 135, 169, 180, 243, 251, 258–61
lacking power, 309
and Liberty riot, 205n, See also Liberty Riot
morale of, 363
resistance to, 15, 135, 251, 274, 371
rioters, abused by, 135, 295, 317
seizures by, 363
tarred and feathered, 318n
violence against, fears of, 109–10, 120, 127, 153–54, 215, 317
Customs, Commissioners of. See under American Board of Customs: commissioners
Dalrymple, William
American Board of Customs
letter to
as reply, 376
letters from, 374–76
cited, 380n
Boston
arrival in, anticipated, 339
leaves, 178
troop deployment in, plans for, 178n, 334, 339
troop landing in, oversees, 317, 334, 346n
prepares for resistance, 346
correspondence with, about, 178
FB
dispatches transmitted by, 244, 267, 305
military assistance for
not ordered to provide, 220, 232, 238, 253, 269n, 376, 382
orders concerning, 346
prepared to provide, 220, 232, 254, 258, 267, 317, 381–82
secret discussions with, 177–80
Gage
letters from, 380–82
FB transmits, 237–38, 316, 382
orders from, 232, 253, 304, 380–82
not found, 318n
Sherriff transmits, 290
sealed orders from
FB receives, 269n
FB transmits, 31, 220, 232, 238, 244, 254, 258, 267, 270n, 382
troop orders from
“private hints” of contents, FB requests, 238
identified, 178n
letters from
not found, 355n
received, 353
letters to, 177–79, 237–38, 353–55
cited, 38, 237n, 245, 253, 382
enclosures to, 220, 232, 254, 382
quoted, 31
Sherriff writes to, 291
and troops, quartering of
locates quarters, 354
in Manufactory House, 353–55
preparations for, FB reports on, 353–55
Dana, Richard, 211n
Danforth, Samuel
Bernard Letters
Bollan sends, xxv
Bowdoin, passes to, xxv
Council
as president of, xxv
votes in, 350n
as councilor, 117n, 189n, 269n
identified, 356n
Danish West Indies, 415n
Dartmouth, Mass., 228n
David, King, 189n
De Grey, William
as attorney general of England, 188, 276n, 310, 313n
opinion of in Lydia case cited, 313n
Death, 16, 126, 140, 144, 146–47, 156–57, 187, 202, 204, 211, 230, 236, 244, 251, 285
Boston town meeting, letters from
cited, 211n
Cushing, letters from
cited, 116n
received, 389n
Cushing, letters to
quoted, 388n
FB’s views on, 70n
on Hillsborough, 388n
House of Representatives
as agent for
expected role, 6
FB’s objections to, 65, 70n, 161n
instructions to, 68n–69, 71–72, 75n, 388n
not recognized, 50n, 70n, 75n, 91n, 97, 142, 201n
Circular Letter of, receives copy of, 386
criticizes, 70n
instructions from
cited, 116n
discussed, 70n
prepared, 68n–69, 71–72, 75n, 76n
letters from
about, 75–76n
Hillsborough, presents to, 360
sent, 75n
petition to king from
receives, 389n
remonstrances of, his authority to amend, 65, 69
identified, 50n
Otis Jr., letter to, cited, 368n
as province agent, 89
Shelburne, letter to, as enclosure, 368n
Sons of Liberty, toasted by, 290n
Declaration of Independence, 275n
Declaratory Act (1766). See under Parliament, Legislation: American Declaratory Act (1766)
Deerfield-Greenfield. Mass., 230n
“Democritus” (anti-government writer), 139n
Denmark
colonies of, 415n
Dexter, Samuel
Council, election to, vetoed, 167
as councilor, 117n, 189n, 270n
House of Representatives, as committee member, 75n, 362n
and insurrection, letter concerning, 390
Dibdin, Charles
She Stoops to Conquer (1785), 210n
Dickerson, Oliver M., 309
Dickinson, John
and Boston Whigs, 64
conciliation, favors, 64
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”
on Camden’s speech (11 Mar. 1766), 67n
on parliamentary taxation, 67n
on Pitt’s speech (14 Jan. 1766), 67n
on taxation and parliamentary authority, 64, 67
influence of, 64
and parliamentary taxation, 67n
Dinner Ware, 139
Discourse on Unlimited Submission (Jonathan Mayhew), 226, 230n
Disorder. See under Civil Disorder
Dominions, 205, 223, 321, 336n, 340, 344
Dorchester, Mass., 390
militia company, 390–91n
Dorr, Harbottle
annotations by, 117n, 134n, 323n
Downshire, Marquess of, 54n
Draper, Richard
mentioned, 355
Dulany, Daniel
Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies (1765), 64
identified, 64n
and “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” authorship of, 63
Duxbury, Mass., 229n
Dwelling Houses and Private Buildings, 332, 336, 338, 363, 370–72n, 390
Earth, 312n
Economy
and nonimportation, 137
Edes, Benjamin. See also Boston Gazette: printers of
on popular expectations, 324n
as printer, 18, 102, 103n, 106, 115, 370
prosecution, threatened with, 113–15, 121, 123n, 125
Edgartown, Mass., 230n
Editorial Method, 45–49
biographical sources, 55n
and Council records, 25n
Editorial Policy, 43
Edson, Josiah, 230n
Effigies, 15, 110n, 127–29, 134n, 207, 289, 364, 370
Elections, Provincial. See under Politics: provincial elections
election day (1768), 170
Emigration, 393
Emoluments. See under Incomes
Enclosures
in-letters
acts of Parliament, lists of, 77
Gage, letters from, 305
Gage, letters to Dalrymple from, 253, 305
Hillsborough, circulars from, 252, 315
Hillsborough, letters from, 251, 255, 277, 398
not found, 97
opinions of attorney generals and solicitor general of England and Wales, 274
orders-in-council, 77
out-letters
American Board of Customs
letters from, 371
memorials to the Treasury from, 376
assembly, messages and speeches to, 60, 66, 173, 177
Boston Chronicle, 225
Boston Evening-Post, 85, 249, 250
Boston Gazette, 115, 119, 123, 138, 245, 262, 281, 298, 317, 321
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, 126, 138, 321
Boston selectmen, circular to the Massachusetts towns from, 321
Boston town meeting
minutes of, 321
petition of, 210
proceedings of, 317
captain of Castle William, letter to, 197, 203, 240
Convention of Towns, letters from, 344, 353
Council
FB’s messages and speeches to, 170
observations on the Liberty riot, 268
petition to the king from, 170, 396
Council minutes, 268, 350, 371
Council, petition to the king from, 256
Cushing
letters from, 353
letters to Hillsborough from, 262
FB, “Observations upon the Answer of the Council,” 268
Gage
letters from, 268
letters to, 268
letters to Dalrymple from, 232, 238
letters to Hillsborough from, 268
Hallowell, deposition of, 204
handbill by “Friends of Liberty,” 261
Harrison, J., deposition of, 203
Harrison, R.A., deposition of, 204
Hillsborough
circulars from, 247
House of Representatives
answers to FB’s messages and speeches, 114, 177, 225
Circular Letter to the speakers of the colonial assemblies from, 99, 120
letter to Hillsborough from, 262
letter to Shelburne from, 105
messages and speeches to, 105, 120
resolves and resolutions of, 115
king, laid before, 149
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” 63, 66, 102
lists of councilors, 350
Massachusetts Gazette, 170, 225, 350
newspapers and extracts, 63, 85, 115, 119, 123, 126, 138, 170, 225, 245, 249–50, 262, 281, 289, 298, 317, 321, 350
file of, 366
not found, 60, 63, 66, 105, 119–20, 123, 126, 173, 177, 203, 210, 240, 261n, 262, 268, 274, 292, 298, 317, 321, 366, 398
Otis Jr., speech of, 298
papers “stuck up” in Boston, 210
Parliament, presented to, 99, 115, 123, 133, 138, 204, 225, 256, , 268, 274, 289, 315, 322, 350, 353, 378
Pownall, J., letters to, copies of, 66
Ruggles, protest of, 126
Shelburne, letters to, 99, 105, 120, 123, 138, 374
“To the Public,” 170
Williams, J., letters to American Board of Customs from, 371
Wootton, depositions of, 133
England
American Colonies
“demagogues” in, “indifference” toward, 269
mail packets to and from, 3–4, 32, 80, 86, 88, 100, 119–20, 124–25, 138, 144, 146, 152–53, 173, 175, 183–84n, 186, 215, 225, 242, 247–48, 252, 253, 287–88, 291, 295, 298, 302–03, 313, 321, 350, 353
attorney general of. See under Attorney General of England and Wales
Boston, attitudes toward, 234
constitutional law of, 5
Crown officials await news from, 154
Customs commissioners
expected to return to, 154
FB hopes to return to, 17, 32, 43, 94–95, 146, 152–53, 233–34, 267, 288, 317, 326
history of. See under English History
House agent in, 101
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, reception of, 63, 364
letters from published, 68n
mentioned, 2, 40, 84, 101, 109, 123n, 210n, 286, 295, 397
merchants of, 137
and New York merchants, 281
news from, 275n
nobility of, 156–57
outlaws from, 289n
Parliament of. See under Parliament of England
Parliament’s authority in, 89
popular rights in, 221
Ruggles’s reputation in, 84
social ranks in, 156
trade duties in, 360
trial of colonists in considered, 37, 272, 317
writs of assistance in, 140, 309
English History, 5, 210n, 212n
Englishmen, Rights of, 221, 225, 400
Erving, George, 323n
Erving, John, Sr.
Council
election to, 396n
papers of, as co-signatory to, 395
as councilor, 117n, 269n, 323n, 337n
identified, 356n
Espionage, 4, See also Informers
Essex County, Mass.
superior court of, 144n
Essex Gazette
Boston selectmen, circular to Massachusetts towns from, printed, 401
colonial assemblies, letters to House of Representatives from, prints, 228n
listed, 405
Essex Street, Boston, 210n
Etty, Offley and Co.
letter from listed, 402
Euripides, 86n
Exchequer, Chancellor of, 51n, 54n, 68, 156
Factionalism, 20, 24, 114, 124, 148
Fairford, Viscount, 54n
Families, 16–18, 20, 32, 100–02, 108, 124, 129–30, 133n, 145–47, 153, 156, 173, 225, 284–85, 370, See also Bernard Family; Otis Family; Royal Family
Faneuil Hall, Boston, 35, 38, 207, 211–12n, 316, 318–19, 322–23n, 324n, 330–31, 345, 351n
Fauquier, Francis
as acting governor of Virginia, 157n
mentioned, 286
FB, 138
Fire, 259
Firearms. See under Weaponry
Fireships, 215
Fitch, Samuel, 310
FitzRoy, Augustus Henry. See under Grafton, Duke of
Flags, 127–28, 130, 207, 370–71
Flucker, Thomas
Council
election to, 396
papers of, as co-signatory to, 395
as councilor, 117n, 229n, 269n, 337n
as friend of government, 171n
identified, 356n
politics of, 355
Fort Frederick, N. S., 381, 382n
Fort Pownall
commander of, 149n
establishment for, 389n
Fortifications. See also Castle William
Foster, Chillingworth, 230n
Fowle, Jacob, 230n
France, 35, 55, 68n, 175n, 221, 299, 320, 322, 393, 396n, 399n, 401
Francklin, Michael
correspondence with, about, 140
FB
as business partner of, 141n
as friend of, 148
seeks advice from, 140
Hutchinson’s account of writs of assistance, FB sends, 140
identified, 149n
letters from
about, 149n
received, 140
letters to, 139–41
writs of assistance, FB advises on, 140
Franklin, Benjamin
and Hillsborough, 27
St. Croix grants, as partner in, 148–49n
Franklin, William
indentified, 234n
mentioned, 234
Freedom, 360
expression, of, 118n, 312n, 364
rights of, 210n
French and Indian War, 393, 396n, See also Seven Years’ War
Friends of Government
Circular Letter, defeat motion for, 12, 90, 99
councilors, support FB’s veto of, 167–68
Crown salaries, favor, 147
despondent and discouraged, 20, 146, 162, 176, 269, 296
and FB’s conduct, 101
Great Britain, favor submission to, 126
and Hillsborough, 269
in House of Representatives
Council, and elections to, 167
excluded, 162
leaders of, 126n
as party, 89
“prune” papers, 161
strength of, 99
votes and motions, 12, 90, 99, 115, 227
weakness of, 17, 100, 163, 176, 227
mentioned, 96
mobs, fear of, 164
on parliamentary taxation, 227
rescinding, oppose, 229n
secretary of state, writing to, 170n
and Townshend Acts, remonstrances against, 90
“Friends of Liberty”
handbill by
as enclosure, 261
Parliament, presented to, 261
Frye, Peter, 230n
Adams, S., comments by, concerning, 134n
American Board of Customs
alarmist reports of, FB confirms, 235
Boston, “state” of, warns him about, 374–76
discusses provision of military assistance with, 376
letters from, 374–76
letters to, as reply, 376
memorials of, Hillsborough sends copies, 373
warned by, 219
Boston
“state” of, alarmed by, 218–20
“true situation,” uncertain of, 232
visits, 346n
Boston town meeting, proceedings of, FB sends copies of, 317
Boston, orders for deploying troops to, 232–33
correspondence concerning, 23, 237, 239, 253–54, 258, 264–65, 382
Council, presented to, 270n, 275, 340
Dalrymple, respecting, 238, 253, 258
discussed, 293–94
FB
allowed discretion in, 33
confuses, 220, 232, 238, 245, 253, 269n, 382
expectations of, 16, 220, 237, 253, 258, 268
“public” copy requested by, 33, 294, 304–06
FB’s knowledge of, 253, 263–64, 267, 270n, 291, 374, 382
Hillsborough, instructions from, respecting, 274, 391–99
cited, 33, 105, 184, 220, 274–75n, 366
ignorance of, 220
receives, 184
“public” letter of announcement, 303–05
about, 306
mentioned, 306
sends FB, 305
sealed orders, sends FB, 23, 220, 380–82
Boston, and troop deployment at
Council’s evaluation of, 340
FB’s “Direction and Management,” under, 305
Boston, troop landing at. See under Gage, Thomas: troops, landing of
Castle William, occupation of, instructions respecting, 373
civil government, weakness of, FB explains, 30, 235, 237
correspondence with
about, 219, 232, 236–37, 239, 253–54, 258, 265, 291, 294, 304–06, 317, 339, 346, 382
FB discusses, 267
inconsistencies in, 269n, 270n, 294n
Council, proceedings of, FB reports on, 337–42
Customs commissioners, fears for their safety, 22
Dalrymple
dispatches to, FB transmits, 244
letters to, 380–82
cited, 232, 245, 254n, 292n, 355n
copied to Hillsborough, 382
as enclosures, 220, 238, 239n, 253, 258n, 269n, 382
sends copies to FB, 267, 316, 382
sends FB, 253
orders to
about, 220, 232, 238, 253–54, 258, 382
“Conditional” on FB’s request, 253
as enclosures, 232, 238, 253, 382
FB transmits, 232, 239, 258, 267, 382
Hillsborough, FB sends copy, 382
not found, 318n
sealed copy, 380–82
sends copy to FB, 267
sends FB, 232, 238, 253, 269n, 382
Sherriff transmits, 290–91
transmits Gage’s dispatches, 238
death of, 196
dispatches for transmission
FB transmits, 235
sends, 219
departure of
views on, 317
letters to Hillsborough from, transmits, 225, 242
letters to Shelburne from
as enclosures, 99, 105, 123, 138
Hillsborough sends copies, 99, 105, 123, 138, 374
relationship with, about, 23, 237
views on, 38
Hillsborough
correspondence with, about, 398
explains crowd action to, 134n
explains troop orders to, 232–33
letters to
about, 269n
as enclosure, 268
Parliament, presented to, 268
published, xxv–xxvi
letters to FB from, transmits, 217
troop orders from, receives, 290
letters from, 218–20, 232–33, 252–54, 290–92, 303–05, 305, 345–46
about, 294n
cited, 22–23, 31, 232, 233n, 237, 245, 258n, 265n, 269n, 275, 294n, 300n, 305n, 317–18n, 336n, 342n, 382, 399n
Corner, FB communicates to, 294
Council
communicated to, 331
presented to, 264–65, 294n, 305, 306
delivered by Montresor, 346
enclosures to, 220, 238, 258n, 269n, 382
private, 306
received, 219, 232, 235–36, 239, 253, 257, 267, 291, 293, 306, 316
as replies, 237, 239, 253, 258, 265, 345
letters to, 235–37, 238–39, 257–58, 265–66, 293–94, 315–18, 337–42
cited, 23, 31, 33–36, 38, 227n, 237n, 239, 246n, 253–54, 264, 269n, 270n, 292n, 300n, 305n, 317, 346
as enclosures, 268
listed, 409, 411, 413, 414, 415
received, 253, 258, 265, 317, 345
as replies, 219, 232, 235, 237, 253, 257, 265n, 291, 293, 305, 316, 339
Sherriff, delivered by, 294
Liberty riot, learns of, 219, 237
military assistance, provision of
Council reluctant to request, 16, 22, 31, 54n, 195, 204, 239, 254, 263–65, 267, 270n
Customs commissioners urge, 195, 237
explains position regarding, 237, 239, 253–54, 263
FB does not request, 265–66
FB makes tacit request for, 237
FB, request from, expects, 219–20
necessity of, FB discusses, 31, 36
orders for, FB’s preferences concerning, 257–58
preparedness for, 219
Sons of Liberty, threats of, justify, 236
papers of, about, 25n
portrait of, 195–96
and Sherriff, 292n
troops, landing of
resistance to, FB warns of, 315–18
resistance to, prepares for, 36, 346, 345–46
and troops, quartering of, 38
Gaspee, HMS, 216n, 235, 238, 241n
Gender, 133n
General Court
adjournments and prorogations, 114, 119, 223, 242, 255
American Board of Customs, letters to FB from, FB communicates, 202, 203
and boundary commission, appointment of, 169
composition of, 348
dissolution of, 223, 242, 245–46n
FB’s speeches to, 59
Governor. See under BERNARD, FRANCIS: GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS
Governor and Council. See under Governor and Council
Governor’s Council. See under Council
Jackson, letter to, mentioned, 100
legislation. See under General Court, Legislation
Liberty riot, considers, 243, 270n
meetings of, 150
newspaper libel, FB presents, 113
proceedings of, 112
Parliament, condemned by, 38
prorogations of. See under General Court: adjournments and prorogations
province agent
election of, procedures concerning, 101
salary grant, votes, 103n, 119n
session dates (1767–68), 60n, 88n, 116n, 177n
session dates (1768), 229n
Shelburne, letters to FB from, FB communicates, 113
summoning of, 331
General Court, Legislation
acts and resolves
transmission of, 77, 157, 160, 256
Annual Supply Act (1768), 222, 228–29n
annual supply acts, 38
Conqueret, Abigail (1767), act to empower, disallowed, 247
Fees and Salaries Continuation Act (1768), 229n
governor’s salary act, 38
Impost and Tunnage Act (1768), 278
impost and tunnage acts, 278
Massachusetts Indemnity Act (1766), 91n
disallowed, 51n
sessional acts (1768), 223, 229n, 280
George II, King, 393
death of, 140–41n
identified, 396n
George III, King. See also King, The
American Colonies, as king of, 367n
Americans venerate, 116
FB, baronetcy for, approves, 156
on Hillsborough, incompetence of, 39
House of Representatives, petition from, 5
loyalty to, professions of, 343
power, abuse of, 275n
Georgia
assembly of, 228n
Gerrish, Joseph
Council, election to, vetoed, 167–68
identified, 170–71n
Gill, John. See also Boston Gazette: printers of
on popular expectations, 324n
as printer, 18, 102, 103n, 106, 115
prosecution, threatened with, 113–15, 121, 123n, 125, 370
Glass
Glorious Revolution (1688–89), 353, 383, 388
and constitutional settlement, 387
revolution principles, 320, 400
Glue, 139
God, 14, 21, 117n, 120, 186, 189n, 227, 262, 278, 284, 324n
Goldsmith, Oliver
She Stoops to Conquer (1773), 210n
Goldthwait, Thomas
identified, 149n
mentioned, 148
Government
communications in, 5
in crisis, 40
and democracy, 122
and established authority, 344
“good government,” 30, 87–88, 93–94, 100, 104, 157, 182, 226, 254, 343, 385
“levelling” of, 122
military regime, fear of, 343
popular participation in, 364
subervsion of, 366
Government of Massachusetts
American Board of Customs
weakness of, explained by, 363–65, 369, 371, 373
intervention of, requested by, 307, 366
protection from, requested by, 189n, 193n, 308–09, 363, 373
association for support of, 132
authority of
restoration of, 38, 93, 122, 125, 162, 271, 278, 325, 327, 330, 348, 373
Boston, removal from, 278–79
British government, communications with, 72, 96
British troops to assist, 263, 266, 304–05, 351n, 367, 373, 376, 397
business of, 131
constitution of, 113
and Council, 122
“disobedience” to, 38
expenses of, 83, See also Public Finances: government expenditure
finances of, 91n
“harmony” in, 387
law officers in. See also Sewall, Jonathan; Attorney General of Massachusetts
newspapers, criticized in, 158, 348
officers of. See also Attorney General of Massachusetts; BERNARD, FRANCIS; Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts; Province Secretary of Massachusetts; Province Treasurer of Massachusetts
commissions of, 360
Council, excluded from, 101
criticized, 311
election of, 278
intimidation of, 13, 15–16, 39–40
mentioned, 18, 34, 37, 52n, 140, 154, 168, 291, 307–310
and Stamp Act, 16
Whigs, contacts with, 298
and writs of assitance, 141
official publications of, 337n
opposition to, 93, 95, 325. See also Whig Party.
from Convention of Towns, 343, 352
and parliamentary taxation, 95n, 400
popular power, subject to, 235
proceedings of, transmission of, 157
Province Charter, founded on, 97
and public buildings,. See under Buildings
Quartering Act, obligations under, 38, 333–34, 337n, 339
reform of, 80, See under Government, Colonial: reform of
rights of, 297
and sedition, 34, 314, 318, 324n, 351n
and Stamp Act Crisis, 6, 205n, 329
“state” of, 30, 32, 38, 131, 259, 279, 335, 369
support for, 2, 10, 12, 17–18, 20, 59, 89–90, 93, 99–101, 104, 113, 115, 117n, 147, 161–64, 170–71n, 176, 210, 227, 229n, 269, 299, See also Friends of Government
weakness of, 14, 16, 19, 30–31, 40, 114, 119, 122, 131, 235, 259, 263, 296, 308, 328, 329, 349, See also Government, Royal: weakness of
Government, Colonial
reform of, 11, 78, 81, See also Council: royal appointment of
Government, Royal
and assemblies, 71
authority of, 122, 297, 344, 353
challenged, 35, 38, 104, 211n, 321, 353
restoration of, 96, 110, 122, 141
as “British” government, 332
governors
and instructions to, 4, 78, 95, 215, 217, 275n, 285n, See also BERNARD, FRANCIS: GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS: instructions as
mentioned, 60
responsibilities of, 4, 217, 297
salaries of, 7, 67, 93–94, 145, 150, 155–57n, 170n, 362
as “King’s Government,” 12, 92, 96, 113–15, 131, 161, 163, 168, 199, 221, 227, 257, 260, 279, 331, 343, 348, 355, 387
Massachusetts Charter (1629), omitted from, 321
officials. See under Crown: officers of
people’s confidence in, 161
and popular power, 339
“prosperity” of, 387
reform of. See Council: royal appointment of
resistance to, 356
royal colonies, appointments to, 92
royal commands, 77, 112, 150, 159, 182–83, 206, 216, 224, 251, 254, 271, 272–73, 277, 292, 298, 304, 306, 313–14, 327, 330–31, 333, 335, 338, 339, 373, 378, 383, 397–98, 400, See also under King, The: royal commands
royal commissions, 4, 71, 127, 140, 153, 156, 168, 191, 199, 206, 217, 259, 260, 286, 295, 297, 300n, 360–61, 363, 377
royal salute, 174
weakness of, 20, 265, 305, 335, 363
Governor and Council
American Board of Customs requests protection from, 127, 130, 375
considered, 127–28, 130, 193, 198, 202, 250
authority of, 266, 297, 348–49
and British troops, authority to request, 29, 54n, 131, 232, 237, 239, 254, 257, 264, 266–67, 276, 297–98
Hillsborough advises on, 183
instructions respecting, 54n
House of Representatives, relationship with, 72–73, 96
Kinsman, arrest of, offer reward for, 289n
meetings of, 38, 129, 180, 186–87, 192, 195, 201–02, 208, 222–24, 264–65, 267, 319, 331, 335, 338, See also Council: proceedings of (with given date)
minutes of. See under Council: minutes
printers to, 337n
province agent, appointment of, excluded from, 50n
Quartering Act, responsibilities under, 331, 336–41, 360
Stamp Act, repeal of, considers celebrations of, 127
Governor’s Island, Boston Harbor, 240, 337n
barracks at, 337n
Governor’s Council. See under Council
Governors, Colonial
and assemblies, relationships with, 9, 80, 142, 348
authority of, in decline, 10
Barbados, of, 95n
and Board of Trade, correspondence with, 60, 72, 78, 242
British government, communications with, protocol concerning, 72–73
and British troops, authority to request, 54n
correspondence of, 4
Parliament, considered by, 157
as source of information, 9–10, 60, 73, 158
Hillsborough
and, 28
circulars from. See under Governors, Colonial: instructions to
about, 367
as enclosures. See also Hillsborough, Earl of: circulars from
Massachusetts Circular Letter, concerning, 151
communications with, about, 26, 44, 60, 78, 242, 252
instructions to, 4, 76–80, 95n, 215–17, 251–52, 275n, 285n, 292–93, See also Hillsborough, Earl of: FB as governor: instructions to
American Board of Customs, on providing assistance to, 26, 159, 366, 367
assemblies, communication of official correspondence to, respecting, 292, 293, 292–93, 314
Board of Trade, communication with, respecting, 242n
cited, 374n
Hillsborough, on appointment of, 52n
Kinsman, apprehension of, respecting, 289
manufactures, accounts of, respecting, 166n
Massachusetts Circular Letter, concerning, 12
royal instructions, review of, respecting, 216–17, 301
secretary of state, communication with, respecting, 76–80, 242, 251–52
and juries, 275n
as king’s representatives, 9, 71, 73, 254, 286, 297, 325
legal penalties respecting, 230n
Massachusetts, of, 7, 51–52n, 148
New England, of, 353
New Jersey, of, 234n
New York, of, 60n, 92, 95n, 416n
North Carolina, of, 95n
as politicians, 4
reputations of, 6
rotation of, 156
salaries of, 7, 67, 93–94, 145, 150, 155–57n, 170n, 362, See also Crown: salaries
values, 233
secretary of state, correspondence with, 43–44
South Carolina, of, 95n
Virgin Islands, of, 415n
Virginia, of, 26, 28, 92, 155–57n, 218, 271, 284–87, 325–27, 378, 398
Grafton Ministry
and American policy, 39
cabinet, 329
Colonial Department, establishes, 60
and FB, 156
formation of, 61n
Hutchinson, salary for, 170n
ministers in, 39, 51n, 60, 76, 78
and Shelburne, 51n, 60, 76n, 329
Grafton, Duke of
administration of, 51n, 60–61n, 76, 78, 156, 329
as first lord of Treasury, 61n, 68
Hillsborough, criticizes, 38
identified, 61
mentioned, 225
Grand Tours, 221
Gray, Harrison
Council
papers of
as co-signatory to, 395
as co-writer, 350n
votes in, 350n
as councilor, 117n, 269n, 337n
identified, 356n
Great Britain
American Colonies
constitutional relationship with, 85
exports to, 394
intervention in proposed, 3, 11, 20, 24, 27, 110, 115, 173, 176
and manufacturing in, 136–37, 360, 365, 370, 393, 394
mutual interests, 96, 102, 126, 139n, 150, 272, 387–88n, 395
opposition of, 154
politics of, misunderstands, 172
relations with, 6, 9–11, 19, 80, 82–84, 89, 99, 137, 152, 352
trade with. See under Trade, Colonial
American defiance of, 17
aristocracy of, 299
authority of, 1, 151, 320, 366
“long concerted extensive Plan of Resistance to,” 377
and Boston, submission of, 245, 249
British “privileges,” 344
constitution of, 199, 324n, 359, 384, 387
correspondence from, 329
defiance of, 20, 31, 132, 153, 162, 165, 263
dominions of, 321
FB’s critics in, 13
government of. See under British Government
happiness of, 181
as “home,” 14, 72, 87, 120, 126, 153, 172–73, 185, 196, 221, 234, 268, 270, 279, 296, 307, 322, 364
and House of Representatives, correspondence with, 5
imports from, 2, 14–15, 32, 108, 137, 162, 281
impressment in, 205
and Loyalists, 144n
manufactures of, 365
merchants of, 137
as “mother country,” 80, 85, 136, 361, 362, 400
nobility of, 299
and nonimportation, impact of, 136
obedience to, 81, See also Parliamentary Authority: submission to
officers of, 168, See also Crown: officers of
opposition to, 39, 131, 152, 290n, 296, 370
Parliament of. See under Parliament
pensioners of, 154, 167, 172, 176
politicians of, 172
politics in. See under British Politics
rights of, 285
taxation in, 395
and Townshend Acts, repeal of, 2
Great Britain, Kingdom of, 218, 345
“Great Rebellion,” 321
Greenleaf, Stephen
and crowd action, 129
identified, 133n
Liberty Tree, removed “violent and virulent paper” from, 202
at Province House, 130
Greenock, Scot., 230n
Grenada, 399n
Grenadines, 399n
Grenville Ministry, 6, 8, 51n, 61n
Grenville, George
administration of, 6, 8, 51n, 61n
identified, 51n
Gridley, Jeremiah
as attorney general, 118n
and writs of assistance case, 141n
Halifax, Earl of
assembly, petition to House of Commons from, FB sends, 75n
FB, patron of, 6
identified, 50
as imperial reformer, 6
letters to, filed, 43
Halifax, N. S.
Boston, mail to and from, 219, 232, 253
British commander at, 31, 220, 232, 244, 253, 258, 267, 270n, 290–91, 317, 334, 376, 381–82, See also Dalrymple, William
British garrison at, 60n, 184, 257, 263–67, 270n, 318, 331, 341, 381
British regiments at
Boston, deployed to, 29, 178n, 184, 220, 232, 253, 275, 290–91, 297, 304, 311, 317–18, 322, 323n, 326, 333–35, 339, 341, 346, 381
mentioned, 174, 178n, 216n, 235, 367
Royal Navy arrives in Boston from, 345
Vice Admiralty Court, 367n
Hall, David, 67n
Hallowell, Benjamin
American Board of Customs
letters from
cited, 380n
as enclosures, 379–80
as replies, 379
letters to
as enclosures, 379
cited, 380n
represents, 214–15
Boston, leaves, 214n
Castle William, retreats to, 192
as customs officer, 180n
deposition of
cited, 380n
Parliament, presented to, 204
FB briefs, 214
Liberty (sloop), and seizure of, 21, 187
Liberty riot
accounts of, delivers to London, 26, 29, 53, 187, 204, 210, 214–15, 233, 274, 276, 378
assaulted during, 185, 187, 375
mentioned, 219
Treasury
attends, 214–15
deposition considered by, 214n
Hancock, John
Adams, J., represented by, 188
Adams, S., angers, 187
American Board of Customs
negotiates with, 187
and vendetta of, 188
as Boston representative, 211n, 228n, 237n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Council, election to, vetoed, 168
employees of, 21, 110, 187, 190n, 309
FB, as enemy to, 237n
House of Representatives, as committee member, 75n, 228–29n, 389n
identified, 171n
and insurrection, 390
legal pursuit of, 19, 21, 35, 110, 188, 190n, 308–10
Liberty, and seizure of, 18–21, 110, 170, 187, 246n, 310
Lydia, and seizure of, 17, 110, 171n, 190n, 309
mansion of, 211n
and nonimportation, 82n
Otis Jr., angers, 187
portrait of, 283
and Sons of Liberty, 2
Hancock’s Wharf, Boston, 21, 187, 191
Handbills
as enclosures, 261
Parliament, presented to, 261
Hanover Street, Boston, 188n
Happiness
American Colonies, of, 30
American Colonists, of, 96, 181, 199, 360, 401
Great Britain, of, 181
king’s dominions, of, 344
king’s subjects, of, 384
states, of, 182
Harrison, Joseph
American Board of Customs
letter from
cited, 380n
as enclosure, 379–80
as reply, 379
letter to
as enclosure, 379
Castle William, retreats to, 201
deposition of
cited, 380n
Parliament, presented to, 204
FB, visits, 191
identified, 180n
Liberty (sloop)
purchases, 188
Liberty riot
assaulted during, 21, 180, 185, 375
house attacked, 185
mentioned, 219
Molineux, letter from, quoted, 189n
Harrison, Richard A.
deposition of
cited, 380n
as enclosures, 190n
Parliament, presented to, 204
identified, 188n
Liberty riot, assaulted during, 21, 185, 187
Harvard Archives, 147n
Harvard College
graduates, 147n
mentioned, 147
staff, salaries of, 278
Harwich, Eng., 416n
Harwich, Lord, 54n
Harwich, Mass., 230n
Haverhill, Mass., 230n
Hawley, Joseph
character of, 89
FB, as enemy to, 212n
as friend of government, 89
House of Representatives, as committee member, 75n, 362n
identified, 91n
Lanesborough rioters, represents, 91n
as “Madman,” 91n
Otis Jr., disagreements with, 12, 89
Parliament, American representation in, advocates, 89, 91n
Parliamentary authority, speech on, reported, 89
“Philanthrop,” debate with, 91n
Ruggles supports, 90
Health and Ill-Health
fatal illness, 146–147
mental illness, 91n
mentioned, 92
recovery, 285
wellbeing, 92, 213, 233, 286, 327, 329
Heaven, 299
Hemp, 148
Henry VI, Part 2 (Shakespeare), 86n
Cade’s Rebellion, depiction of, 211n
quoted, 211n
Henry VIII, King
treason statutes of, 37, 272, 275n
Henshaw, Joshua, 211n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Hill, John, 117n
Hill, Wills, 4, 7, 9, 26n, 54n, 78n, See under Hillsborough, Earl of, See under Hillsborough, Earl of
Hillsborough, Earl of
Adams and Otis, disagreement between, FB reports on, 244
Admiralty
letters to, cited, 184n, 241n, 399n
Royal Navy, deployment of, requests, 241n
American affairs, FB’s ideas on, considers, 124
American Board of Customs
assistance to, provision of, instructions respecting, 158–59, 301
memorials of
responds to, 159
views on, 187
predicament of
considers, 183
FB reports on, 242–45
retreat of
FB reports on, 209
views on, 274
return of, views on, 274
American correspondence, reliant upon, 10
assembly
dissolution of, FB reports, 242
freedom of debate in lacking, 272–73
removal of, instructions concerning, FB seeks clarification in, 277–80
Barrington
friendship with, 7, 13, 28, 102, 124, 145, 269
interlocutor, uses as, 13, 28, 95, 103n, 110, 151, 155–56, 218, 234, 284–87, 325–27
Board of Trade
as chairman of, 60, 241, 242, 254
representation from, received, 96
representation to king from, sends copy to FB, 96
Boston Evening-Post, FB sends copies, 249, 262
Boston Faction, dominance of, FB warns of, 161–63
Boston Gazette, FB sends copies, 262, 281, 298
Boston News-Letter, FB sends copies, 289
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, FB sends copies, 321
Boston selectmen
circular of, FB sends, 321, 401
popular influence of, FB reports on, 248
Boston town meeting
minutes of, FB sends copies, 321
petition to FB from, condemns, 273
on Boston
“great Riots & Disturbances” in, 397
resistance to parliamentary authority, 397
Bowdoin, letters from, cited, 25n
British intervention, FB urges, 162
British troops
arrival of, possibility of resistance to, FB discusses, 318–24
deployment of
FB explains his reluctance to request military assistance, 266–70
instructions respecting
FB receives, 155, 184, 291, 303n, 317, 338
orders for
FB anticipates, 232
FB receives, 285n
issues, 182–84, 220, 253, 270–76, 291
rationale for, 351n
objections to quartering of, FB reports on, 331–37, 346–56
career of, 53n–54n
circulars from, 76–80, 158–59, 216–17, 241–42, 251–52, 292–93
about, 217
cited, 26, 52n, 76n, 107n, 134n, 152, 155n, 158n, 242, 247, 303n
Parliament, presented to, 315
quoted, 4
received, 77, 155, 159, 241, 252
sends copies, 315
“Civil Authority,” weakness of, FB reports on, 301
colonial governors
instructions, reform of, considers, 217
plans to rotate, 285n
and secretary of state, communications with, 158n, 242, 252
colonial governors, circulars to, cited, 374n
colonial laws, sets of, requests, 158n
colonial policymaking
and conciliation in, 269
influence on, 9–10, 38, 78, 143, 145, 151, 184, 242, 255
colonial radicalism, alarmed by, 143
on colonial radicals, 96
constitution, fears “subversion” of, 274
Convention of Towns
letters to FB from, FB sends copies, 353
proceedings of, FB reports on, 351–53
about, 8, 10, 77, 97, 110, 133, 143, 151, 158, 163, 165, 170, 184, 187, 204, 210, 214, 217, 225, 241, 245, 249–52, 255–56, , 268, 274, 279, 281, 289, 292–93, 298, 301, 303, 315, 322, 326–27, 336, 350, 353, 356
commencement of, 78, 147n, 155n
contents of, concerning, 133, 147, 151, 321
FB commences, 146
FB should write with “the most entire Confidence,” 255
features of, 11–12, 184, 187, 215, 245, 261, 268–69, 317
printed in Bernard Papers, 52n
Whigs review, 134n, 188n, 189n, 211–12n, 246n, 323n
Council
elections to, FB reports on, 166–69
letters from, cited, 25n
minutes of, FB sends copies, 268
petition to king from
Parliament, presents to, 396
receives, 396
proceedings of
FB reports on, 15, 237n, 268, 350–351n, 356
plans to discuss, 264
quartering of British troops, 331–37, 346–51, 355–56
unreliability of Council, 122, 296
royal appointment of, FB recommends, 20, 296
Cushing
letters from, 382–89
about, 229n
cited, 88n
FB sends copies, 262
published, 388
letters to FB from, FB sends copies of, 353
DeBerdt’s views on, 388n
engraving of, 79
errors of judgement, his, 9, 13, 39
FB
baronetcy for
favors, 155–56
patent, pays for, 287
proposal, FB considers, 325
correspondence with, presents to king, 96, 181, 313
disappoints, 37
evaluates reports of, 5, 76n, 298, 184, 210n, 271–72, 275n, 298
letters to Gage from, FB sends copies, 268
letters to Shelburne from
king, lays before, 142, 149, 181
orders-in-council, sends, 77
as patron of, 329
writes to, 156
FB aims to influence, 16, 133, 154, 212n, 225, 268–69, 323
FB as governor
conciliation to, recommends, 96, 274
“lenient and persuasive Methods,” 274
conduct of, approves, 74, 96–97, 155, 161, 181–82, 254, 315
and expendability of, 151
“Firmness” in duty, urges, 272, 273
his salary, promises to maintain, 150
instructions to. See also Hillsborough, Earl of: governors, instructions to
American Board of Customs, to assist, 251, 273
received, 301
assembly
removal of, 273
to summon, 280n
Board of Trade, on correspondence with, 241–42
received, 241
British troops, on deployment of, 270–76
FB receives, 274, 275n, 285n, 303n, 342n
received, 155
Circular Letter, for rescinding of, 152
about, 9, 13, 24–28, 77, 106, 143, 215, 227n, 228n
House of Representatives, presented to, 214n, 227n, 228n
received, 214
FB acknowledges receipt of, 288–89, 301–03
Kinsman, apprehension of, 289
leave of absence, for, 218
anticipated, 287
cited, 184n
issues, 234
Liberty riot, to investigate, 272, 274, 291
manufacturing, accounts of, to supply, 166n
mentioned, 39
official correspondence, on transmission of, 76–80
province magistracy, on reform of, 274
public knowledge of, 37
received, 36–37
royal instructions, on review of, 216–17
received, 301
secretary of state, on communications with, 251–52
received, 302
treason, to investigate, 272, 300n
leave of absence
FB suspends, 326
not requested directly, 233
mispresentations by, House of Representatives informs him of, 382–89
political mediation by, favors, 269
recalling, considers, 13
FB writes to, 78, 153, 187, 234, 317, 327
FB’s expectations of, 78
Gage
instructions on troop deployment, 372–74, 396–99
cited, 33, 105, 184, 220, 275n, 366
FB’s knowledge of, 33
mentioned, 16
letters from
as enclosures, 268
FB sends copies, 268
Parliament, presented to, 268
published, xxv
about, 274
cited, 28, 33, 184n, 205n, 275n, 292n, 397, 399n
enclosures to, 99, 105, 123, 138, 366, 374
published, xxvi
letters to FB from, FB sends copies, 268
orders for troop deployment explained by, 232–33
sends to
American Board of Customs, memorials of, 373
FB, letters to Shelburne from, copies of, 99, 105, 123, 138, 374
his letters to FB, copy of, 398
Governor and Council, authority of, clarifies, 54n, 183
handbills, FB sends copies, 261
hard-liner, reputation as, 10, 28, 39–40, 97, 120, 151, 184, 269
House of Representatives
agent of
appointment of, condemns, 95–97
refuses to recognize, 75n, 97, 142
Circular Letter, refusal to rescind, defended by, 313–15, 382–89
communication of instructions to, FB reports on, 213
correspondence presented to, 293n
correspondence with FB, copies requested by, 228n
FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends, 169, 220
letters from
about, 229n
FB discusses, 261–63
Parliament, presented to, 262
prepared, 228n
printed, 261
petition to king from
delays presenting, 74, 143, 280n, 388n
FB transmits, 255–57
refuses to present, 143n, 345n
refuses to receive, 142
transmission of, censures, 142
Whig party in, FB reports on, 243–44
Hutchinson
conduct of, praises, 272
as FB’s successor, favors, 156
imperial administration, reforms, 60, 78, 242
imperial power, aims to strengthen, 10, 37, 97, 184
impressment, defends legality of, 273
justices of the peace, recommendations for, 272
king and cabinet, criticized by, 38–39
as landlord, 10
letters from, 95–97, 141–43, 149–52, 181–84, 251, 254–55, 270–76, 313–15
cited, 5, 12–13, 19, 26, 28–29, 32, 37, 60, 76n, 78, 86n, 107n, 143, 145n, 156, 158n, 164n, 184, 201n, 214n, 218n, 220, 228n, 237n, 242, 245, 255, 275, 279–80n, 287–89, 291, 298, 300–01n, 303n, 315n, 317, 327n, 331n, 336n, 345n, 351n, 366–67, 372, 378, 388n, 399n
Council
discussed by, 182–83, 221, 258, 275, 277, 289, 292, 340–41
as enclosures, 225, 247, 251, 255, 274, 277, 292, 398
Hallowell, carried by, 210
House of Representatives, presented to, 214n, 227n, 228n, 293n, 383
listed, 289n, 300n, 403–06, 409–11, 414
Parliament, presented to, 255, 271–74
printed, 275
published, 26n
received, 3, 33, 36, 78n, 97, 143, 150, 153, 155, 157, 183, 213, 215, 216n, 217, 225, 237n, 251–52n, 255, 274–75, 280n, 285n, 287–88, 292, 294n, 295, 301, 303n, 315, 318n, 326, 331, 338, 342n
as replies, 74, 78n, 87, 96, 106, 138, 142, 149, 158, 181, 187, 204, 210, 214, 225, 237n, 245, 249, 254, 256, , 271, 274, 279, 281, 298, 301, 303, 322, 350, 353, 356
letters to, 157–58, 161–70, 184–90, 201–05, 206–14, 220–27, 242–49, 255–63, 266–70, 277–84, 288–90, 294–303, 318–24, 324–26, 326–27, 331–37, 346–53, 355–56
about, 21–22, 26, 29, 34, 52n, 147n, 151, 180, 187, 189n, 193, 204, 217, 240, 245, 250n, 274, 321, 336, 388
Bowdoin, criticized by, 256
cited, xxv, 4, 19–20, 22, 25, 28, 31–32, 34–35, 38, 52n–55n, 97n, 99n, 123, 151n, 155n, 159n, 163, 174n, 177, 188, 190n, 195, 200, 204, 206, 210, 216n, 227n, 230n, 234–35n, 245–46n, 249, 255–58n, 263n, 269n, 271, 274, 275n, 277, 279n, 293n, 300n, 315n, 318n, 324n, 342n, 345n, 346n, 350–51n, 353n, 356n, 373, 390, 399n
composition of, 50n
on contents of, 373
Council, criticized by, 256
delayed, 321
does not reply to, 314
enclosures to, 191, 200, 204n, 206, 261n, 315n, 330, 344, 356, 396, 401
FB sends copies, 249, 350, 356
FB writes to, 326
filed, 43
first official letter, 77
Hallowell, carried by, 26, 187, 204, 214–15, 274
Hutchinson does not read, 18
king, presented to, 142, 254, 313
listed, 405–15
not sent, 326–27
Parliament, presented to, 185–87, 201–04, 207–10, 213–14, 220–25, 242–45, 255–56, 259–62, 266–68, 277–81, 288–89, 295–98, 315n, 318–22, 331–36, 347–50, 352–53
private, 325–26
published, xxv–xxvi
quoted, 20, 23–24, 32–35, 38, 154, 220n, 269n, 390
reads, 110
received, 158, 163, 165, 170, 203, 210, 214, 245, 249, 252n, 254, 256, 260, 262, 268, 271, 279, 281, 289, 298, 301, 303, 321, 336, 339, 350, 353
as replies, 33, 78, 97, 153, 156–57, 161, 164, 183, 213, 217, 234, 251, 252, 288, 295, 301–02
Liberty riot
accounts of
receives, 252n
reviews, 53n
aftermath of, FB reports on, 201–12
depositions concerning, FB sends, 203
FB reports on, 184–90
prosecution of rioters, FB reports on, 295–96
manufacturing, FB reports on, 164–65
Massachusetts Circular Letter
learns of, 151
on radicalism of, 151
reaction to, 9, 12–13, 24–28, 77, 86, 145, 151, 226, 388
rescinding of
House of Representatives, refusal of, FB reports on, 220–32
instructions from respecting
instructions on, 9, 13, 24–28, 77, 106, 143, 149–52, 215, 227–28n, 314, 383
newspapers
FB sends copies, 242
nonimportation movement, FB reports on, 280–84
official correspondence
communication of, instructions on, 76–80
transmission of
instructions on, 4
laxity in, complains of, 77
on slowness of transatlantic delivery, 4
and Ohio River colony, 55n
opinions of Northey et al., sends, 274
orders-in-council, sends, 77
Otis Jr.
satirized by, 299
speeches of, FB sends copies of, 297, 298
Otises, compromise with, reported, 167, 175–77
papers of, about, 53
Parliament
business of, mentions, 78n
list of acts, sends, 77
presents FB’s correspondence to, 28, 255
considers presenting, 24, 26, 32, 254–55, 277
problems arising from, 157–58
portrait of, 79
as postmaster-general, 53n
Pownall, J.
briefed by, 275n
as patron of, 247
province magistracy, proposes reform of, 274
rescinding controversy, accounts of, FB sends, 250n
as secretary of state
appointment of, 7, 26, 43, 60, 78n
FB awaits confirmation, 120, 146, 152
FB learns of, 9–10, 60, 76n, 78, 105, 115, 121n, 158n
FB’s knowledge of, 76, 120–21, 146, 152–54
publicized, 121n
career, 78
and predecessors, 269
resignation of, 55n
sedition, evidence of
FB reports on, 35–36, 245, 296–97, 318–24
FB sends, 262
Shelburne, opposed by, 151
Stamp Act, repeal of, commemorations of, FB reports on, 289
treason, investigation of, instructions on, 39
Virginia, lieutenant-governorship of
FB, relocation of, plans for, 156
offer of, FB accepts, 325
views on, reported, 155
withdraws offer of, 326–27
on Whig party
censures leaders of, 181
“dangerous Principles” of, 274
“Obstinacy and Malevolence” of, 181
“weak and ill-designing Men,” 97
Williams, J.
intimidation of, FB reports on, 258–61
praises, 314
Hillsborough, Viscount, 54n
His Majesty in Council. See also Privy Council
orders-in-council
Board of Trade, correspondence with, respecting, 77, 241–42n
His Majesty’s Government, 96, 161, 257, 387, See also King, The; British Government,
His Majesty’s Ships (HMS). See under name of vessel; Royal Navy
Historians
and historiography, 1, 3, 21, 27, 40, 51n, 99, 151, 157n, 184, 188, 307, 361
History
classical, 4
colonial American, 18
consitutional, 5
of Imperial Crisis, 1, 31, 35, 39
Hoerder, Dirk, 23, 128, 187, 189n
Holland, 190n
Hollis Street Church, Boston, 178n
Hollis, Thomas, 117n
Hood, Samuel
American Board of Customs
assists, 376n
letters from
quoted, 378
letters to
as enclosure, 380
cited, 380n
praised by, 241n
protection of, plans for, 240–41n, 378
Boston harbor, stations vessels in, 244
Boston, and transportation of troops to, 381
as commander of the North Atlantic Station, 53n, 175n, 216n, 241n, 416n
correspondence with, about, 288
FB requests passage home, 287–88
identified, 416n
letters to, 287–88
listed, 412
Stephens
letters to
enclosure to, 390
published, 26n
Hopkins, Stephen
letter to, listed, 405
Houghton Library, xv
House of Commons
and American affairs, 360
American correspondence read in, 214n
clerks of the papers, xxv
House of Representatives, petitions from, 75n
king, address to (27 Mar. 1766), as enclosure, 166n
Massachusetts Council, petition from, 224
members. See under Parliament: members of
Otis Jr., satirized by, 299
House of Lords
debates in, 214n
FB’s correspondence cited in, 158n
journals of, about, 25
library of, xxv
Massachusetts Council, petition from, 224
members of, 54n
speeches in, 83
Stamp Act, repeal of, minority protests against, 66
House of Representatives
and Adams, S., 75, 352, 353n, 361
Adams, S., in 12, 75n, 228n, 229n, 279n, 361–62, 389n
agent of
appointed, 6, 12, 50n, 68n, 70n
authority of, contested, 19, 72, 96, 160
British government refuses to recognize, 50n, 75n, 97
FB refuses to recognize, 50n, 70n, 74, 89, 91n, 101, 105, 160–61n
Hillsborough refuses to recognize, 142
instructs, 69, 71–72, 75n, 112, 207, 360
petition to king, transmits, 201n
American Board of Customs
criticized by, 365
criticizes, 360
commissions of, read in, 71
answers to FB’s messages and speeches
cited, 53n, 107n, 228n, 230n, 246n
discussed, 25, 104, 221–22, 243–44
malice in, 243–44
mentioned, 107n
printed, 105
published, 117n
Shelburne, FB sends copies to, 102
balance of power in, 148–150, 167
Boston members, influence of, 90, 100, 105, 112–15, 161–162, 167, 213, 220–21, 225–26
British government
confronted by, 151
as source of information for, 9
“British House of Commons,” as a, 383
on British imperialism, 383
British politicians, writes, 6
cabals in, 104
Camden
letter to
about, 67
listed, 116n
quoted, 67
speech of (1766), read in, 65, 67n–69
writes to, 67
Chatham
letter to
cited, 66
listed, 116n
writes to, 66
Circular Letter, rescinding of
appoints committee to consider, 221
compliance not expected, 233
Hillsborough’s instructions respecting
FB presents, 220–21
requests copies of, 221–22
refusal, justifies, 382–89
request for recess, FB refuses, 222
votes against, 222–23
clerk of, 75, 352–53n, 361, See also Adams, Samuel
as author, 75n
as compiler, 279n
colonial assemblies, circular to (11 Feb. 1768), 359–62, See also Circular Letter, Massachusetts
adoption of, 12, 88, 90, 98, 100–01, 104, 142, 145n, 163, 226, 261, 314, 361, 387, 388
British government, considered by, 12–13, 52n, 144–45, 150–51, 313
colonial responses to, 93, 104, 222, 384
content and impact of, 9, 12, 99, 144, 161, 362, 386
controversy over, 10, 24–26, 90, 210, 215, 222, 226, 262
defends and justifies, 226, 383, 386
as enclosure, 10, 98–99, 116n, 120
FB obtains copy of, 10, 98, 104, 106
FB’s observations on, 98–99
first motion for, defeated, 87, 385
Hillsborough’s reaction to, 9, 12–13, 24–26, 28, 77, 86, 145, 151, 226, 388
listed, 116n
mentioned, 223
and Otis Jr., 225
Parliament, presented to, 99
as political compromise, 9
Pownall, J., FB sends copy, 99, 120
preparation of, 52n, 93, 98, 361–62, 386
quoted, 99
replies to
listed, 228n
rescinding of, 9–10, 13, 24–26, 28, 77, 99, 106, 143, 150–51, 170–71n, 214–15, 223, 225–28n, 230–31, 233, 246n, 250n, 261, 275, 279–80n, 296–300n, 313–14, 383, 388–89n, 400, See also Rescinding Controversy
vote and division on, 25, 151, 222–23, 226, 231, 279n, 313, 388
Sheburne, FB sends copy to, 10–11, 98, 104, 112
variants of, 362
votes and divisions on, 12, 87, 88n, 95n, 99–101, 222–23, 226, 314–15n, 361–62, 387
colonial assemblies, circulars to
cited, 389n
colonial rights, defends, 25, 65, 71, 75n–76n
committees of
and Adams, S., 361
agent, instructions for, to prepare, 75n
answers to FB, to prepare or deliver, 223, 228–29n
Circular Letter to assemblies, to prepare, 98, 361–62n, 386–87
Circular Letter, on refusal to rescind, 226, 228n, 388–89n
FB’s correspondence with Shelburne, to acquire, 107n
FB’s messages, to consider, 221–22
FB’s removal, petition for, to prepare, 25, 223, 229n, 246n
king, petition to, to prepare, 72, 223
“state” of the province, to consider, 71
Townshend Act, popular apprehensions with, to consider, 209
Townshend duties, remonstrances respecting, to prepare, 12, 75n, 386
constituents of, 360
and Convention of Towns, 35, 331, 352, 401
Conway, letters to, listed, 116n
Council, insults, 101
DeBerdt
Circular Letter, sends copy of, 386
grant for, votes, 89
instructions to
cited, 116n
as enclosure, 68n
letters to
discussed, 112
drafted, 75n
defiance of, 151
dismissal of, 94
disposition of, 72, 80, 84, 86–88, 92–93, 142, 149, 221, 313, 344, 361, 385, 387
dissolution of. See under Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives): dissolution of
elections to (1768), 166–71
FB
conduct of, debates, 115–16
disrespectful of, 142
impeachment and removal of, considers, 223, 226–27, 229–30n, 246n
letters to Hillsborough from
misrepresented in, 385
presented, 383
misrepresented by
accusations respecting, 25, 116, 361, 382–89
FB refutes, 262
“base and wicked Attempts” to prejudice king, 384
considers, 243–44
negates influence of, 74–75n, 88n, 100, 115, 167, 215
negotiates with, 10–11
opposition to, continuance of, 109
relationship with
Pownall, T., advises on, 148
friends of government in, 12, 17, 59, 89–90, 99–100, 104, 113, 115–16n, 126n, 161, 163, 168, 176, 227, 229n, 369, 372n
gallery, 299
good “humour” of, 59, 72, 88, 93
government officers, salary grants for, 172
governor, disrespectful of, 142
and governor’s salary grant, 94
Hillsborough
criticize judgement of, 384
FB’s correspondence with, considers, 221–22
letters to
as enclosures, 262
Parliament, presented to, 262
preparation of, 229n
received, 388
requisitions from, FB’s plans for communicating, 213
Hutchinson, censures, 59
imperial power, opposes, 25
on intercolonial co-operation, 361
Jackson
conduct of, approves, 89
writes to, 100–101
Journals
as enclosure, 5
official correspondence in, recording, 104
king
and birthday celebrations of, 175
proclaims loyalty to, 361, 384
on requisitions of, 383
king, petitions to
Boston town meeting promotes, 365
discussed, 388
FB’s removal, for
mentioned, 371
protocol for transmission, 71, 73, 142
request indulgence, 388
Townshend duties, for repeal of
adoption of, 226
drafted, 75n
failure of, 200
mentioned, 5, 138, 221, 228n, 365
not presented, 143n, 280n, 345n
preparation of, 72, 75n, 88n, 223, 386
presentation of delayed, 70n, 74, 280n
publication of, 138
quoted, 76n
submitted, 201n
transmitted, 388–89n
members
attendance of, 102, 149, 213, 385, 387
identified, 68n
intimidation of, 162
speeches of, discussed, 65, 68n–69, 89–90, 113, 221, 297, 299, See also Otis, James, Jr.: House of Representatives, in
mentioned, 359
messages and speeches to, 172, See also Assembly (the Council and the House of Representatives): messages and speeches to
cited, 227n
discussed, 59, 109, 113, 115–16, 169, 172, 202, 220–21, 328
drafts, 107n
as enclosures, 59, 105, 114, 120, 169–70, 172–73, 177, 222, 225, 228–29n
form and style of, 169
insubstantiveness of, 59
New York boundary commission, 60n, 173n
as rejoinders, 102, 105, 114, 222
messages and speeches to, as enclosure, 120
moderation of, 59, 86–87, 115, 149, 225, 385, 387
newspaper libel
considers, 119–20
proceedings respecting, 123n
nonimportation, support for, 116n
opposition from, discussed, 39, 112, 167
Otis Jr. in, 12, 68n–69, 75n, 89, 101, 104, 113, 119–20, 140, 169–70, 172, 209, 221–22, 225, 227n, 228–29n, 297, 299–00, 362n, 389n
papers of, authorship of, 75n, 76n, 112
on parliamentary taxation, 359–60
Pitt, expresses gratitude to, 66
political composition of, 167, 226–27, 230n
printers, prosecution of, reluctant to support, 86, 88n, 112, 115
proceedings of
(1766), 90n
(21 Jan.–11 Feb. 1768), 88n
(23 Feb. 1768), 76n
(25 May–30 Jun. 1768), 25, 53n, 169, 171n, 181, 201n, 203, 205n, 212–213, 214n, 220–23, 228–30n, 237, 243–44, 246, 293n, 388–89n
(30 Dec. 1767–04 Mar. 1768), 6, 10, 59, 60n, 65–76n, 87–91n, 93, 95n, 98–100, 103–07n, 112–13, 116, 117n, 145n, 160–61n, 229n, 345n, 360, 362n, 368n, 370, 372n, 383, 385–86
irregularities in, reported, 72–74
Parliament, presented to, 99, 262
Shelburne, FB sends to, 115
province agent, salary grants for
FB withholds approval, 101
voted, 88–89
public gallery, 73
radicals in, 94
reconciliation with, 87
remonstrances of. See under House of Representatives: Townshend duties, remonstrances against
resolves and resolutions of
radicalism of, 150
Rockingham, letters to, listed, 116n
Shelburne
FB’s correspondence with
presented, 10, 99–104, 106–07n, 112, 293
request copies of, 104, 106–07n
letters to
cited, 107n
drafted, 75n
FB transmits copy, 105
listed, 116n
preparation of, 72, 102, 105–06
printed, 138–39n
Shelburne, FB’s correspondence with
request for copies of refused, 107n
Speakers of, 10, 12, 65, 68–72, 75, 88–90, 98, 100–01, 104, 107, 112, 116n, 150, 171n, 174, 209, 228–29, 249, 361–62, 365, 383, 386, 388–89, See also Cushing, Thomas
and Stamp Act riots, compensation for, 228n
and standing armies, 320
as states general, 72
summon, authority to, 35
on Townshend Acts, repeal of, 360–61
Townshend duties
debates, 60n
remonstrances against
FB refused copies of, 72–73
friends of government revise, 161
ineffective, 400
preparation of, 6, 12, 59, 65, 68n, 69, 71–72, 75n, 90
repeal of, campaigns for, 5–6, 112, 115, 359–62, 384, 386
Treasury, letters to
cited, 116n
listed, 116n
mentioned, 112
votes and divisions
circular letter to colonial assemblies
(21 Jan. 1768), proposed on, 12, 87, 88n, 90, 98–99, 142, 150, 315n, 385–86
(4 Feb. 1768), proposal approved on, 88, 95n, 98–101, 149, 226, 314, 315n, 386
(11 Feb. 1768), approved on, 88, 226, 386
(30 Jun. 1768), rescinding of, refused, 25, 223, 229n, 279n
on Jackson as province agent (1 Feb. 1768), 91n
mentioned, 59
on message to FB (18 Feb. 1768), 104
on native manufactures (26 Feb. 1768), 116n, 369
on newspaper libel (4 Mar. 1768), 87, 113
on petition to remove FB (30 Jun. 1768), 227
Pitt, gratitude to, 66
province agent, grants for (5 Feb. 1768), on, 14, 89
on Shelburne, letter to, (20 Feb. 1768), 102
Whig party in, 5, 11–13, 40, 65, 69, 75n, 87, 89–90, 94, 99–101, 104–05, 109, 112–13, 115, 161–62, 166–67, 176, 181, 213, 220, 221, 225–28n, 244, 246n, 279n, 361, 389n
Hubbard, Thomas
Council
election to, 396n
papers of, as co-signatory to, 395
as councilor, 117n, 269n, 337n
identified, 356n
Hulton, Henry
American Board of Customs
as commissioner of, 368n, 372n
letters of, as co-signatory to, 127, 180, 191, 194, 307, 366, 371, 377
career of, 180n
FB, views on, 180n
identified, 128n
letter to, cited, 180
Human Nature, 344
Hussar, HMS, 275n
Hutchinson, Thomas
abilities of, 38
account of writs of assistance, as enclosure, 140
American Board of Customs
letters to, cited, 313n
on retreat of, 192n
Bollan
and, 18
letters from, cited, 52
letters to
cited, 52n
on Boston selectmen, circular of, 324n
British troops, landing of
resistance to, did not expect, 318
Castle William, as captain of, 197n, 240, 391n
as chief justice, 115, 140–41n
Boston Gazette, printers of
prosecutes, 115, 121–23, 125–26
pursues, 123
grand jury
prepares indictment for, 122–23n, 125–26, 295
presents libel to, 121–23, 125
Hawley, disbars, 60n
Liberty riot, and inquiry into, 295
salary, 167
threatened, 295
writs of assistance, advises on, 140
conduct of, FB praises, 122–23
Council
meetings, attends, 171
not elected to, 167, 169, 172, 176
reelection to, attempted, 170–71, 175
restoration to, proposed, 167–68, 172–73, 175
and Crown salary, 300n
on Customs commissioners, 372n
enemies of, 168
father-in-law, 415n
FB
as advisor and confidant to, 17, 104, 140, 156
consulted by, 213
correspondence of, did not read, 18
differences and disagreements with, 17–18
loyalty to, 18
and mutual fears, 17
views on
FB’s enemies, concerning, 32
popular violence, concerning, 17
Stamp Act Crisis, during, 18, 152
FB as governor, as successor to, 156
Hillsborough, and instructions from, 272
friends of, 176
Hillsborough praises, 272
House of Representatives, “censured” by, 59–60n
on insurrection plot, 246n
Jackson, letters to
quoted, 372n
letters from
cited, 171n
letters to
listed, 407
quoted, 17
as lieutenant governor, 156, 167–68
Council meetings, attends, 171
Crown salary proposed for, 167, 170n, 300n
salary grant, 94
loyalty of, 168
on mobs, leaders of, 110
offices of, 52n
Otis Jr.
criticized by, 172
on, 123n
Otis Sr., enmity of, 168, 170, 175
as “pensioner,” 167, 170n, 172, 176, 295
at Province House, 130
“resolution & steadiness” of, 122
Rogers, letters to, cited, 52n, 170n
Sewall
his dispute with American Board of Customs, intervenes in, 311–13n
on smuggling, 190n
Stamp Act riots, destruction of house during, 13, 21, 289
tea trade, knowledge of, 190n
unknown, letters to
quoted, 190n
Whately, letters to
quoted, 324n
Williams, I., letter from, cited, 230n
and writs of assistance, 140
Ideology, 64
Illness. See under Health and Ill-Health: illness
Imagination, 161
Impeachment, 230n
Imperial Administration. See also British Colonial Policy
mentioned, 137
problems of, 81
Imperial Authority, 1, 151, 320, 366, 377
defiance of, 162
Imperial Crisis, 1–3, 7–9, 21, 26, 29–30, 39, 51, 68, 86, 115, 269, 308, 318
historiography of, 1, 3, 21, 27, 40, 51n, 68n, 99, 151, 157n, 171n, 184, 188, 307, 361
Imperial Elite, 133n
Imperial Government. See under British Government
Imperial Power. See also Great Britain: authority of
demonstrations of, 174
in Ireland, 27
opposition to, 64
Imports. See also Nonimportation
Europe, from, 394
Great Britain, from, 2, 14–15, xxv, 32, 108, 132, 136, 139n, 162, 280–81, 369, 394
manufactures, British, 139n
molasses, 121n
Portuguese wine, 121n
Impressment
about, 175n
Boston town meeting protests at, 198–201
and Boston, 20, 175n, 187, 211n
Council considers, 208–09
and FB, 200, 205–06, 208, 210, 212n, 214
and Liberty riot, 210n
opposition to, 22–23, 175, 199–200, 209–10n, 215, 237n, 273
prohibitions on, 201n
Inches, Henderson, 211n
Informers, 33–35, 110n, 133n, 154–55n, 226, 296, 298–99, 309–12n, 321–22, 324n, 369
Insurrection. See also Rebellion
allegations of, 1, 16–17, 22–23, 29, 31, 54, 129, 153–54, 184, 188–89, 193–94, 201, 209, 211, 234, 240, 316–20, 324n, 332, 345, 375, 377, 390
fears of, 108
Intimidation
government officials, of, 13–17, 23, 39–40, 108, 119–20, 127–28, 135, 169, 180, 185–86, 195, 243, 251, 258–61, 263, 363, 365, 368–72, 375–77
as political tactic, 110n, 162, 223, 235, 243, 349
Ipswich, Mass., 230n, 280n, 323n
Ireland
Anglo-Irish landlords in, 10n
aristocracy of, 27
British imperial power in, 27
Boston
ordered to, 37, 184, 271, 275, 284, 311, 317–18n, 326, 333, 338, 397
quartered in, 341
lord lieutenant of, 54n
patriots of, 290n
religious divisions in, 27
Ireland, Kingdom of, 27
Ironmongery, 139
Irving, Thomas
deposition of, cited, 380n
identified, 188n
Liberty riot, assaulted during, 185
memorial of, as enclosure, 190n, 379
Israel, 189n
as Boston selectman, 401
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Jackson, Richard
assembly, FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends copies of, 176
Boston Gazette, FB sends copies, 119
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, FB sends copies, 126
Circular Letter, adoption of, FB reports on, 100
correspondence with
about, 51, 70, 90, 102, 119, 126, 177
intimacy of, 7
Council, elections to, FB reports on, 175–77
and DeBerdt, 70n
father’s death, 126
FB as governor, relocation of, discussed, 92
FB exaggerates radical threats, 14–15
FB warns of resistance to troops, 250n
FB writes to, 67n, 69, 92, 102, 103n, 119, 175
FB, as advocate for, 70n
House of Representatives
proceedings of, FB reports on, 69, 88–90, 100–02
writes to, 100–101
Hutchinson, letters from, cited, 110n, 128n, 192n, 327n, 372n
identified, 51
letters from, received, 69, 175
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” FB sends, 101–02
letters to, 69–70, 88–91, 99–103, 118–19, 125–26, 175–77
about, 51n
cited, 5–8, 12, 20, 60, 67n–68n, 78, 103n, 116n, 121n, 173, 177n, 372n
composition of, 50n
enclosures to, 102
libels, prosecution of, FB reports on, 125–26
Oliver
letter from, cited, 103n
letter to, cited, 90n
Otis Jr.,
opposition from, FB discusses, 101–02, 102
radicalism of, FB discusses, 119
Otises, opposition of, FB reports on, 175–77
Parliament, American representation in, FB discusses, 88–90
as province agent
grant for services, receives, 88–89, 100–101, 119
Ruggles’ protest, FB sends, 126
Townshend duties
arguments against, FB reports on, 69–70
opposition to, FB reports on, 119
Whig party, divisions in, FB reports, 12
Jackson, Richard, Sr.
death of, 126
identified, 126n
Jamaica, 92
Jamaica Plain, 190n–91, 200, 321
Jamaica Plain, Mass., 211n
Jamaica Pond, Mass., 290n
Jenkinson (ship’s captain), 102
Jernigan, William, 230n
Jewellery, 139
Job, The Book of, 118n
Judah, Tribe of, 189n
Judges of Massachusetts, 124n, 171n, See also Superior Court of Massachusetts
and Council, exclusion from, 166
“Junius” (anti-government writer), 124
Juries, 34n, 115, 121–26, 181, 275, 295–96, 309, 370
Justice, 18, 71, 95n–96, 106, 113, 118n, 122, 132, 154, 174, 181, 193, 199, 251, 269, 272, 295, 301, 307, 321, 372, 384–85, 387
Justices of the Peace
authority, lack of, 371
and Boston town meeting, 211n
British troops, decline to assist, 271, 291, 305, 373, 397
commissions, reform of, 37, 266, 272, 274, 291, 314
customs officers, assist, 140
and Liberty riot, investigations into, 186, 201, 272
mob, disperse, 259
public disorder, responsibilities during, 182
Quartering Act, responsibilities under, 331
responsibilities of, 272, 314, 397
Kennebec River, 416n
Kent, Benjamin
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Kett’s Rebellion (1549), 210n
Kilwarlin, Viscount, 54n
“King and Parliament”. See under King-in-Parliament
King George’s War, 393
King Street, Boston, 15, 130, 134, 174
King, The. See also Crown; George, III, King; King-in-Parliament
and American affairs, 9
and, 360
petitions from
blocked, 384
protocol for transmission of, 9, 71–73, 138, 142, 257n
appointments by, Otis Jr. disparages, 221
authority of, 20, 217, 257, 263, 340, See also Government, Royal: authority of
challenged, 383
defiance of, 133n
to deploy troops, denied, 316, 320
birthday celebrations, 174–75
Board of Trade
letter from, cited, 96
representation from, cited, 97n
communications with, protocol of, 71–73
Council, petition from, 391–99
disloyalty to, 118n
displeasure of, 385
dominions of, 205, 223, 336n, 340, 393
FB
approves conduct of, 74, 142, 314
colonists misrepresented by, 383–85
correspondence of
considers, 1
influenced by, 151
presented with, 96, 142, 149, 181, 254, 313
reliant upon, 9
proposes baronetcy for, 155–156
represented by, 12, 39, 71, 73, 106, 116, 264, 271, 325, 331, 348–49
forms of address, 374
Gage, correspondence of, presented with, 398
Hillsborough, criticizes, 38
His Majesty’s pleasure, 183, 383, See also King, The: royal commands
in His Majesty’s service, 4, 16, 71, 76, 104, 122, 150, 152, 158, 182, 205, 252, 254, 271, 277, 286, 288, 301, 317, 325–28, 340, 398
honor of, 163
House of Commons, address from (27 Mar. 1766), as enclosure, 166n
House of Representatives
concerns respecting, 149–50
disappointment with, 313–14
petitions from
FB’s removal, for
Townshend duties, for repeal of,
adoption of, 226
cited, 68n, 75n, 201n, 372n, 388n
failure of, 200
mentioned, 5, 138, 221, 228n, 365
preparation of, 72–73, 75n, 223, 385, 386–87
presentation of, 70n, 384, 388
printed, 138–139
interest of, 217
and Ireland, 27
king’s troops. See under British Army
Massachusetts Council, petition from, 391–96
preparation of, 229–30n, 255, 395
presentation of, 396
presented and considered, 314
Massachusetts, as monarch of, 343
ministers of. See under British Government: ministers
and ministers, 61
orders of. See under His Majesty in Council: orders-in-council
Parliament
speech to (8 Nov.), 38
person of, 221
power of, 277
predecessors of, 360
as prosecutor, See Crown: prosecutions
representations to, transmission of, protocol concerning, 142
requisitions of, 213, 219-20, 222, 228, 234, 242, 253, 265, 313, 381, 383
rights of, 345
American Board of Customs, to assist, 159, 206, 251, 273, 378
assembly
on communication of official correspondence to, 292, 314
dissolution of, 150, 224, 277, 400
British troops, on deployment of, 182–83, 271, 304, 331, 333, 335, 338, 339, 373, 397–98
execution of, mentioned, 327
FB, leave of absence granted to, 183, 298
General Court, on removal of, 273, 306
governors’ instructions, on review of, 216
Massachusetts Circular Letter, to rescind vote for, 150, 313–14, 383
Massachusetts magistracy, on reform of, 272, 314
Parliament, summoning of, 353
royal authority, and maintenance of, 330
treason, investigate, 272
as royal “Father,” 96, 314, 361, 384, 387
royal instructions, 216, 273, 301
royal “mind,” 384
royal observations of, reported
American Board of Customs, and protection of, 398
assembly
on disposition of, 142, 149, 313–14
on proceedings of, 142
Boston’s return to “proper Sense” of duty, hopes for, 274
FB
on conduct of, 142, 150, 181, 314, 388
on correspondence of, 142
on Hutchinson’s value to, 272
on “Prudence” of, 96
on Massachusetts Circular Letter, 149–50
rescinding of, 313
Massachusetts Council, on conduct and manner of, 182, 314
Massachusetts, causes of disturbances in, 96, 150
Massachusetts, loyalty of, 150
official correspondence, on transmission of, 77, 96, 142
and secretary of state, 8
smugglers, pursuit of, king’s interest in, 309
and standing armies, 320
subjects of, 67, 271, 273, 343–44, 359, 384, 392
supporters of, 278, See also Friends of Government
toasted, 289n
Virginia, petition from, mentioned, 228n, 284
King’s Bench, Court of the, 37, 272
King’s Road, Boston Harbor, 240
King-in-Parliament
challenges to, 5
Kings, Book of, 189n
Kinsman, Melchisedec
as murderer, 289n
Kirk, Thomas
deposition of
cited, 380n
Hancock’s crew, restrained by, 187
Kneeland (army chaplain), 177
Lace, 139
Lancaster, Mass., 247
Law
British troops, and quartering of, 304, See also Quartering Act (1765): provisions of
civil disorder, quelling, 257
and colonial rights, 63
“conditions” of, 124n
criminal proceedings, 123
death penalty, 289
imperial, 123
law and order issues, 30, 34, 54, 132, 181–82, 272, 343, 344, 373
prosecution, immunity from, 91n
Law Courts, 140–41n, 174n, 275n, See also Superior Court of Massachusetts
Lead
duties on, 281
Lechmere, Thomas, 141n
Leeward Islands, 92
Legal Papers of John Adams, 188
Legge, William. See under Dartmouth, Earl of
Legislation
editorial policy and citation of, 47
Legislation, British. See under Parliament, Legislation
Legislation, English. See under Parliament of England, Legislation
Legislation, Scottish. See under Parliament of Scotland, Legislation
Lennox, Charles. See under Richmond, Duke of
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” (John Dickinson)
author identified, 64
authorship, speculation concerning, 63–65
as enclosure, 63, 65–66, 101–102, 368n
England, reception in, 63, 364
as “American Political Creed,” 148
and New York, 65
newspapers, reprinted in, 63, 66–67n, 102
Pennsylvania Chronicle, published in, 63, 67, 102, 364
publishing history, 63–64, 102
radicalism of, 63–64
Letters to Hillsborough (1769)
cited, 396
Letters to the Ministry (1769)
advertised, 26n
cited, 74, 87, 99, 115, 123, 133, 138, 187, 191, 193, 195, 197–98, 204, 210, 214, 225, 245–46n, 249, 256, 258, 261, 268, 279, 281, 289, 298, 322, 336, 350, 353
Dorr’s commentaries on, 134n
Libel
in Boston Gazette, 125
in handbills, 169
in newspapers, 12, 106, 112, 114–15, 117n, 295, 370
political impact of, 162
as political tactic, 162
prosecutions for, 91n, 121–23, 125, 295–96
considered, 113, 115, 123n, 167, 370, 372n
considered, 113
failure of, 121
and FB’s strategy, 117n
obstacles facing, 34, 88n, 112–113, 115
as prosecutions, 188
Liberty
American colonists, of, 362, See also Rights: American colonists, of; American Colonists: rights and liberties of
popular conceptions of, 320
press, of the, 115
Liberty (sloop)
confiscated, 188
seizure of, 18, 21–23, 110, 170, 187, 195, 243, 310, See also Liberty Riot
Liberty Riot
accounts of, 26, 29, 180, 190n, 375, 377
by American Board of Customs, 29, 190–191, 376–80
about, 36
about, 16, 21, 29, 210n, 250n, 252n, 274
exaggeration in, 36
Hallowell carries to London, 26, 29, 53n, 187, 204, 210, 214–15, 233, 274, 276
aftermath of
and American Board of Customs, 180, 194, See also American Board of Customs: Boston: retreat from
FB’s reports on, 201–12
and American Board of Customs, 313n
Boston town meeting, proceedings of, concerning, 198–201, 211n, 270n
causes of, 21
consequences of, 22–25, 272, 274
conspiracy to incite, 22
Council, considered by, 22, 186–87, 189n, 192–94, 198, 201, 205n, 214n, 243, 250, 268, 270n, 272, 295, 342
crown servants, hostility to, during, 175
customs officers assaulted, 17, 180, 185
depositions concerning, 203
as enclosures, 190n, 204, 377–78
listed, 378–80
Parliament, presented to, 204
FB’s reponse to, 24
Hallowell, testimony of, about, 214n
historiography of, 21
investigation into
by assembly, 189n, 193, 198, 200, 203, 205n, 212n, 243
FB, instructions to, respecting, 37, 272, 274, 291
after
feared, 194, 201–02, 204, 210n, 375, 377
not expected, 198, 201–02, 209
not expected, 193
public meetings
rioters, prosecution of, 34, 37
attorney general, considered by, 188, 274, 295–96, 298
summary of, 20–24
Treasury, considered by, 53n, 190n, 214n, 378
and Whig party, divisions in, 225
“Liberty Song” (1768), 64, 290n
Liberty Tree, Boston, 15, 110n, 127, 129, 134n, 186, 202, 207, 210–11n, 259, 289n, 370–71
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. See also Hutchinson, Thomas
Council
membership of, 169
not elected to, 167, 169, 172, 175
restoration to, proposed, 167–69, 172–73, 175
mentioned, 104, 122, 152, 167–68, 176, 213, 272, 289
Lincoln, Benjamin
as councilor, 117n, 189n, 269n
Linseed Oil, 139
Liquor, 139
Lisle, David
American Board of Customs, blamed by, 310
Sewall, meets with, 310
suspension of, 310
Little Romney, HMS, 178n, 216n, 241n, 367
Liverpool, 248
Lloyd, Robert
Cushing, letter to, cited, 249n
Lloyd’s Evening Post
London
American Colonies, mail to and from, 3, 32, 144, 171n, 287–88, 295, 302–03, 324n, 333, 363, 366
American Colonies, news concerning, 4
American correspondence, Hallowell delivers, 29, 187, 204, 210, 214
Cade’s Rebellion (1450), 211n
Council records in, xxv
exchange rates with, 135
mentioned, 3–5, 7, 21, 32, 35–36, 41, 67, 180n, 187, 253, 285, 315, 329, 362, 386
pamphlets published in, 26n, 51n, 55n, 64n, 68n, 83, 102, 117n, 148
riots and demonstrations in, 29, 40
London Gazette, 121n
London, City of, 321
Lord Hyde (packet-boat), 184n, 303n
Loss
children, of, 146–47
Louisbourg. N. S., 381–82n
conquest of (1745), 393
Loyalists
mentioned, 64n, 144n, 164n, 200, 312n, 323n, 391n, 416n
volunteer association of, 132
Loyalty. See Crown: loyalty to
declarations of, 343
Lydia (brig), 171n
American Board of Customs’ memorial concerning, 309
case concerning, 18, 190n, 309–13n
seizure of planned, 110
Magdalene, HMS, 367
Magistrates. See under Justices of the Peace
Magna Carta, 231
Boston to England, 248
by Lord Hyde, 184n
Boston to Glasgow, 230n
Boston to New York
by express, 294
postriders, 303
schedule and delivery times, 302
concerns about security of, 4, 34, 153
England to Boston
arrives, 86, 247, 287n, 295, 303n
delayed, 80, 86, 146, 152, 288, 295, 298
England to New York
delayed, 183–184
by packet-boat, 3–4, 32, 88, 124, 144, 153, 183, 287–88, 291, 302–03
England, to
by packet-boat, 3, 100, 119–20, 124–25, 144, 173, 175, 234, 252, 302, 313, 350, 353
Falmouth (Eng.) to New York
arrives, 303n
delayed, 183
delivery times, 303
by packet, 3
London to Boston
Lydia, carried by, 171
mentioned, 144
New York to England, 120
Newport to England, 125
postmasters, 302
by Royal Navy, 4
Malcom, Daniel
arrest, resists, 15, 141, 188, 251, 295, 308, 372
Boston town meeting
proposes motion at, 370
depositions concerning, 367n
FB reports on, 52n
identified, 367n
in Liberty riot, 295
merchants’ meetings, presides over, 369
nonimportation agreement, advocates adoption of, 135
obstructs seizure, 368n
seizure, resists and obstructs, 363
as smuggler, 135, 138n, 251, 369
Manchester, Duke of, 95n
Mankind
depravity of, 100
mentioned, 96
Manufactory House, Boston, 38, 116, 139, 334–35, 337n, 339–41, 347, 353–54
Manufacturing, 112, 126n, 132, 136–37, 163–166n, 360, 365, 369–70, 393–95
Marblehead, Mass., 230n, 280n, 317
Mark, Gospel of, 189n
Martinique, 128n
assembly of, 228n
Massachusetts
and American Revolution, 39, 275n, 318n
Boston, provincial opinion concerning, 278–79, 286, 296
boundary disputes. See under Boundary Disputes between Massachusetts and
British attidudes toward, 118n, 234, 294
British garrisons in, 385
and British government,184, 187, 242
British troops
arrival of, anticipated, 400
opposition to, expected, 296
casualties in war, 393
charter of (1629), 324n, 396n, See also Province Charter (1691)
constitution of, 122, See under Government of Massachusetts: constitution
as “country,”108, 122, 133n, 137, 154, 157, 172, 177, 326, 332–33, 363–64, 369, 392
courts. See under Law Courts
crowd action in, 91n
customs officers in, 368n
defense of, 320
disorders in. See under Civil Disorder
divisions in, 171n
exports. See under Exports
FB prepares to leave, 120
finances of. See under Public Finances
fortifications in, 183, See also Castle William
friends of government in, 96, 162
gentlemen in, 383
governors of. See under Governors, Colonial: Massachusetts, of
imports. See under Imports
law and order in, 54n
lawyers, 134n
legislature. See under General Court
magistrates. See under Justices of the Peace
mentioned, 67n, 131, 140, 173, 262, 275n
merchants. See under Merchants
militia. See under Militia
misrespresentations of, 106, 116, 208, 226, 229n, 246n, 270n, 384
mobs. See under Crowd Action
newspapers of, 11, 102, 228n, See also individual titles
and nonimportation movement, 52n
and Parliament,161
people of, 360–61, 365, 383–84, 395
loyalty, 401
as subjects, 76n, See also King, The: subjects of
politics. See under Politics
popular prints, 319
property valuations in, 394
province agent. See under Province Agent
province of, 5
public buildings, 322, 336n, 339, 353–54, See also Faneuil Hall, Boston; Manufactory House, Boston; Town House, Boston
rational men of, 59
religious denominations in, 323n
“revolt” in, 1
royal charter, 367n, See under Province Charter (1691)
Royal Navy in, 366
shipbuilding in, 165
shipping. See under Shipping
sovereignty in, 330
and Stamp Act Crisis, 366
“state” of, 22, 24, 60, 71, 85, 96, 103–04, 156, 202, 204–05n, 223, 243, 249, 270n, 278, 317, 327
strangers in, 130
towns. See under Towns
trade. See under Trade, Colonial
treasury of. See under Province Treasury
wars with France, contribution to, 393
Whig party. See under Whig Party
writs of assistance in, 140–41
Massachusetts Gazette
about, 337n
Council, answer to FB from (26 Sept. 1768), prints, 336, 350, 351n
FB’s messages and speeches to assembly, prints, 170
“To The Public,” prints, 170
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston News-Letter
about, 337n
cited, 117n
FB, proclamation of, prints, 214n
Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News-Letter
Massachusetts, Province of. See under Massachusetts
Matthew, Gospel of, 189n
Mayhew, Jonathan
Discourse on Unlimited Submission (1750), 226, 230
and FB, 226
Mayhew, Matthew, 230n
McConville, Brendan, 230n
McDonald, Forrest, 64
Medford, Mass., 229n
Medway, Mass., 229n
Men, 129, See also Boston: gentlemen of
bodies of, 211n
brave, 211n
“considerate” sort, 81
in crowds, 135, 185, 207, 243, 309
desparados, 240, 246n, 332, 390
elite, 7, 93, 162, 172, 319, 348
employees, 21, 35, 110, 144n, 188, 309
“Lads,” 129
lives of, 39
native-born, 17
nonconsumption agreement, as subscribers, 139n
orders of, 349
“prudent” and “sensible” sort, 318, 356, 390
radicalized, 15, 19–20, 23, 96–97, 100, 158, 162–63, 167–68, 170, 182, 269, 274, 364
as representatives, 114, 167, 181
“respectable” sort, 93
”sensible” sort, 59
townspeople, 322
“wise” and “good” sort, 348
Mendon, Mass., 416n
Merchants
American Colonies, of, 369
Boston, of, 32, 90, 103n, 132, 136–37, 139n, 141n, 164n, 189n, 281, 337n
British traders with America, 136
colonial policy, views on, 2
as FB, opponents of, 4
Great Britain, of, 50n, 137, 394, 415n
identified, 103n, 189n, 211n, 367n
mentioned, 323n
New York City, of, 139n, 281, 368n
nonimportation agreement
and adoption of, 32, 110n, 132, 135–36, 139n, 164n, 166n, 280–84, 369
meetings concerning, 135, 138–39, 182, 280, 369–70
Philadelphia, of, 139n, 281, 368n
Salem, of, 144n
Townshend duties
repeal of, favor, 108
and trade duties, 121n
and trade laws, evasion of, 15, 18–19, 308, 369
and Whig party, 18–20, 136, 139n, 289
as wholsesalers and retailers, 137, 139n
writs of assistance, challenge, 140–41
Merchants’ Exchange, Boston, 261n
Merry Wives of Windsor (Shakespeare), 90n.
Middlekauf, Robert, 27
Mignot, Francis, 318n
Militia
and crowd action, 195
king’s birthday, celebrates, 174–75
officers of, mentioned, 144n, 174
Suffolk regiment, 390–91n
Millenary, 139
Milton, Mass., 192n
Mining, 416n
Minty, Christopher, 5, xv, 64n, 368n
Mobs. See under Crowd Action
Molasses, 21, 121, 243, 248–49
Molineux, William
Harrison, letter to, quoted, 189n
as insurrectionist, 246n
radicalism of, 189n
Montagu, Charles Greville, 95n
Montague-Dunk, George, 50n, See under Halifax, Earl of
Montresor, John
Castle William, plan of, 179
Gage, letters to FB from, delivers, 346
identified, 346n
insurrection, rumors of, explains, 346
mentioned, 345
Moore, Sir Henry
correspondence with, about, 60n
letters from, listed, 403, 405
letters to, listed, 404–06
Moore, Will
about, 289n
as rioter, 289
Murder, 289
allegations of, 236
Murray, Capt., 238
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 111, 231, 283
Mustard, 139
Nancy (brig), 214–15
Native American Peoples
Natural Rights. See under Rights: nature, of
Nature, 324n
Navigation Acts
cited, 190n
colonial trade, restrictions on, 75, 394
and customs officers’ powers, 309
New England
British troops, anticipates, 275
election proceedings in, 167
factionalism in, 124
manufacturing in, 136
and nonimportation, 137
people of, 3
radicalism in, 364–65
seizures in, 363
settlement of, 392
state of, 152
and trade, 137
Vice Admiralty Court, 52n
New Hampshire
assembly of, 228n
governor of, 416n
land grants, 416n
New Ireland, Maine, 144n
New Jersey, 92, 228n, 233, 258, 416
assembly of, 228n
governors of, 234
New London, Conn., 363
New York Assembly
Quartering Act, defies, 27, 151, 336n
New York Suspending Act (1767). See under Parliament, Legislation: New York Suspending Act (1767)
Boston
communications with, 232
mail to and from, 294, 302–03, 306, 366
rumors concerning revolt in, 346
British garrison at, 16, 195, 257, 263
England, mail to and from, 3–4, 120, 125, 183, 186, 225, 242, 303, 366
and “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” 65
mentioned, 154, 254n, 376, 380, 382
merchants of, 139n, 280-81, 368n
and nonimportation, 139n, 280–81, 368n
pamphlets published in, 64n, 67n, 102
New York, Province of
boundary dispute with Massaschusetts, 60n, 160–61, 169, 171n, 173n
government and politics in, 93
governors of, 92, 95n, 416n, See also Moore, Sir Henry
landowners in, 160
Newbury, Mass., 170n, 317, 363
Newburyport, Mass., 318n
Newcastle, Duke of
administration of, 6
identified, 50n
New-Hampshire Gazette
Newport Mercury
listed, 411
Newport town meeting, advertisement by, prints, 367
and Pitt’s speech, 68n
Newport, R.I.
mail packets to and from, 125
town meeting, 367n
Newspapers. See also individual titles
as historical source, 47
manufacturing, and promotion of, 136
political writing in, 71, 91, 366
radicalism of, 137–38
New-York Gazette
cited, 184n
New-York Gazette, and Weekly Mercury
cited, 285n
New-York Gazette, or Weekly Post–Boy
Camden’s speech, prints, 67–68, 70n
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 67n
New-York Journal, 346n
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 67n
New-York Mercury
cited, 68n
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” reprints, 67n
Nichols, John
mentioned, 367n
Temple, letter from, cited, 367n
Nonimportation
agreements
adoption of, 32, 108, 110, 135–36, 138n, 139n, 182, 281, 365, 368–70, 372n
discontent with, 136, 164n, 281–82n, 365
popular concern with, 136
printed, 282n
subscribers and nonsubscribers, 136, 139n, 280–82, 370
intimidation of, 162
subscriptions for, 132, 136, 139n, 165–66n, 280, 282
in American Colonies, 136–37, 139n, 280–81, 368n
economic impact of, 14, 137, 166
merchants and shopkeepers, disputes between, 139n
and nonconsumption agreement, 139n, 166n
and Parliament, 280
popular support for, 2, 20, 116n, 136, 165–66n
Norfolk, Eng., 210n
North America. See also American Colonies
British regiments in, 28, 271, 284
continent of, 90, 92–93, 98, 104, 162, 174, 279, 343, 359, 361, 365, 372–73, 384, 386
mentioned, 63, 80, 124, 174, 251, 271
military fortifications in, 346n
wars in, 276n, 396n, See also French and Indian War
westward expansion, 55n
North Atlantic Station, 53n, 175n, 216n, 241n, 367, 416n
North Briton, 289n
North Ministry, 78
North, Lord, 78
Northey, Edward
opinion of, as enclosure, 274
Norwich. Eng., 210n
Nova Scotia
British garrison at, 232, 285n, 346
government of, 233
lieutenant governor of, 141, 148
mentioned, 148
Nutting, John
as customs officer, 143
identified, 144n
Odgers, William, 289n
Offley Family, 415n
Offley, William
identified, 415n
letter to, listed, 406
Ohio River, 55n
Oil Tar, 188
Old North Church, Boston, 178n
Old South Meeting House, Boston, 322, 324n
Old State House, Boston, 2, See also under Town House, Boston
Oliver, Andrew. See also Province Secretary of Massachusetts
American Board of Customs, letter to
cited, 380n
as enclosure, 379
Council
not in attendance, 347
petition to king from, attests, 396
restoration to, 167
FB, as advisor to, 17, 89, 98, 104, 213
Hillsborough, letter to FB from, copies, 275
identified, 52n
Jackson
letter from, cited, 90n
letter to, cited, 103n
as province secretary
American Board of Customs, writes to, 190
Convention of Towns, FB’s message to, delivers, 352
Council, minutes of, attests, 350, 395–96
General Court, acts and resolves of, transmits, 158n
House of Representatives, communicates with, 105
Jackson, letters to FB from, copies, 90n
Robinson, letter to, cited, 192n
Orange Street, Boston, 210n
Orationes In Catilinam (Orations against Catiline. Marcus Tullius Cicero), 145
Oratory, 319
Orders-in-Council. See under His Majesty in Council: orders-in-council
Osborne, John
identified, 415n
letters from, listed, 403
Otis Family, 20, 100–02, 170n, 173, 175
Otis, James, Jr.
and Adams, S.
disagreements, 244
Adams, S., quoted by, 212n
antiauthoritarianism of, 299
and Boston Gazette, 112, 115, 119
as Boston representative, 11, 211n, 228n, 237n,
dates, 50n
Boston town meeting
as committee member, 211n
speeches in
on arming townspeople, 35, 316, 318n, 320, 322, 324n
on quartering of troops, 332, 334
on British politicians, 25, 221, 225, 233, 299
Circular Letter
and authorship of, 52n, 361–62
rescinding of, speeches opposing, 220–21
compromise with, 170n, 173–74n, 177
constitutional principles of, 76n
continental congress, favors, 222
at Convention of Towns, 352
Council, intimidates, 113, 115, 123n
DeBerdt, letter from, as enclosure, 368n
FB
about, 91n
character attacked by, 24
commends, 208
criticizes, 169–70, 172, 221, 233
insults, 233
on, 212n
opposition to, suspends, 80
quoted by, 337
freedom of press, defends, 123n
and Hancock, 187
Hawley, disagreement with, 12, 89, 91n
House of Representatives
authors papers of, 10, 12, 75n, 76n
influence in, 12, 20, 75n, 101, 209, 228–29n, 362n, 389n
on Jackson’s salary, 89
newspaper libels, discusses, 119–20
speeches
on Camden, 68n–69
Conway, letters to FB from, demands, 104
Council, attacks, 113
FB, criticizes, 169–70, 172, 221, 233
FB’s reports of, 221, 222, 225, 228, 299, 300
Hutchinson, criticizes, 172
king, attacks, 225
king’s ministers, disparages, 221, 225
Shelburne, letters to FB from, demands, 104
on writs of assistance, 140
Hutchinson
opposition to, 175
Hutchinson’s views on, 123n
identified, 177n
and insurrection, 390
intellectualism of, 2
“madman,” behaves like, 113, 173
mental illness of, 91n
moderation of, 225
oratory of, 25, 35, 113, 117n, 221, 297
radicalism of, 12, 35, 102, 200, 225–26, 246n, 297
and rescinding controversy, 225, 297
sedition of, 35
speeches
as enclosures, 298
Whig party, as leader of, 2, 6, 12, 25, 100, 163, 167, 225
writings of, 90
and writs of assistance, 2, 140–41n
Otis, James, Sr.
compromise with fails, 168
Council, election to, vetoed, 167–68, 170n, 174n, 228n
Council, readmission to, 168, 170, 172–73, 176
in House of Representatives, 89
as committee member, 229n, 389n
Hutchinson
enmity towards, 168, 172, 175–76
opposition to, 170
Oxford University, 299
Paddock, Adino, 174
Paine, Thomas
Common Sense (1776), 64
Paine, Timothy
as friend of government, 171n
Paint
duties on, 281
Painters and Engravers, 62, 79, 111, 196, 231, 283
Palmer, Hugh
Christ Church (Boston), invited to, 177–78n
letter to, listed, 406
mentioned, 178n
Paper
duties on, 281
Paper Mills, 136
Parliament
American affairs
dissention over, 83
inquiry into, 25
knowledge of, 116
American Board of Customs, memorials and papers of, presented, 380
American Colonies
authority over, asserted, 7
authority over, challenged, 63–64
concessions to, 7
hostility toward, 99
“Indulgence” of, 93
intervention in, proposed, 11, 109, 266, 278
members’ attitudes to, 20
petitions from, mentioned, 5, 93, 132
reimbursements for, 393
remonstrances considered, 321
remonstrances of, 395
and rights of, 59
submission of, to “all acts of,” 90
and taxation of, 1–2, 69, See also Parliamentary Taxation; Townshend Duties
and trade of, 137
American correspondence presented to
confidentiality, problems with, 157–58
Hillsborough’s plans for, 242, 254
American representation in, 8, 17, 65–66, 69–70, 83–85, 89–91n, 101, 125n, 144–45, 148–49, 320
lack of support for, 124
authority of. See under Parliamentary Authority
Boston town meeting, petition to FB from, presented, 200
Circular Letter, presented to, 99
Convention of Towns risks censure by, 352
Council
petitions from, presented, 396
proceedings of, presented to, 133, 268, 356
customs officers, depositions of, presented to, 133, 204, 378
FB as governor, conduct of, reviewed by, 11
FB’s correspondence presented to, xxv, 26, 28, 32, 87, 99, 115, 123, 133, 138, 143, 151, 158n, 184, 187, 193, 195, 197–98, 204, 210, 214, 225, 245, 252, 255–56, , 268, 274, 277, 279, 281, 289, 298, 315, 322, 336, 350, 353, 378
about, 277
debated, 1
enclosures in, 99, 115, 123, 133, 138, 204, 225, 256, , 268, 274, 289, 315, 322, 350, 353, 378
as evidence, 11
influence of, 24
misrepresentations in, 361
political problems arising from, 157–58
Hillsborough’s correspondence presented to, 315
historic parliaments, 143n, 226, 320, 331, 353
House of Representatives
proceedings of, presented to, 99, 262
and remonstrances of, 71
impeach, power to, 227
Massachusetts
censure of, considered by, 314
resolutions respecting, adopts, 38
towns of, risk censure by, 352
members of
America, hostility to, 110
American liberties, defend, 67, 149
identified, 51n, 54n, 125n, 416n
Otis Jr., satirized by, 25, 299
speeches of, 67
views of, reported, 124
opposition to, 263, See also Parliamentary Authority: opposition to
power of, 82, 84, See also Parliamentary Authority
session dates, 78n
sessions of, 364
and sovereignty, 5, 7, 359, See also Parliamentary Authority
St. George’s Field Massacre, debates, 124
supremacy of, 8–10, 27, 40, 64, 67–68n, 89, 101, 110, 322n, 362
opposition to, 122
and tea duty, 132, See also Townshend Duties
and Townshend Acts. See under Townshend Acts
repeal of, 162
Virginia, representations from, 284
Wilkes, censure of, 7
“Wisdom” of, 360
Parliament of England
Grand Remonstrance (1641), 143
Long Parliament, 226
Parliament of England, Legislation.
acts, citation of, 47
Bill of Rights (1689)
cited, 324n
mentioned, 320
East India Goods Act (1707), 201n
Encouragement of Trade Act (1663), 190n
Governors of Plantations Act (1698), 230n
Mutinty Act (1703), 336n
Navigation Act (1660), 141n, 190n
Navigation Act (1692), 141n
Navigation Acts, 141
Plantation Trade Act (1696), 141n
Recruiting Act (1704), 190n
Tobacco Planting and Plantation Trade Act (1670), 190n
Parliament of Ireland
acts, citation of, 47
Parliament of Scotland
acts, citation of, 47
Parliament, Legislation
acts
citation of, 47
as enclosures, 77
additional declaratory act, mentioned, 368n
adherence to, 308
American Colonies
acts passed (1767–68), 77, 78n
acts concerning, 78n, 95n, 364
American Declaratory Act (1766)
cited, 74n
introduction of, opposition to, 66
and parliamentary supremacy, 7, 64, 101, 110
American Mutiny Act (1765). See also under Parliament, Legislation: Quartering Act (1765)
American Mutiny Act (1767), 50n
American Revenue Act (1767). See also Townshend Acts (1767)
House of Representatives, debated in, 59
mentioned, 50n
nomenclature, 95n
provisions of, 2, 7, 93, 95n, 114, 147, 153, 157n, 281
American revenue acts
mentioned, 2
opposition to, 135, 138, 212n, 290n, 359–60, 365, 383–84, 386–87
repeal of, proposed, 5, 94, 108, 110, 119–20, 132, 138, 395
and taxation, 14, 65, 69, 71, 83, 94, 99, 365, 383, 386, 394–95
and colonial rights, 205
Colonial Trade Act (1766), 78n
Commissioners of Customs Act (1767), 50n
cited, 206n
Encouragement of Trade Act (1707), 273
enforcement of, 400
Free Importation of Rice from the American Colonies Act (1766), 78n
Free Importation of Wheat and Flour from the American Colonies Act (1766), 78n
Molasses Act (1733)
enforcement of, 121
mentioned, 14
opposition to, 120
Navigation Acts
colonial trade, restraints on, 394
prosecutions under, 190n
New York Suspending Act (1767)
criticism of, 63
nonenforcement, 151
passage of, 151
opposition to, 167
Quartering Act (1765)
defiance of, 151
opposition to, 336n
provisions of, 38, 331–33, 335, 337–38, 340–41, 360
Quartering Acts (1766–69), 336n
Repeal of Stamp Act (1766), 7
resistance to, 397
Revenue Act (1766), 121n, 190n
Revenue and Customs Duties Act (1766), 78n
Stamp Act (1765). See also Stamp Act (1765)
nonenforcement of, 143
opposition to, 110
repeal of, 8, 10, 13, 15, 32, 85, 107n, 110, 127, 130, 145, 158n
Sugar Act (1764)
opposition to, 75n
prosecutions under, 190n
provisions of, 121
Sugar Trade Act (1746)
provisions of, 201n
Treason Act (1543)
prosecutions under, 275n
trial in England under, 272
Parliamentary Authority
abuses of, 199, 205, 320, 332, 400
American Colonies
in, 8, 63, 68n, 76n, 84, 98, 136, 268
submission of, 7, 11, 70, 76n, 313
challenges to, 5, 9, 11–12, 40, 68n, 84–85, 89, 98–99, 108–09, 138, 151, 168, 320
and colonial legislative autonomy, 85, 225, 320
and colonial policymaking, 39, 68n
defenders of, 2, 12, See also Friends of Government
defiance of, 13, 163, 182, 298
FB’s maintenance of, 12, 17, 256, 265, 273
legislative supremacy, and principle of, 5, 7–9, 27, 40, 64, 67, 70, 89, 101, 110, 320, 322n, 359, 362
opposition to, 65, 71, 98, 109, 132, 173, 272, 397
escalation in, 108–09, 138, 150, 383, 384
justifiable, 387
resistance to, 271
opposition to, 122
and taxation. See under Parliamentary Taxation
and Townshend Acts, 76n, See also Townshend Acts (1767)
Parliamentary History of England (William Cobbett), 68n
Parliamentary Taxation
all taxes, repeal of, petition for, 391–96
American Colonies, of. See also Parliament, Legislation: Stamp Act (1765); Townshend Duties; Stamp Tax; Stamp Act (1765)
British critics of, 66, 68n, 76n
exemptions from claimed, 8, 40, 74n, 98–99, 108, 225–26, 387
and self-government, 5, 9, 17, 225
as subjugation, 10
unconstitutional, 67–68n, 76n, 228n, 256, 400
enforcement of, 212n
as exploitation, 70n
“external” and “internal” taxes, 66–67n, 69, 71, 83, 365
friends of government, opinions of, 227
House of Representatives, remonstrances of, concerning, 400
legislative authority of
defended, 8
denied, 5, 65–66, 364–65, 368n
legitimacy of, questioned, 76n
nonpayment of, 365
Parliament, and American representation in, 17, 82–83, 362
popular opposition to, 2, 308, 383–84
rights and liberties, infringes, 75n, 362
satirized, 139n
and Townshend duties, 68n, 112, 132, 281
and trade duties, 67n, 71, 76n, 83, 110, 157n, 360
trade, impact on, 394
Partridge, Oliver
identified, 416n
letter to, listed, 412
Paxton, Charles
American Board of Customs, letters of, as co-signatory to, 127, 180, 191, 194, 307, 366, 371, 377
crowd action, subject to, 129–30
in effigy, 15, 127, 129, 364, 370
FB
as advocate for, 181n
as confidant of, 128n
and writs of assistance, 141n
Payne, Edward, 211n
Peasants, 210–11n
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 50n, See under Newcastle, Duke of
Pemberton, Samuel
as Boston selectman, 401
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Pennsylvania
agent of, 51n
courts in, 141
mentioned, 63
nonimportation movement in, 136
Pennsylvania Chronicle
Camden’s speech, prints, 70n
as enclosure, 66
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” publishes, 63, 67n, 102
Pennsylvania Farmer, 64, 74n, 290n, 362
Boston thanks, 370
Pennsylvania Gazette
listed, 405
and Pitt’s speech, 68n
Penzance, Eng., 289n
People, The
anxiety and distress of, 212–13, 324n, 400
assemblies of, 207, 259, 364, 370, See Crowd Action
“better sort” of, 323n
“Body” of, 323n
British opinions of, sensitive to, 364
British troops
“agitated” by presence of, 343
relations with, 332, 334, 338, 343, 354, 360
and resistance to, 334, See also People, The: military preparations of
law, influence on, 122
common “talk,” 132, 136, 239, 245, 260
Convention of Towns, as popular assembly, 330
Council, influence on, 296, 335, 339, 348, 370
crowd action by, 134n, 139n, 188n, 189n, 290n
Crown officers, resentment toward, 309, 325, 328, 360, 371
“distressed” and “incensed,” 199
duties and obligations of, 274
as emigrants, 393
extra-legal actions by, 356, 363
FB, opinions concerning, 323n
freedom of, 360
Hutchinson, attitudes toward, 289, 295
“ill temper” of, 356
illegal combinations of, 12, 93, 110, 263, 324n, 344
insurrectionism of, 334
and king, 384
and lawyers, 309
lower orders of, 15, 30, 162, 168, 172, 207, 235, 237, 364
“lowest kind of Gentry,” 162
military preparations of, 316–17, 319, 320–22
misrepresentations of, 356, 361
refuted, 384
morals of, 343
power and authority of, 104, 169, 235
in government, 122
“principal” people, 365
resentment of, 278
“respectable” sort, 93
revenue laws
rights and liberties of, 360–61, 395, 400
riotous tendencies of, 364
“sensible” sort, 122
subjection of, 76n
and taxes,
payment of, 394
trade laws, defiance of, 120
violence of, 375
Whig party, support for, 296
Petersham, Mass., 171n
Petty, William, 51n, 60n, See under Shelburne, Earl of
Pewter, 139
Philadelphia
British garrison at, 258n, 264
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” published in, 102, 364, 370
Massachusetts rescinders, condemns, 280n
merchants of, 139n, 280–81, 368n
“Philanthrop” (Jonathan Sewall), 91n
Phillips, John
letter to, cited, 189n
orders to
American Board of Customs, FB sends copy to, 197
Hillsborough, FB sends copy to, 201
Phillips, William
identified, 282n
Pickman, Benjamin
American Board of Customs, letter to, FB transmits, 143
identified, 144n
mentioned, 144
Pinfold, Charles, 95n
Pitt, William. See also Chatham, Earl of
administration of, 6
America, as friend of, 6, 51n, 61n, 66, 68n
and Camden, 66
Chatham, Earl of, created, 50n, 66
ministry, forms. See under Chatham Ministry
as national hero, 68n
on parliamentary taxation, 66–67n
on Parliament’s supremacy, 67n–68n
portrait of, 62
speeches
reprinted, 66
on Stamp Act, repeal of, 66–68n, 85–86n
supporters of, 290n
Pittites, 290n
Pitts, James
Council
election to, 396n
leads opposition in, 170
papers of
as co-signatory to, 395
as co-writer, 351n
votes in, 350n
as councilor, 117n, 269n, 337n
FB, as critic of, 117n
Plantations. See under American Colonies
Plautus, T. Maccius
Captivi (The Captives), 351
Plymouth, Eng., 124–25n
Plymouth, Mass., 228n
Political Register
Camden’s speech, prints, 70n
Political Theory, 359, 360, 385
Political Writing
about, 64
anti-government writers, about, 63–64
reported by FB, 63, 65, See also Newspapers: political writing in; Enclosures: out-letters; Boston Gazette
Politics
New York, compared with, 93
political elite, concerns of, 383
political writing. See under Political Writing
popular opinion in, 97, 110, 200, 215, 278–79, 346
popular power. See also People, The
practice and methods of, 100, 113, 115, 161–63,
provincial elections (1768), 166–71
radicalism in. See under Radicalism
“weak and ill-designing Men” in, 96–97
Poorhouse, Boston, 339
Popular Party. See under Whig Party
Powell, Jeremiah
politics of, 212n
Pownall, John
American affairs misunderstood, FB complains, 172–73
assembly
FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends copies, 59–60, 66, 172
proceedings of, FB reports on, 59
Board of Trade
FB’s correspondence with, FB describes, 120
as secretary of, 60
Boston Evening-Post, FB sends copies, 250
career of, 51n
apprehensions concerning, 60, 247
Conference between the Commissaries of Massachusetts-Bay and New-York (1768), FB sends, 160
correspondence with, about, 60, 63, 66, 76n, 120, 160, 173, 250, 329, 372
Council, elections to, FB reports on, 172
crowd action, FB dramatizes, 14–15
Crown salaries, FB recommends, 172
FB
as confidant of, 328
friendship with, 59
letters to Barrington from, FB transmits, 109
letters to Jackson from, FB transmits, 126
letters to Shelburne from, FB transmits, 99, 105, 115, 120, 123
FB as governor
FB defends conduct, 327–29
Hillsborough, discusses with, 28
leave of absence
uncertainty over, discussed, 173
views on, 155
FB writes to, 120
FB, and
mutual concerns, 276
mutual friends, 276
Shelburne, discuss, 60
General Court, acts of, FB sends copies, 160
Hillsborough
discusses FB with, 275n
circulars to FB from, transmits, 252
letters to FB from, transmits, 251, 255, 277
House of Representatives
Circular Letter (11 Feb. 1768), FB sends, 99, 120
FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends copies, 120
letter to Shelburne from, FB sends, 120
proceedings of, FB reports on, 65–66, 160, 172
identified, 51n
replies not found, 66
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”
FB sends, 63, 65–66, 101–02, 368n
refers to, 66
letters to, 59–69, 119–21, 159–61, 171–74, 249–51, 327–29
cited, 8, 20, 45, 47, 52n, 67n, 68n, 70n, 74n, 78n, 97n, 102, 115, 125–26n, 155n, 157n, 170–71n, 173n, 177, 247
enclosures to, 99, 105, 115, 123
FB sends copies, 66
quoted, 5, 14, 19, 31, 36–37, 51n, 372
received, 160
mail package, FB sends, 125
New York-Massachusetts Boundary Commission, FB reports on, 160
newspapers, FB sends copies, 69, 120
official correspondence, transmits, 246–47
Otis Jr., opposition from, FB discusses, 172–73
Otises, compromise with, FB discusses, 172–73
parliamentary taxation, arguments concerning, FB discusses, 74n
Shelburne
FB’s letters to, FB transmits, 99, 105, 115, 120, 123
letter from House of Representatives to, FB sends, 120
intercedes with, 218
Townshend duties, opposition to, FB reports on, 65–66, 120
as under-secretary of state, 60–61n, 247
appointment, FB sends congratulations, 247
Whig party, power and influence of, FB reports on, 173
Pownall, Thomas
Administration of the Colonies
as American affairs, commentator on, 148
as Americans, friend of, 7
career of, 51n
correspondence with, about, 148
FB delays writing to, 147
FB, advises, 148
FB, and
mutual distrust, 7
relationship, about, 148
Franklin, B., discusses, 149n
identified, 51n
letters from, received, 147
letters to, 147–49
listed, 405
quoted, 17
as replies, 147
Member of Parliament, speeches as, 149
Parliament, American representation in, discussed, 17, 148–49
St. Croix land grants, discussed, 148
Whig party, corresponds with, 51n
Pratt, Charles, 51n, 66, See under Camden, Lord
FB, as enemy to, 212n
House of representatives, as commitee member, 229n
Price, Benjamin
letter from, listed, 405
Prince Edward Island, 382n
Printers
and Bernard Letters, 25
and Council, 348
mentioned, 115, 300, 324, See also Edes, Benjamin; Gill, John
prosecution of, 18, 113–15, 121, 123, 125, 181
Sons of Liberty, influenced by, 260
Privy Council. See also His Majesty in Council
and Board of Trade, 60
FB, letters to Shelburne from, reads, 133
as King’s Council. See under His Majesty in Council
Liberty riot, papers on, considers, 214n
Massachusetts Indemnity Act (1766), disallows, 51n
secretary of state, letters from, 44
Providence Gazette
listed, 405
Province Agent. See also Jackson, Richard; DeBerdt, Dennys; House of Representatives: agent of
absence of, 160
expenses of, 89
salary of, 89, 91n, 100, 103n, 119n
Province Charter (1691), 348, 352, 383, 392, 396n
provisions of, 169
Province House, Boston, 318n
officials take refuge in (18 Mar. 1768), 130
Province Secretary of Massachusetts. See also Oliver, Andrew
and assembly, 223
Council
membership of, 169
not elected to, 169
not in attendance, 347
restoration to, proposed, 167, 169
deputy, 362, See also Cotton, John
FB directs, 72
and House of Representatives, 224
mentioned, 10, 17, 71, 98, 101, 103, 168, 190, 213, 222, 396
papers of, 275
Speaker of House of Representatives, advises, 72
Province Treasury
appropriations for, 229n
Prussia, King of, 290n
Public Advertiser
Public Finances
civil establishment, 229n, 395, See also Taxation: provincial
and Council, 338
government expenditure, 83, 229n
mentioned, 277
Public Houses, 331, 332–33, 338, See also Taverns
Public Peace. See under Law: law and order issues
Quartering Act (1765), 342
continuation acts, 336n
continued, 336n
mentioned, 362n
opposition to, 27, 151, 331–32, 336n
passage of, 336n
provisions of, 38, 332–33, 335, 338, 340–41, 360
Queen Anne’s War, 276n
Quincy, Edmund, 416n
Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 211n
Quincy, Samuel
as attorney general of Massachusetts, 52n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 200, 211n
Radicalism
in American Colonies, 9, 14, 20, 26, 63–64, 74, 138, 151, 365–66
in Boston, 3, 15, 31, 36, 40, 63, 152, 162, 234, 244, 246n, 249, 278, 295, 317, 321, 325, 332, 364
in Connecticut, 93
in Massachusetts, 6, 9, 17, 27, 38, 40, 99, 102, 104, 112, 143, 151, 225–27, 274, 297, 362, 364–65
in New York, province of, 93
Rebellion, 3, 74, 210n, 351, See also Insurrection
Regulars, 3, 10, 16, 19, 27, 30–31, 35–36, 38, 95, 110, 154, 170, 178, 195, 197, 200, 204–05, 217, 232, 237, 239, 264, 274, 291, 317, 324, 326, 346, 351, 372, See also British Army
Rehoboam, King, 189n
quoted, 133
Requisitions. See under Crown: requisitions of
Rescinding Controversy
assembly, FB dissolves, 25, 214, 246n, 275
commemorations and celebrations of, 231
FB
initial optimism of, 213
reports of, 220–33, 261, 299, 300n
role of, about, 25–26, 171n, 227–28n, 246n
undermines political support for, 214–15, 223, 227, 229n
Hillsborough
instructions from, 150
FB receives, 77, 143, 150, 170, 214
House protests, 383
issued, 106
as policy document, 9, 143, 151, 275, 314
reflections of, 313–14
House of Representatives
British colonial policy, defies, 226
Circular Letter, refuses to rescind, 25, 223, 233, 275, 279n, 296
king’s disappointment over, 313–14
as political contest, 9–10, 13, 24–26, 28, 99, 225, 279n
“rescinders”
identified, 230n
newspapers, denounced in, 279n
and Whig party, 25, 99, 225–26, 280n, 290n, 297–300n
divisions anticipated, 213
Restuaration (Rochester), 117n
Revenue
Revere, Paul
Sons of Liberty Bowl, 231
Revolt. See under Insurrection
Revolutionary War. See under War of Independence
Rhode Island, 3, 180n, 222, 303, 363–64, 367n
assembly of, 228n
Richards, Owen, 309
Rights
American colonists, of, 9, 25, 59, 85, 163, 205, 225, 228n, 322n, 388n, 400–01
“Bill of Rights,” 5, 35, 66, 83, 101
“Britons,” of, 199, See also Englishmen, Rights of
charters, deriving from, 322n, 359, 395
claims of, 40, 71, 131, 183, 385
constitutional, 359–60
Crown, of, 286
duties and, 14, 87, 101, 109, 120, 265, 278, 392
freedom, of, 210n
government, of, 297
imperial, 279
independence, of, 322
king, the, of, 316, 330, 344–45
legislative autonomy, of, 5, 9, 203, 226
and liberties, 40, 163, 210n, 228n, 320, 322n
nature, of, 75n, 359–60, 362, 400
Parliament, of, 5, 89, 360, 364–65
petition, of, 26
and privileges, 131, 205, 392, 395
and radicalism, 40
redress, of, 25
revolution, of, 322
sovereignty, of, 5, 262, 330, 344
taxation of, 5, 9, 65–68n, 83, 138, 364–65, See also Parliamentary Taxation
trial, of, 275n
“unalienable” or “inalienable” rights, 75n, 360, 362
Rioters. See also Crowd Action
in Nobletown, 160
Robinson, John
American Board of Customs, letters of, as co-signatory to, 127, 180, 191, 194, 307, 366, 371, 377
anonymous, letter from, 389–91
Boston, arrives in, 363
as commissioner of Customs, 180n
crowd action at house of, 243, 390
as customs officer, 180n
Oliver, letter from, cited, 192n
seizure by, 367n
state of province, views on, about, 366
Temple, letter from, cited, 367n
Rochester, Earl of
The Restauration (1707), 117
Rockingham Ministry
about, 61n
mentioned, 6, 27, 50n, 60–61n, 227n, 269
Rockingham, Marquess of
administrations of, 6, 27, 50n, 60–61n, 227n, 269
American policy, conciliation in, 110
Cushing, letter from, cited, 116n
as first lord of the Treasury, 61n
identified, 51n
and Stamp Act, repeal of, 6, 27
supporters of, 289n
Treasury, first lord of, 51n
Rockinghamites, 289n
Rogers, Nathaniel
Hutchinson, letter to, cited, 170n
letters from, cited, 52n
Roman Republic, 118n
Romney, HMS
about, 174
American Board of Customs retreats to, 22–23, 191–93, 209, 215, 219, 270n, 313n, 375, 377, 397
Boston Harbor, leaves, 200
Boston town meeting demands removal of, 200, 206, 294
Boston, arrives in, 20, 174, 216n, 318n, 367
Castle Island, protects, 209, 240, 243, 316
and Liberty, seizure of, 21, 185, 187
mentioned, 174–75n, 186–87, 208, 241n
Root, Joseph, 230n
Ropes, Nathaniel
American Board of Customs, letter to, FB transmits, 143
correspondence with, about, 144
identified, 144n
letters from
not found, 144n
received, 143
letters to, 143–44
listed, 405
Nutting, situation of, discussed, 143
Pickman, to consult with, 144
Rous, Samuel, 95n
Rowe, John
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
mentioned, 323n
Roxbury, Mass., 243, 290n, 347, 390
Royal Charter of Massachusetts. See under Province Charter (1691)
Royal Navy
Boston harbor
deployment in, 29, 174, 200, 238, 345, 367
movements in and out of, 53n–54n, 175n, 240–241n, 318n, 376n, 378
deployment of, 53n–54n, 183, 209, 216n, 235, 240, 244, 390
insurrection, as target of, 390
mentioned, 288
officers mentioned, 26, 20, 53, 174–75, 187, 190–91, 200, 205–06, 208–10, 212n, 216n, 219, 235, 237n, 238, 240–41n, 273, 294, 375–76n, 390, 416n
Royall, Isaac
Council
election to, 396n
papers of, as co-signatory to, 395
politics of, 64n
Ruddock, John
as Boston selectmen, 401
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Ruggles, Timothy
as friend of government, 126
House of Representatives, votes in, 116n, 126n, 369, 372n
“Integrity & Steadiness” of, 126
Otis, views on, 90–91n
Parliament, American representation in, advocates, 84
protest of
domestic manufacturing, concerning, 126n
as enclosure, 126
as rescinder, 230n
Council
election to, 396n
papers of, as co-signatory to, 395
votes in, 350n
as councilor, 117n, 229n, 269n
identified, 356n
Ryder, Dudley
opinion of
as enclosure, 274
Parliament, presented to, 274
Sailors, 211n
Salaries. See also Crown: salaries
Salem, Mass., 144n, 230n, 273, 279–80n, 317, 318n
Saltash, Eng., 416n
Saltonstall, Richard, 230n
House of Representatives, as committee member, 229n
Sanders, Thomas. See under Saunders, Thomas
Saunders, Thomas
Council, election to, vetoed, 167–68
House of Representatives, as committee member, 228n, 389n
identified, 170–71n
Savage, Samuel P.
nonimportation subscription list (1768), 139n
Sayre, Stephen, 388n
Sayward, Jonathan, 230n
as rescinder, 227
Scotland
Parliament of. See under Parliament of Scotland
Seasons, 2, 11, 13, 16–18, 29, 38, 41, 59, 66, 68n, 74, 90, 94, 100, 139n, 148, 152–54, 173, 175n, 180, 211n, 228n, 233–34, 271, 279–80n, 290n, 296, 298, 310, 326, 332–34, 363, 367n, 392–93, 397–98
Secretary at War. See also Barrington, Lord
deputy, 147n
mentioned, 51n
Secretary of State (Colonial Department). See also Hillsborough, Earl of
America, and communciations with, 4
appointment of, 7, 9, 26, 43, 60, 74, 77–78n, 121n, 154
FB’s knowledge of, 120
assembly writes to, 365
assembly, and dissolution of, 400
assembly, FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends, 59
Board of Trade
as president of, 54n, 241, 254
British troops, deployment of, directions concerning, 351n
clerks of, 43–44
correspondence with
about, 25n, 11, 26, 28, 43–44, 51, 60, 77–78, 247, 261, 274
assembly, communication to, instructions respecting, 314
House of Representatives requests copies of, 106–07n, 112
House of Representatives, copies read by, 116, 229n, 252n, 400
instructions concerning, 77–78, 147
FB as representative of, 73, 385
FB writes to, 249
FB’s relationship with, about, 74
friends of government write to, 170n
in-letters, filing system, 44
instructions from
American Board of Customs, assistance to, directing, 372
letters to
cited, 26n
mentioned, 245
office of, 51n
Secretary of State (Northern Department)
identified, 50n
Secretary of State (Southern Department). See also Shelburne, Earl of
assembly, addresses from, mentioned, 71
communications with, instruction concerning, 78, 242n
FB writes to, 71–72
FB’s correspondence with, about, 43, 74, 78
mentioned, 8, 10, 27, 43, 50–51, 53, 60, 76, 78, 218, 236, 329
Sedition
allegations of, 15, 35, 186, 202, 236, 250, 259, 263, 316–18, 345, 346, 364
evidence of, 35, 262, 324n, 389–91, 399–401
intelligence concerning, 296–300
prosecutions for, about, 275n
Seizures
at Boston, 17, 19, 185, 187, 190, 202, 243, 248, 251
at Falmouth, 363
frequency of, 363
at Newburyport, 363
rescues of, 15, 21, 31, 141, 187, 243, 248, 308, 363
Sellers, William, 67n
Senate (Rome), 118n
Senegal, HMS, 216n, 241n, 246n
Seven Years’ War, 6, 68n, 139n, 396n
Sewall v. Hancock (1768–69), 19, 188
Sewall, Jonathan
American Board of Customs
complaints by, 308–311
dispute with, about, 18–19, 154, 307–12
his allegations refuted by, 307
letters to, quoted, 312n
misrepresentations by
about, 308
on, 312n
protects informers against, 312n
attorney general of England, superseded by, 310
as attorney general, 18, 188, 274, 307
appointed, 118n
grand jury, prepares indictment for, 121, 123n, 125
overruled, 310
prosecutes printers of Boston Gazette, 121, 123n, 125
Council, membership of proposed, 169
FB
and, 91n
as protégé of, 311
friends of, 312n
Hancock
prosecution of, advises against, 18–19
Hutchinson, seeks assistance of, 311
identified, 52n
independent-mindedness of, 19, 34
integrity of, 19
juries, unreliability of, concerned by, 123
Liberty riot, leads inquiry into, 274, 295–96
Lisle, meets with, 310
Lydia case
Customs commissioners, instructed by, 308–09
cited, 312n
procedural concerns, his, 309
morale of, 310
offices of, 52
patronage, benefits from, 18, 308
as “Philanthrop,” 91n
resign offices, threatens to, 18, 310
as solicitor general of Massachusetts, 310
Sons of Liberty, acquires information from, 34, 311
as strict constructionist, 18, 308
Venner
and, 313n
letters from, cited, 312n
letters to, quoted, 312n
meets with, 310
replies to, 312n
Vice Admiralty Court, and
as advocate general, 18, 188, 307–08
Sewall, Joseph
identified, 324n
mentioned, 322
Sewall, Stephen
identified, 141n
mentioned, 140
Shakespeare, William
The Merry Wives of Windsor, quoted, 90
She Stoops to Conquer (Charles Dibdin), 210n
She Stoops to Conquer (Oliver Goldsmith), 210n
Sheaffe, Edward, 75n
Sheffield, Mass., 230n
Shelburne, Earl of
administration of, 27
American manufacturing, FB reports on, 136–37
American policy, favors conciliation in, 27
Americans, attitude to, 27
assembly, censures, 112
Boston Gazette, FB sends copies, 123, 137–38
Boston Post-Boy and Advertiser, FB sends copies, 138
boundary commission, Massachusetts and New York, instructions to establish, 160
British critics of, 51n
British troops, deployment of, FB proposes, 131
character of, 27
Circular Letter, adoption of, FB reports on, 98–99
civil government, state of, FB reports on, 132
correspondence with
about, 8, 10, 15, 43, 74, 78, 87, 99, 105, 115, 123, 133, 138
allusions in, 76n
closure of, 146
concludes, 147n
FB’s style of reporting, 261
Hillsborough’s appointment, following, 10, 120
and House of Representatives, 293
as series, 76n
Whigs investigate, 24
Council
minutes of, FB sends copies, 133
proceedings of
FB reports on, 112–13
FB sends copies, 115
crowd action, FB reports on, 15, 27
(3–18 Mar. 1768), 129–34
DeBerdt, letter from, FB sends copies, 368n
FB
misled by, 117n
FB as governor
conciliation, recommends, 74, 329
conduct of
defended by FB, 9
leave of abence, FB plans to request, 94–95
relationship with, about, 6, 8–9, 28, 74, 106, 218
Hillsborough
and, 27
criticizes, 38
opposes, 151
House of Representatives
answers to FB speeches, FB sends copies, 102
FB’s messages and speeches to, FB sends, 105, 114
his correspondence with FB, considered by, 10, 107n, 114, 116, 229n, 252n
letters from
cited, 107n
FB sends copy, 105
procedural irregularities and innovations of, FB reports on, 72–74,
proceedings of
FB reports on, 71–74, 86–87, 98–99, 103–05, 112–13
FB sends, 115
remonstrances of, FB reports on, 71–72
votes and resolves, FB sends copies, 112
Hutchinson, conduct of, FB reports on, 122–23
independence, opinions concerning, FB reports on, 367n
letters from
about, 106
assembly, discussed in, 103–05
Boston Gazette, printed in, 106
cited, 103n, 105, 107n, 116n, 329n
conclude, 88n
copies circulated in Boston, 106
House of Representatives
copies requested by, 24, 106–07n, 229
read in, 107n
published, 158n
received, 10, 74, 86, 101, 103, 106–07n
letters to, 70–76, 86–88, 97–99, 103–07, 112–18, 121–24, 128–33, 134–39
alarmist content of, 133
Board of Trade, considered by, 74, 87, 96–97n, 123, 133, 138
cited, 26n, 6, 9–10, 12, 15, 17–18, 26, 34, 68n, 70n, 74, 88n, 99n, 110n, 112, 115–16n, 119n, 121n, 123n, 125–26n, 127, 135, 138n, 141n, 143n, 151n, 158n, 163, 164n, 166n, 170–71n, 174n, 184n, 189n, 210n, 226, 228–29n, 237n, 282n, 315n, 362, 367–68n, 372, 374n, 388n
and Customs commissioners, 372
discussed, 72
enclosures to, 10, 102, 116n, 362
as enclosures, 99, 105, 115, 120, 123
filed, 43
Hillsborough
copied for, 133
received by, 105
king, laid before, 96, 142, 149, 181
listed, 402–05
original versions of, 52n
Parliament, presented to, 71–74, 86–87, 98–99, 112–15, 121–23, 129–33, 135–38
Privy Council, read by, 133
published, 26n
quoted, 9, 12, 16–17, 29, 88, 110n, 128, 263n, 269n, 372n
received, 12, 74, 87, 96, 105–106, 114, 123, 133, 138, 228n, 252n
libels
prosecution of, FB reports on, 88n, 113–15, 117–18n, 121
publication of, FB reports on, 112
Liberty Tree, FB describes, 207
New York Assembly, punishes, 151
nonimporation, adoption of, FB reports on, 132, 135–38
parliamentary authority, opposition to, FB reports on, 121–22
as secretary of state, 6, 8, 27, 60, 76n, 78n
American policy, relinquishes responsibility for, 74, 121n
Townshend duties, opposition to, FB reports on, 138
Wootton’s depositions, FB sends copies, 133
Sheriffs, 130
Sherriff, William
Dalrymple, writes to, 291
dispatches of, 294
FB, consults with, 290–91, 293
FB, letter to Gage from, delivers, 294
Gage
as aide de camp to, 290
letters to FB from, delivers, 33, 290–91, 293
identified, 292
troops orders, delivers, 290, 305, 316
Shipbuilders, 165
Shipbuilding, 165
brigantines, 171n, 214n, 215, 230n, 242, 248
cutter, 183, 188, 235, 238, 244, 250, 294
England, to, 125
Halifax, to, 235
London, from, 285, 287–88, 295, 302–03
London, to, 253
mentioned, 18, 21, 36, 65, 90, 109, 125, 135, 153, 158, 171n, 215, 234–35, 242, 248, 288, 294, 302–03, 309, 310–11, 317, See also Royal Navy
schooners, 135, 216n, 243, 248, 366, 376n
seizures of, 243
sloops, 19–21, 183, 185, 187, 190, 202, 209, 216n, 235, 243–44, 248, 288
transports, 271, 294, 345, 397–98
warships, 20, 174, 185–86, 191, 194, 200, 206–07, 215, 219, 233, 243, 248, 257, 263, 271, 316, 345, 366, 375, 377, 397–98, See under name of vessel
Ships’ Captains, 4, 34, 102, 135, 171n, 211n, 214n, 215, 225, 230n, 242, 248, 253, 295, 296, 302, 323–24, 366, 369
Silk, 139
Silvester, Richard
declaration of cited, 155n, 188n, 299, 318n
Smallpox, 60
Smugglers
evidence concerning, 369
Smuggling, 135
Snuff, 139
Society, 385
Soldiers
mentioned, 3, 16, 21–23, 29, 33, 36–38, 109, 184, 211, 237, 291, 304, 331–32, 336–40, 350–51, 353–54
Solomon, King, 189n
Sons of Liberty
in American Colonies, 296
Boston, of, 85
and Castle William garrison, 293
crowd action, organize, 13, 22, 128, 242–43, 259, 260
effigies, remove, 110n
FB’s views on, 23, 31, 36, 109, 204, 207, 209, 235, 236, 261
“Firmness” of, Gage doubts, 345–46
handbills of, 202
Massachusetts, of, 2
and merchants, 289
ornamental bowl commerates, 231
radicalism of, 85
sedition of, 186, 202, 236, 249–50, 259, 316–17, 346
as source of information, 34, 296, 298, 348
Stamp Act protests, commemorate, 290n, 364
treason among, 345
and Williams, intimidation of, 258–61
South Carolina
assembly of, 228n
governors of, 95n
governorship of, FB considers, 92
Sovereignty, 5, 7, 67, 70n, 82, 85, 89, 262, 330, 344, 359, See also King-in-Parliament: sovereignty of
Sparhawk, Nathaniel
Council, election to, 167–68, 170n
as councilor, 117n, 189n, 269n
identified, 171n
Springfield, Mass., 171n, 230n
Spry, William
distress of, 59
as governor of Barbados, 95n
identified, 60n
St. Augustine, East Florida, 254n
St. Croix Bay Grants, 141n, 416n
partnership, 148
St. Eustatia, 190n
St. George’s Fields’ Massacre, 29
St. John’s Island (Prince Edward Island, Canada), 381
St. Patrick’s Day Feast, 130
Stables, 336n
Stafford Springs, Conn., 287n
Staley, John, 416n
Stamp Act (1765)
controversy over, 5
nonenforcement of, 143
opposition to, 64n
repeal of, 7, 15, 32, 85, 107n, 221
(18 Mar.) commemorations of, 110n, 127, 129–31, 137, 370–71
British debates concerning, 10, 66, 110
Whig party, reputation of, sustained by, 161, 166
and taxation, 1
aftermath, 44
and Boston town meeting, 200
British responses to, 8–9, 329
and Council, 350
Cromwell, and reputation of, 226
mentioned, 90n, 126n, 131, 152, 204n, 308, 328, 366, 372n
and Otis, 225
and politics, realignment in, 163
Townshend duties controversy, comparisons with, 13, 16, 40
Stamp Act Riots, Boston (1765), 290
British responses to, 54
commemorations of, 289–90n, 364, 367n
and Council, 237n
and Hutchinson, 289
Liberty riot, compared to, 21, 202, 207
mentioned, 18, 23, 34, 39, 53n, 68, 120, 188, 205, 264, 370
reports on, 158n
rioters
immunity for, 8
suppression of, 195
victims, compensation for, 70n, 228n
Starch, 139
States General (Netherlands), 76n
Stays, 139
Stephens, Philip
Hood, letters from
published, xxvi
enclosure to, 390
identified, 391n
letters to, published, 26n
Royal Navy officers, correspondence with, published, 26n
Stewart, Duncan, 367n
Stirling, Earl of, 416n
Strange, John
opinion of
as enclosure, 274
Parliament, presented to, 274
Sudbury, Mass., 229n
Suffolk County, Mass., 133n
Sugar, 139
Suicide, 246n
Sunderland, Mass., 230n
Superior Court of Massachusetts
disbars Hawley, 60n
justices of, 91
libel case, considers, 121, 125
and writs of assistance, 140
Surinam, 135
Swansea, Mass., 117n, 170n, 228n
Tarring and Feathering, 318n
Taxation. See also Parliamentary Taxation; Public Finances
and English Civil War, 226
“external” and “internal” taxes, 83
distinctions, 65, 67, 69, 71, 83, 365
as gift of people, 5, 66, 360, 400
Massachusetts, provincial taxes in, 163, 164n, 222, 229n, 393–95
Parliament, by, 71, See under Parliamentary Taxation
representation, without, 68n, 76n, 83–84, 89, 199–200, 360
and rights and liberties, 5, 9, 65, 75n, 83, 362
Tea
Dutch colonies, illicit imports from, 14
duties on, 2, 14, 78n, 281, See also Townshend Duties: tea duty
Ireland, exports to, 78n
Telephus, King, 86n
Temple, John
American Board of Customs
estrangement from, about, 22, 53n, 134n, 181n
letters of, as co-signatory to, 127, 180, 194, 366, 371, 377
Board of Customs, letter to, cited, 367n
Bowdoin, E., marriage to, 53
career of, 53n
Castle William, does not retreat to, 22, 181n, 192, 195n
FB
accusations against, 53n
and mutual antipathy, 22, 195n
mentioned, 366
Nichols, letter to, cited, 367n
Robinson, letter to, cited, 367n
and Sewall, 310
and Stamp Act riots, commemoration of, 367n
state of province, views on, about, 366
“state of the Riot and Robbery at Taunton” (1765) cited, 367n
Terror
allusions to, about, 19, 37, 133
mentioned, 130, 162, 186, 260, 272–73, 279
Thacher, Oxenbridge
and writs of assistance case, 140–41n
Thames (ship), 315n
Thomas, Peter D. G., 28, 151, 184, 378
Thread, 139
Tories
Town House, Boston, 2, 130, 136, 202, 209, 245, 259, 260–61n, 324n, 364
Towns. See also named town
and assembly, covening of, 278
Boston
and, 365
less radical than, 278–79
Boston Selectmen, circular from, 321, 399–401
and Circular Letter, rescinding of, 228n, 279n
and Convention of Towns, 331, 343, 345, 352, 401, See under Convention of Towns
elections in, 227
juries, appoint, 295
meetings of
mentioned, 2
radicalism in, 364
representatives of, mentioned, 2, See also under named town
and trade and commerce, 393
Whig party in, 2
Townshend Acts (1767). See also Townshend Duties
and American Board of Customs, 308
colonial petitions concerning, 228n
House of Representatives
petition of, for repeal, 143n, 201n, 280n, 345n, 372n, 388n
remonstrances of, for repeal, 65, 69, 90, 93, 98, 139n, 142, 149, 163, 226, 394, 391–96
approved, 75n
discussed, 112
FB refused copies of, 72
mentioned, 368n
preparation of, 6, 59, 65, 68n–69, 71, 73, 93, 99n
opposition to, 9, 13, 15, 28, 87, 90, 110, 115, 132, 143, 148, 161–62, 204, 281
repeal of, 5–7, 11, 110, 225, 281, See also Parliament, Legislation: Revenue Act (1767): repeal of
not expected, 163
Townshend Duties, 281, See also Parliament, Legislation: Revenue Act (1767); Townshend Acts (1767)
arguments against, 60n, 65–69, 74n–76n, 119–120, 132, 138, 360, 365, 394–95
evasion of, 15
opposition to, 5, 10, 13, 27, 68n–69, 71, 75n, 88, 91n, 98, 112, 132, 139n, 201n, 223, 228n, 345n, 359, 386–87
colonial assemblies, from, 359–62, 391–96
colonial protest movement, emergence of, 108–10, 119
parliamentary authority, challenges to, provoked by, 138
repeal of, 6, 13, 108, 138–39n
revenue from, 14
and taxation, 14, 65, 69, 98, 365, 383, 386, 387, 394, 395
Crown salaries from, 7, 93–94, 95n, 148, 157n, 167, 170n, 172, 176
Townshend Revenue Act (1767). See under Parliament, Legislation: Revenue Act (1767), See also Townshend Duties
Townshend, Charles
American affairs, knowledge of, 26
Board of Trade, as president of, 26
as chancellor of the Exchequer, 54, 68n
Chatham ministry, influence in, 68n
and historiography, 157n
mentioned, 156
Townshend, George, 54n
Townshend, Marquess of, 54n
Trade Duties, 5, 14–15, 65–67, 69, 71, 76n, 83, 110, 119–21n, 157n, 159, See also Townshend Duties
Trade Laws. See also Trade Duties; Townshend Duties
difficulties with, 135, 305, 373
evasion of, 308
popular opposition to, 14, 109, 119–20, 249, 295
repeal of, 108
Trade, Colonial, 2, 137, 139n, 281, 360–70, 393–94
exports. See under Exports
imports. See under Imports
losses in, 137
and nonimportation. See under Nonimportation
tea, 190n
Transatlantic Communications, 3–4, See also Mail
Transatlantic Voyages, 26, 52n, 100, 177, 313, 315n
accusations of, 20, 85, 162, 297, 345
definition of, 351n
evidence of
about, 345
examined, 324n
in publications, 377
Henrician statutes, 37, 272, 275n
investigation of, proposals for, 272, 291, 300n
misprision of, 324n
trials for, considered, 275n, 345n
Treasury
American Board of Customs
advises, 372
correspondence with, about, 53n
crowd action reported by, 368–72
letters to, as replies, 366, 378
Liberty riot reported by, 190n, 376–80
memorials from, 368–72, 376–78
about, 15, 26, 29, 141, 159, 190n, 274, 308–09, 366–67
cited, 26n, 110n, 128, 138n, 141n, 155n, 159, 191, 241n, 251n, 300n, 303n, 310–13n, 372n, 374n, 376n, 378n, 399n
considers, 50n, 274, 366, 371, 378
discusses, 251
enclosures to, 190n, 193, 195, 197–98, 204, 366, 368n, 371, 376–77, 379–80
about, 368n
as enclosures, 376
Gage, Hillsborough sends copies to, 373
Hallowell, delivered by, 53n, 204, 214n, 274
Hillsborough, sends copies to, 10, 366, 372
mentioned, 153
Pownall, J., copied to, 371
quoted, 15
secretary of state, copied to, 366, 372, 378
Sewall, concerning, 312n
trade laws, enforcement of, problems reported by, 362–66, 368–72
American revenue, 14
and Board of Trade, about, 60
clerks of, 416n
Cushing, letter from, cited, 116n
and Customs commissioners, appointment of, 308
“extensive Plan of Resistance,” warned of, 377
and governors, salaries of, 170n
Hallowell, examines, 214n
House of Representatives, letter from
cited, 116n
mentioned, 112
Liberty riot, accounts of
discusses, 378
reviews, 53n
lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, salary for, 167, 172
lords commissioners of, identified, 50n, 51n, 61n, 68n, 95n, 116n, 367n, 416n
and Massachusetts Council, 289n
secretary of state
letters from, about, 44
Venner, memorial from, cited, 313n
Trowbridge, Edmund
Whig sympathies of, 299
Tryon, William, 95n
“True Patriot” (anti-government writer), See under “A True Patriot”
Tudor, William, Sr.
Adams, letter from, quoted, 75
mentioned, 75
Tyler, Royal
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
Council
election to, 396n
leads opposition in, 170, 348, 350
papers of
as co-signatory to, 395
as councilor, 117n, 175n, 212n, 229n, 269n, 337n, 347, 350n
FB, as critic of, 117n
letter from, cited, 212n
Tyng, William
identified, 416n
letter from, listed, 410
Tyringham, Mass., 230n
Ulster, 252n
Venner, Samuel
American Board of Customs
accusations of, denies, 310, 313
accused of misrepresenting, 312n
instructed by, 312–13n
Bradshaw, letters to, cited, 363
as scapegoat, 310
Sewall
letters from, quoted, 312n
letters to, cited, 312n
meets with, 310
writes to, 312n
suspension of, 310
Treasury, memorial to, cited, 313n
Vice Admiralty Court
advocate general. See also Sewall, Jonathan
advocate general of, mentioned, 17–18, 34, 52n, 154, 188, 307–08
at Halifax, 367n
judges of, mentioned, 17, 52n, 169, 188, 313n
prosecutions in, 19, 35, 188, 309
registrar of, mentioned, 168–169
Vickery, Joshua, 318n
Virgin Islands, 415n, See also under Danish West Indies
Virginia
disturbances in, reported, 378
governorship of, 26, 28, 284–85n, 326, 378
lieutenant-governorship of, 92, 155–156, 157n, 218, 234, 271, 284, 286–87, 325–27, 398
radicalism of, 9
Virginia House of Burgesses
Circular Letter, replies to, 222, 228n
king, petition to, about, 228n
Speaker of, 228n
Wages, 165–166
Walpole, Horace, 27
War of Independence, 323n, 416n
War of Spanish Succession, 276n
War Office
mentioned, 124
secretary of state, letters from, 44
Ward, Artemas
Council, election to, vetoed, 168, 171n
identified, 171n
Warren, James, 228n
Warren, Joseph
“A True Patriot,” as author of, 115, 117–18n, 123n, 212n
Boston town meeting, as committee member, 211n
libel by, 12
radicalism of, 200
Warren, Seth, 91
Watson-Wentworth, Charles, 51n, 61n, See under Rockingham, Marquess of
Weaponry, 35, 127, 130, 245, 259, 308, 316, 319–20, 322, 370–71, 390, 393
Weather, 88, 184n, 335, 337n, 347, 350n, 392–93
Wentworth, Benning
identified, 416n
letters to, listed, 404
Wentworth, John
correspondence with, about, 60
Westminster, Palace of, 83, 116, 266, 278, 298, 325, 356, See also Parliament
Wharves. See under Boston: waterfront
Whately, Thomas
Hutchinson, letters from, cited, 318n, 324n
Whig Party. See also Boston Faction; Sons of Liberty
American Board of Customs
attitudes to, 22–23
hostility of, 308
American Colonies
in, 20
ascendancy of, 148, 161–63, 166
assembly, influence in, 11
in Boston, 51n, 64, 134n, 139n, See also Boston: Whig Party; Boston Faction
campaigning of, 16, 162, 167, 169, 176
conservatives in, 12, 25, 64n, 246n, 323n
conspiracy, fear, 24
Council
in, 40, 53n, 163, 171n, 212n, 351n
influence in, 38, 40, 169–70, 269–70n
critics, intimidate, 162
and Cromwell, 226
and crowd action, 13, 15, 22, 31, 40, 133, 139n, 195, 200
divisions among, 168, 213, 226, 246n
emblems of, 231
and correspondence of, 220
impeachment and removal of, favor, 230n
make “peace” with, 80
and mediation by, 10, 155n, 210, 213, 269
misrepresented by
accusations concerning, 40, 105, 109, 112, 167, 244
evidence for, 115
relationship with, about, 10–12, 40–41, 99, 110, 116
removal of, consider, 223
House of Representatives
defeated in, 90
elections to, 20
in, 12–13, 17, 75n, 90, 99, 101, 104–05, 109, 112–13, 166–67, 181, 220, 226, 228n, 244, 361, 389n
influence in, 11, 19–20, 87, 99–100, 148, 162–163, 176, 213, 221
leaders in, 104, 112, 221, 225, 244, 279n, 297–99, 300n
numbers in, 90, 113, 115, 148, 227
opponents in. See Friends of Government: House of Representatives, in
ideology of, 25, 163, 225, 362
and impressment, negotiations respecting, 200
and independence, 367n
informers in, 33, 133n, 298, 299
as rhetoric, 237n
jury, intimidate, 115
and law enforcement, 23, 123, 133
leaders of, 2, 6, 12, 20, 23–24, 34, 40, 60n, 65, 90, 91n, 152, 162–63, 167, 170, 221, 225, 226, 244, See also Adams, Samuel; Cushing, Thomas; Hancock, John; Hawley, Joseph; Otis, James, Jr.
as agitators, 115
as “demagogues,” 84, 122, 164, 226, 269, 375
and Hancock, 187
prosecution of, 110, 117n, 123, 275n, 308
social origins of, 162
London, communications with, 5
loyalty of, 175
mentioned, 150
moderates in, 12, 25, 31, 99, 109, 170, 200, 225, 267, 269, 350, 362, 364
and nonimportation, 20
opposition to, lack of, 11
Parliament, American representation in, attitudes to, 85, 91n
parliamentary authority, oppose, 68n, 85, 168, 173, 176, 298
parliamentary taxation
arguments against, 5, 228n, 256
political writers for, 11–12, 34, 63–64, 112, 114, 117n, 279–80n, 290n, 298, 318, 321, 349
and popular celebrations, 15
popularity of, 84
and Pownall, T., 51n
radicals in, 2, 9, 12–13, 17, 19, 27, 35, 40, 74–76n, 88n, 94, 99, 102, 105, 189n, 200, 211n, 225–27, 246n, 297, 350, 353, 368n, 391n, See also Radicalism
revenue acts, repeal of, campaign for, 132, 152
sedition of, 275n
and smugglers, 299
social origins of, 65, 93, 163, 383
and Stamp Act riots, 195
Townshend Acts, repeal of, campaign for, 132
Whig Party (England), 6
White, Samuel, 117n
Whitehall, 4
Wilkes, John
American support for, 231
arrest and prosecution, 6
controversy over, 151
North Briton, No. 45, 289
Parliament, exclusion from, 7, 29
and search warrants, 309
William III, King, 320, 387, 392
Williams, Israel
British intervention, fears, 227
Hutchinson, letter to, cited, 230n
as rescinder, 230n
Williams, John (customs officer)
American Board of Customs, letters to, as enclosures, 371
arms, presents, 134n
conduct of, praised by king, 314
crowd action, subject to, 128, 130, 185, 371
handbill concerning, as enclosure, 261
Malcom’s request for “indulgence,” refuses, 138n, 369
mob, intimidated by, 259
Sons of Liberty, determined to resist, 259, 260, 261
Wilson, W., 366
Wine, 21, 121n, 135, 138n, 185, 187–89n, 208, 251, 336n, 369, 415n
Woburn, Mass., 128
lives of, 39
nonconsumption agreement, as subscribers to, 139n
nonelite, 2
and politics, 133n
Wood, Robert, 318n
Wool, 136
Woolens, 393
Wootton, William
American Board of Customs, letter to FB from, delivers, 127
depositions of
cited, 128n
as enclosure, 133
Parliament, presented to, 133
identified, 128n
Worcester County, Mass., 86n, 171n, 247, 416n
Worcester, Mass., 171n
and nonimportation, 2
unemployed, 116n
Worthington, John
as councilor, 117n
as friend of government, 171n
Writs of Assistance
about, 140–41
York, Maine, 230n
York, Neil Longley, xv, 51n, 68n
Young, Thomas, 211n