INDEX
Abercrombie, Robert, 243
“Act for the Prevention of Vice and Immorality,” 316
Adams, Abigail, 178
Adams, Charles Francis, 122
Adams, John: on government, 172, 173; and James Warren, 76, 170, 309; and Jefferson, 182; on “Merchantile Interest,” 58; as president, 159; and Royall Tyler, 301; on Shays’s Rebellion, 182
Adams, John Quincy, 134
Adams, Samuel, 20, 124, 141, 169, 170
Address to the Inhabitants of New England concerning the Present Bloody Controversy Therein, 270–73
“Address to the People,” 59, 135, 137, 265
Ahlstrom, Sydney, 240
Albany, N.Y., 262
Albion, Maine, 152–53
Alden, Noah, 258
Alexander, Elijah, 88
Alexander v. Taft, 91
Alford, Mass., 232, 263, 267, 277
American Antiquarian Society, 122
American Museum, 309
Amherst, Mass.: Am. Rev. in, 209; clergy in, 209; Friends of Government in, 202, 233; Loyalists in, 209; political culture of, 199; religion in, 233, 251–52; Shaysites in, 129, 130, 233
Amherst College, 6
Ammidowns (militia officer), 206
Anarchy: conservative republicans / Friends of Government on, 12, 143, 152, 171–72, 177, 179; Federalists on, 179; radical republicans on, 170, 174; and republicanism, 316
Andover, Mass., 265
Andrews, Thomas, 95–96
Androscoggin River, 284
Anglicans, 188
Annan, David, 260
Antifederalism, 19, 152, 206, 240
Antifederalists: on Confederation, 175, 180, 292, 293; on Congress, 292; on Daniel Shays, 180, 181–82; on elections, 292–93; and Federalists, 291, 292, 294, 295; Friends of Government as, 4; Henry Knox on, 102; and Jefferson, 180; in Maine, 281–83, 291–94; in Mass., 102, 176, 179, 294; in N.Y., 176; on paper money, 291; radical republicans as, 175; on rebellion (concept), 180–81; and republicanism, 282–83; and Shays’s Rebellion, 175–76, 180–82; on slavery, 293; on state debt, 291; and U.S. Constitution, 176, 180–81, 292, 293
Apocalypticism, 271
“Appeal to the People,” 289
Aristocrats, 113, 168. See also Elites
Arminianism, 254–55
Army, Continental: Bostonians in, 133; chaplains in, 307; Daniel Shays in, 1, 2–3, 309; Friends of Government in, 13; mentioned, 132; officers of, 48–49, 103; clothing of, 128–29; Payments for, 48–49, 72, 103; provisions for, 102, 133; and religion, 209, 210; soldiers of, 72, 95, 103
Army, standing, 292
Arsenal, federal. See Shays’s Rebellion: in Springfield, Mass.
Articles of Confederation, 4, 8, 48, 54, 113–14, 175
Artisans: in backcountry, 190; and banks, 65; in Boston, 110–11, 281; as clergy, 256; and culture, 316; and debt, 86, 145; employment of, 103; and Federalism, 113, 114; interests of, 58, 70; as Jeffersonians, 361 n. 25; and merchants, 113; and paper money, 61; as Shaysites, 145; and taxes, 145; and U.S. Constitution, 281; in Worcester Co., Mass., 94
Ashburnham, Mass., 234
Ashfield, Mass., 233, 259, 276
Atholl, Mass., 234
Austin, Benjamin, 97–98
Ayres, Oliver, 277
Babbitt, Christopher, 272–73
Backcountry: advertising in, 103, 107–8; agriculture in, 14, 192–93; and Am. Rev., 13–14, 20, 22, 102, 134–35, 203; artisans in, 102–3, 190; bankers in, 65; Baptists in, 17, 210–11, 262, 272, 305; British factors in, 106; change in, 16, 18, 22, 102; class in, 16, 136, 150, 189, 199; clergy in, 200, 249, 250; community in, 16, 18, 186; Congregationalism in, 17, 210–11, 241, 272, 312; of Conn., 190–91; consumers in, 107; county conventions in, 104, 135, 200; courts in, 74, 135, 199, 200–202; culture of, 7, 19–20, 103, 299, 316; debt in, 74, 104, 134–36, 193–94, 306; and eastern Mass., 12; economy of, 6, 16, 22, 134–35, 189, 199, 295; factions in, 16, 17; farmers in, 22, 123, 134, 188, 190; in literature, 19–20; Loyalists in, 199; and magistrates, 12; of Maine, 14–16, 153–60; of Mass., 187–88; and Mass, constitutions, 135–36; and Mass, government, 13, 14, 22, 71, 103, 199–200; and merchants, 9, 12, 107, 190, 217; money in, 9, 11, 109; of N.C., 188; newspapers in, 103, 107; occupations in, 102–3; of Pa., 188; political culture of, 12–16, 135, 136, 199–200, 203, 306; politics in, 7, 103, 189; and prices, 13, 70; Protestantism in, 206, 255; scholarship on, 135, 136; sects in, 16, 17–18, 210–11, 241, 305; Separates in, 17, 305; settlement of, 18, 187–88, 305; Shakers in, 17, 18, 210–11, 262, 272, 305; and Shays’s Rebellion, 12–13, 20, 282; society in, 6, 13–14, 15, 16, 186, 189; specie in, 134, 136; stereotypes of, 299, 305; taxes in, 14, 74, 135, 136; towns in, 17, 20, 103, 104, 187–88, 199; trade with, 75, 106, 190; Universalists in, 17, 210–11, 262, 272, 305; and U.S. Constitution, 282; of Va., 188; wealth in, 13, 134, 190. See also specific places
Backus, Isaac, 257, 258, 270–73
Bailey, Isaac, 276
Baldwin, Moses, 244
Ballantine, John, 306
Ballard, Ephraim, 154
Balltown, Maine, 154
Bancroft, George, 161
Banditti. See Shaysites
Bankers, 65
Baptist Association, Shaftesbury, 259, 260
Baptist Association, Warren, 209, 213, 257, 258–59, 260
Baptists: in Bristol Co., Mass., 275; in Conn., 262; as Friends of Government, 221–22, 223, 226; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 263, 276–77; as Jeffersonians, 361 n. 25; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 222; in N.H., 311; and political theology, 270, 274; in Rehoboth, Mass., 263; and Separates, 259; and Shakers, 262; as Shaysites, 206, 221–22, 225, 226; in Shaysite towns, 17; and Shays’s Rebellion, 20, 274; as Universalists, 210; in Va., 188; in Worcester Co., Mass., 224, 225, 261, 275, 277
Baptists, Calvinistic Particular, 256
Baptists, Particular, 259
Baptists, Separate, 209, 213, 239–40, 246–48, 256–62, 270–73
Baptists, Strict, 305
Barrell, Nathaniel, 294
Bay Psalm Book, The, 253
Beals, Isaac, 226
Becket, Mass., 232
Belcher, Jonathan, 63–65
Belknap, Jeremy, 149
Bellingham, Mass., 258
Bellows, Jon, 84
Bemiss, Benjamin, 219
Bemiss (family), 219
Bender, George, 155
Bennington, Battle of, 269
Bennington, Vt., 302
Berkshire Co., Mass.: Baptists in, 209, 257, 258, 263, 277; class in, 213; clergy in, 209, 211, 248, 250, 267, 277; Congregationalism in, 211, 248–49, 254, 277; and county conventions, 125, 127; Friends of Government in, 277; Jeffersonians in, 361 n. 25; and Mass, constitution of 1778, 199–200; sects in, 209, 211, 262; Shakers in, 262, 277; Shaysites in, 277; Shays’s Rebellion in, 174, 199, 287; and taxes, 329 n. 43; towns in, 213, 232, 277
Berlin, Mass., 234
Bernardston, Mass., 233
Betterment Act, 159–60
Bicknell, Thomas, 87
Bid well, Adonijah, 277
Bigelow, Daniel, 94
Bigelow, Samuel, 258
Billerica, Mass., 265
Billings, John, 130
Bill of rights (U.S. Constitution), 181, 292, 293
Birth of a Consumer Society, The, 107
Bisco, John, 220
Blackstone Valley, 225
Blandford, Mass., 233
Block, Ruth, 207
Blodgett, Joseph, 276
Board of War, 73
Bolton, Mass., 234
Bonds, 67
Boston, Mass., 271, 298; and Am. Rev., 13, 106, 133, 141, 210, 246; Antifederalists in, 176; artisans in, 110–11, 281; bankers in, 65; banks in, 61; British in, 52, 68; clergy in, 253, 259; Colonial Society of Mass, 111, 64; creditors in, 131, 215, 218; culture of, 14, 213, 255, 316; Daniel Shays on, 126; elections in, 114; elites in, 258, 313; ideology in, 133, 135; importers in, 108; laborers in, 62; leaders of, 61, 64; and Maine statehood, 286; Mass. legislature in, 103, 125–26, 241, 283, 286; merchants in, 69, 71, 75, 106, 110,124, 124, 131, 138; money in, 138, 301; newspapers in, 2, 3, 107, 309; population of, 133; prices in, 62, 70, 74, 75; protests in, 70; radical republicans in, 169–70; religion in, 241, 243, 253–54, 258, 260–61, 265, 271; representation of, 114; and Shays’s Rebellion, 115, 124, 138; as state capital, 1, 21, 73, 156, 213, 266–67; stores in, 96, 107; town meetings in, 71, 75; tradesmen in, 110–11; trade with,74, 75, 192; and U.S. Constitution, 281, 282, 291–92; wholesalers in, 11
Boston Commercial Gazette, 2–3
Boston Gazette, 110
Boston Magazine, 141
Bowdoin, James: administration of, 137; Benjamin Lincoln and, 140–41; and elections of 1787, 139; and Friends of Government, 21; on Maine statehood, 285–86; merchants and, 110–11; petitions to, 138; proclamation of, 128; salary of, 117; and Shaysites, 124, 126, 127, 140–41; and Shays’s Rebellion, 115, 266
Bowdoin, James, Sr., 64
Bowman, William, 95
Boylston, Mass., 234
Breck, Robert, 255
Brimfield, Mass., 233
Bristol Co., Mass.: clergy in, 250; conventions in, 127; and Gov. Bowdoin, 138; petitions from, 68; religion in, 257, 263, 275
Bristol, Maine, 154
British, 68, 105–6, 116, 117, 118, 151
Broad, Wilder, 153
Bromfield, Edward, Jr., 64
Brooke, John L., 16–18, 239–41, 248–51, 361 n. 25
Brookfield, Mass., 213; creditors in, 218, 220, 221, 223; Daniel Shays in, 194; debtors in, 218; economy of, 194–95; elites in, 17, 217–18, 220, 221; Friends of Government in, 17, 132, 194–95, 214, 234; religion in, 214, 218, 221, 223, 234; Rev. veterans in, 194; Shaysites in, 214, 234
Brooks, John, 133
Brown, Richard, 161
Buckland, Mass., 233
Bullard, John, 275
Bullard, Jonathan, 220
Bullion, 49, 327 n. 16. See also Currency; Money; Money, paper; Specie; specific types of money
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 130
Bunyan, John, 299
Burgoyne, John, 130
Burns, James MacGregor, 161
Burroughs, Eden, 243, 244, 300, 304, 311, 312
Burroughs, Mrs. Eden, 300
Burroughs, Stephen, 303, 308; capture of, 244, 313–14; as “clergyman,” 19, 212, 243–44, 299–300, 304–5, 312–13; as counterfeiter, 19, 302, 315; education of, 19, 300, 311; family of, 243, 244, 300, 304, 311; flight of, 244, 300; imprisonment of, 19, 300, 314–15; life of, 311–12; memoirs of, 301, 312–13, 315; on Pelham, Mass., 196, 212, 313–14; on Shays’s Rebellion, 314; trial of, 300, 315; wealth of, 300, 313
Bushman, Richard L., 136, 325 n. 9
Butler, Ephraim, 95
Cabot, Thomas, 138
Calvinism, 243, 259, 264, 271, 307, 312
Calvinists, 254, 255, 258, 265
Cambridge, Mass., 115, 215, 218
Cambridge Platform, 208
Campbell, Archibald, 275
Cape Breton campaign, 66
Capitalism, 4, 6, 16, 17, 22. See also Economy
Carp, E. Wayne, 133
Certificate, Continental, 107, 109
Certificates of indebtedness, 67
Certificates, treasury, 71
Chaddock, Joseph, 219–20
Chadwick, Paul, 160
Chapin, Daniel, 275
Charles I, king of Eng., 70
Charlmont, Mass., 233
Charlton, Mass., 213; Am. Rev. in, 209; clergy in, 209; creditors in, 214; debtors in, 214; Friends of Government in, 205–6, 214, 221, 224, 234; religion in, 221, 222, 234, 311; Shaysites in, 205–6, 214, 224, 234
Charter of 1692 (Mass.), 135, 222
Chauncy, Charles, 254
Cheshire, Mass., 257
Chester, Mass., 233
Chesterfield, Mass., 233
Chileab, Mass., 258
Chilmark, Mass., 252
China, 112
Choate, Isaac, 226
Cilly, Joseph, 148
Cities, 109, 261, 316. See also Seaports; Towns
Clarke (family), 288. See also Great Proprietors
Clarks (family), 189
Clary, Elisha, 95
Class: in backcountry, 150, 189; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 213; challenges to, 20; clergy and, 212; courts and, 10, 11; and debt, 81–82; Federalists and, 218; Friends of Government and, 217–21, 223; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 212, 213; and ideology, 59; Minot on, 104–5; and religion, 213–21; and republicanism, 15; Shaysites and, 217–21, 223; and Shays’s Rebellion, 15, 20, 79–81, 117, 123, 212–16; and theater, 316; in Worcester Co., Mass., 213, 217–21
Clemons, Jonathan, 220
Clergy: in Amherst, Mass., 209; and Am. Rev., 205–6, 249–50, 252–53, 261, 305, 307; artisans as, 256; in backcountry, 200, 249, 250; and banks, 65; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 211, 248, 250, 267, 277; in Boston, 253, 258, 259; in Bristol Co., Mass., 250, 275; in Charlton, Mass., 209; in Chilmark, Mass., 252; and class, 18, 207, 212, 258, 310; in Concord, Mass., 255, 307; of Congregationalists, 260, 267; and congregations, 209, 306–7; in Conn., 267–69, 311–12; on culture, 316; in Deerfield, Mass., 209; and deference, 228, 306; employment of, 242, 248, 273, 305, 306; farmers as, 256, 258; as Friends of Government, 263, 266, 267, 277; in Great Britain, 261; in Greenfield, Mass., 209; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 211, 250, 305, 306; in Hatfield, Mass., 266; on human nature, 292; ideology of, 274; imposters as, 308; as local leaders, 249, 263–64; Loyalists as, 209, 252–53, 263, 275, 276, 277; in Maine, 269, 284; and Mass, government, 205, 258, 298; in Medford, Mass., 307; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 250, 252; in Middleton, Mass., 252; in N.H., 149, 260–61, 300, 311; in Northampton, Mass., 196, 267; in Northfield, Mass., 209; in Pelham, Mass., 212, 242–44, 245, 300, 304–5; and plagiarism, 307–8; and politics, 263–64; and popular protest, 269; in Princeton, Mass., 252; and property, 242, 249; on protesters, 169; on religious decline, 208, 240; role of, 207–8; salaries of, 207–8, 226, 242–43, 251, 256, 259–60, 275–77, 304–5; as Shaysites, 267–69; and Shays’s Rebellion, 205–7, 210, 220, 224, 227, 264–65, 270; in Shutesbury, Mass., 209, 252; in South Hadley, Mass., 308; in Springfield, Mass., 255; in Sunderland, Mass., 306; and U.S. Constitution, 258; in Vt., 269; in Ware, Mass., 267; in Warwick, Mass., 209; in Westfield, Mass., 306; in West Springfield, Mass., 308; in Worcester Co., Mass., 209, 211, 248, 250, 252, 255, 275
Clinton, DeWitt, 174
Clinton Historical Society, 101
Cochrane, James, 148–49
Cogswell, Benjamin, 87, 88, 90, 91
Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 6
Committees of correspondence, 70, 196, 246
Committees of safety, 283
Communitarianism, 124
Community: and agriculture, 207; and Am. Rev., 186, 187; in backcountry, 186; concept of, 16; Daniel Shays and, 185; and debt relationships, 83–84; in eastern Mass., 186; Friends of Government and, 223; leaders of, 65, 208; in New England, 186, 193; and political behavior, 195; political culture of, 203, 207; and political theory, 141; and religion, 207–8; scholarship on, 190–91, 193, 203; Shaysites and, 185, 217, 219–21; and Shays’s Rebellion, 186–87, 207, 208, 212, 228, 248–49
Commutation, 48
Concord, Battle of, 10, 21, 81, 130, 252
Concord, Mass.: clergy in, 255, 307; courts in, 298; on Daniel Shays, 2; prices in, 75–76; religion in, 255, 307; Shaysites in, 128; and Shays’s Rebellion, 20–21, 138
Concord, N.H., 109
Concord Gazette and Middlesex Yeoman, 3
Confederation: Antifederalists on, 175, 180, 292, 293; capital of, 117; conservative republicans oh, 175; Federalists and, 101, 181; finances of, 47, 48; frontier of, 303; members of, 54; radical republicans on, 175; reform of, 180, 292, 293; scholarship on, 143; and trade regulation, 111; and U.S. Constitution, 181
Congregationalism: challenges to, 18, 240–41, 245, 248–56, 260, 273; change in, 273; decline of, 240–41; and Shays’s Rebellion, 207–10, 212, 226–27, 248–49, 250
Congregationalists: in backcountry, 272; and Baptists, 258; before Am. Rev., 242; clergy of, 259, 260, 269, 270, 305–6, 308; decline of, 264; divisions among, 226–27, 258; and finance, 263; in folklore, 189; as Friends of Government, 267; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 188, 227, 308; institutions of, 242, 264; in Maine, 284; and New Light Stir, 257; and political theology, 263–74; and Presbyterians, 187; and Scots-Irish, 187; and sects, 305–6; and Shaysites, 149, 207, 239; in Shay site towns, 17; wealth of, 259; in Worcester Co., Mass., 187, 220–24, 226–27, 245, 247
Congregationalists, Reorganized, 275
Congregationalists, Separate, 260
Congress, Continental, 68
Congress, U.S.: and Am. Rev., 47–48, 74; Antifederalists on, 292; and army, 48–49; and currency reform, 74; and economy, 112; Federalists and, 113, 116–17; and Mass., 49–50, 51–52, 53; and Mass. General Court, 74; members of, 111, 291, 294; merchants and, 110; and militias, 303; and monetary policy, 47–50, 52–53, 72, 77, 101; and price controls, 74, 76; requisitions of, 8, 49, 51–55, 73, 327 n. 14, 331 n. 52; and revenue, 111, 113; and sectionalism, 112; and trade, 110, 113, 116; and U.S. bill of rights, 292
Congresses, provincial (Mass.), 68, 127, 283
Conkey, William, Jr., 198, 244
Connecticut: backcountry of, 190–91; and border disputes, 267; clergy in, 267–69, 311–12; conservative republicans in, 172; economy of, 193; farms in, 191, 192; and fiscal policy, 69, 71, 76; reformation men in, 225; religion in, 262, 267–68, 311–12; scholarship on, 190–91; Shays’s Rebellion in, 190; towns in, 190–91; and U.S. Constitution, 6; wealth in, 190–91
Connecticut Valley, 187; agriculture in, 190, 192; elites in, 195, 310; Loyalists in, 195; religion in, 261, 308; towns in, 14
Conservatives: on county conventions, 104; and farmers, 103, 104; lawyers as, 114; and Mass, government, 103, 104; merchants as, 105, 114; and paper money, 115; and property, 104, 127; and radical republicans, 162; and Shaysites, 123, 127; and Shay’s Rebellion, 18–19, 101, 115; as traders, 105. See also Republicans
Constitution, U.S.: Antifederalists and, 162, 175, 176, 180–81; artisans and, 281; Bicentennial of, 6; clergy and, 258; debate over, 5; and elections, 292–93; Federalists and, 179–80; framers of, 4, 19, 162, 176, 179, 292; Hamilton and, 6; Henry Knox on, 290; Jay and, 6; Madison and, 6, 142–43; and Maine, 290–91, 296; Mass, and, 5, 169; merchants and, 281; Minot on, 181; N.Y. and, 6; ratification of, 152, 176, 179–81, 252, 281–83, 290–96; and religion, 258; and republicanism, 282; scholarship on, 4, 6, 7, 124, 161–62; and Shays’s Rebellion, 3–5, 7, 102, 105, 143, 161–62; and slavery, 252, 293; supporters of, 162, 176, 180; as symbol, 182; and U.S. bill of rights, 181, 282, 292, 293
Constitution of 1778 (Mass.), 135–36, 199–200, 222
Constitution of 1780 (Mass.): “Attleborough” on, 167; backcountry and, 13, 135–36, 200; Benjamin Lincoln and, 141; clergy and, 258, 298; conservatives on, 104; and county conventions, 104, 127; and courts, 136; and creditors, 55, 105; and debtors, 105; Declaration of Rights of, 242, 247, 287; eastern Mass, and, 135, 136; framing of, 127; Friends of Government and, 223; and Mass. Senate, 136; Minot on, 105, 143; Pelham, Mass., and, 14; radical republicans on, 170; ratification of, 49, 54, 200; and religion, 217, 222, 241–42, 245, 247; and representation, 53; and restricted franchise, 136; Shaysites and, 125, 133, 135–36, 141; and Shays’s Rebellion, 102; supporters of, 241
Consumer goods, 11, 22, 69, 308, 310
Consumers, 22, 103, 107, 109, 270
Contrast, The (play), 19, 302, 316–19
Convention, Annapolis, 114, 179
Convention, constitutional (Mass., 1780), 127
Convention, Constitutional (U.S., 1787), 4, 6, 56, 173, 175, 178–79, 185–86; Conn, and, 6; Henry Knox, 102; merchants and, 113; N.J. and, 6; and Shays’s Rebellion, 105, 161; Va. and, 6
Conventions, county: in backcountry, 104, 135, 200; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 125–26; conservatives and, 104; Daniel Shays and, 198; debates in, 162; delegates to, 165; demands of, 125–26, 127; during Am. Rev., 75–76, 104; Federalists and, 114; and fiscal policy, 163; in Hampshire Co., 137; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 125–26, 244; in Maine, 284, 285, 286–92, 294, 295, 296; in Mass., 104, 127; opponents of, 163, 286–92; petitions of, 163, 165; and property, 104; response to, 163; Samuel Adams on, 169; Shaysites and, 125, 127, 219–20, 244; and Shays’s Rebellion, 2, 13, 114, 123, 127; significance of, 127; supporters of, 163, 286–87; in towns, 104; in Worcester Co., Mass., 94, 219–20, 311
Conventions, state ratifying (U.S. Constitution): Maine and, 282, 291–94; in Mass., 130, 176, 179, 252, 281, 282; in N.H., 282; in N.Y., 174
Conventions of 1782 (Mass.), 127
Conventions of 1784 (Mass.), 127
Corruption: and Am. Rev., 264; Congregationalists on, 264, 274; and national debt, 60; paper money opponents on, 271; paper money supporters on, 59, 63; rulers and, 166; Shaysites on, 5, 274
Council (Mass.), 61, 68, 71, 157
Counterfeiting, 19, 73, 74, 300, 302, 315
Counterprotest, 163
Counterrevolution, 173–74, 270
Court of Common Pleas: in Berkshire, Mass., 130; debt cases in, 10, 87–91, 94, 221; opponents of, 97–98, 125; Shaysites and, 213, 227; in Worcester Co., Mass., 10, 87–91, 94, 213, 227
Court of General Sessions, 125, 227
Courts: Adam Wheeler on, 227–28; and Am. Rev., 199, 201; appeals in, 93, 114; in backcountry, 74, 135, 199, 200–202; and class, 10, 11; closings of, 55, 81, 123, 135, 139, 145, 151, 163, 199–202, 205–6, 213, 217, 224–25, 227, 285, 297–98; in Concord, Mass., 21, 298; and Constitution of 1780 (Mass.), 136; costs in, 11, 81, 87, 90–91, 94, 97–98; creditors and, 10–11, 83–85, 94–99, 137, 201; debtors and, 10, 82–99, 108–9, 113–14, 137; efficiency of, 10, 11; farmers and, 102, 117; Federalists and, 103, 114, 117; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 200, 201–2; lawyers and, 201; in Maine, 157, 283, 296; merchants and, 10–11; in N.H., 149, 163; in Northampton, Mass., 104, 267, 285, 297; reform of, 11, 97–98, 99, 114, 127; Samuel Thompson on, 295; scholarship on, 10, 81, 93, 97; in Shirley, Mass., 298; structure of, 82; in Worcester Co., Mass., 81–82, 205–6, 224, 227, 285
Covenant political theology. See Political theology
Coventry, Conn., 311–12
Cowden, Capt., 198
Cozier, Matthias, 245
Crafts, Thomas, 276
Credit: in 1780s, 11; and Articles of Confederation, 54; Commonwealth of Mass, and, 49, 50; and consumer purchases, 108; during Am. Rev., 51, 54, 58, 68; federal government and, 56; in Great Britain, 54; and ideology, 58–59; merchants and, 11, 58, 71, 131; Province of Mass, and, 9, 58, 67; and republican government, 55, 56; and specie, 82; and taxes, 69, 72
Credit, bills of, 47, 67, 70, 72
Credit, foreign, 52, 54, 106, 109
Creditors: and Am. Rev., 47, 48; in Boston, 131, 215, 218; in Cambridge, Mass., 215; and class, 218, 219–221; Daniel Shays as, 129; and debt litigation, 10–11, 81–99, 131, 137, 213, 219; as debtors, 11, 87, 105, 131; diversity of, 47; and economy, 83, 92; and federal debt, 52–53; as Federalists, 104, 114; as Friends of Government, 218–21; interests of, 47, 54; and Mass. state debt, 48, 50, 52–53; Minot on, 105; and monetary policy, 50, 53, 66, 76, 78, 104; number of, 51; occupations of, 10–11, 82, 87, 90; petitioners and, 166; in Plymouth, Mass., 215; and property, 105; in Province of Mass., 67; and religion, 226; and republican government, 55, 59; in R.I., 215; as Shaysites, 16–17, 219–20; and taxes, 54, 55; wealth of, 10, 81, 83; in Worcester Co., Mass., 85–99, 218–21
Creditors, foreign, 52, 58, 60, 65–66, 147
Critical Period. See Confederation
Cromwell, Oliver, 152
Cronin, Thomas E., 161
Crozier, Matthias, 277
Culture: and Am. Rev., 255; of backcountry, 103, 299; of Boston, 255; change in, 103; elites and, 22, 188; and ethnicity, 245; of farmers, 103, 188; and religion, 241, 258; and Shays’s Rebellion, 103, 298; and social structure, 19; spread of, 316; and theater, 318; in towns, 299
Culture, folk, 154
Culture, political. See Political culture
Cumberland Co., Maine, 283, 284, 288
Cumberland Gazette, 284, 286–87, 290
Cumings, Henry, 265
Cummington, Mass., 233
Cunningham, John, Jr., 109
Currency, 57–59, 61, 63, 66, 68–69, 72
Currency Act of 1751, 66
Currency finance, 58, 60, 68–92, 334 n. 12
Curtis, Caleb, 205–6, 207, 209, 224
Cushing, Thomas, Jr., 64, 69, 71
Cutler, Robert, 276
Dalton, Tristan, 69
Dana, Josiah, 275
Danforth, Asa, 86
Dartmouth College, 19, 260–61, 300, 304, 315
Davis. See Burroughs, Stephen
Davis, Ebenezer, 311
Day, Elijah, 209
Deacons, 207–8, 218–24, 226–27, 240
Debt: in 1780s, 47; Antifederalists on, 291; arbitration of, 220; artisans and, 86, 145; in backcountry, 74, 136, 193–94; British and, 106; certificates for, 79; and class, 81–82; and community, 83–84; concentration of, 51; consolidation of, 49, 50, 52, 78; Continental officers and, 132; courts and, 81–82; and currency, 66; depreciation of, 51, 78; and economy, 83, 101; elites and, 73; farmers and, 11, 117, 145, 194, 297; federal government and, 8, 48, 50, 52, 115; Federalists on, 115, 117; Friends of Government and, 132; in Great Britain, 60; and ideology, 59; imprisonment for, 126; of individuals, 51; laborers and, 11; laws on, 194; and luxury, 134, 137; in Maine, 296; Mass, government and, 22, 59, 60, 67, 73, 137; merchants and, 71; payment of, 60, 65–66, 77–78, 125, 137, 194, 217, 267, 344 n. 6; protests against, 19; public opinion on, 11; relief from, 22; scholarship on, 78, 81, 193–94; Shaysites and, 123, 145, 224; and Shays’s Rebellion, 7, 22, 55, 78; and society, 82, 225; and specie, 60, 86; speculation in, 50–51; and taxes, 60, 78, 125, 217; towns and, 72–73; women and, 86
Debtors, 1; aid for, 220, 225; in backcountry, 104, 217; bankruptcy of, 84; and banks, 62; Baptists and, 226; character of, 82; and class, 228; and Commonwealth of Mass., 105; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 105; and courts, 10, 81–99, 108–9, 113–14, 137; and creditors, 10, 105, 131, 166; creditors as, 11, 87, 105, 131; default by, 10; and economy, 82; financial support of, 85; as Friends of Government, 17, 218–21; and lawyers, 93, 113, 137; legal appeals by, 91–92, 95, 114; merchants and, 10; Minot on, 105; and monetary policy, 76; in N.H., 149; occupations of, 11, 87, 89; as petitioners, 166; punishment of, 84–87, 93, 194, 217, 297; and republican government, 55; scholarship on, 97, 98–99; in seaports, 217; as Shaysites, 16–17, 108–9, 131, 194, 219–21, 223; state legislatures and, 124; in Worcester Co., Mass., 85–99, 217, 218–21
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, 172
Deference: in backcountry, 189, 306; collapse of, 223, 224; creditors and, 228; Daniel Shays and, 309; debtors and, 228; elites and, 228, 310, 319; Federalists and, 158, 159; in Maine, 159
Deflation, 81, 82, 83, 99. See also Economy
Deism, 263
Deists, 277
Denny, Samuel, 226
Denny (family), 226
Depreciation: Congress and, 74; of debts, 51, 78; ideology and, 69; and military recruitment, 338 n. 30; of paper money, 49, 60, 68, 74, 76–77, 126; and price controls, 76–77; in R.I., 64; of treasury notes, 79
Depression, economic: courts and, 10; creditors and, 82, 83, 99; and debt, 81; and debt cases, 81; elites and, 11; Mass, government and, 3, 7; and public loans, 64; response to, 17, 21. See also Economy
Despotism, 12
Development, economic, 57–58, 64. See also Economy
Dickinson, Reuben, 129
Dictatorship, 173
Dillingham, Pitt, 153, 155, 156
Discourse, political, 162–65
Disorder, 150
Dissent, religious, 16, 17–18, 20, 225. See also Religion; Sects, evangelical; specific denominations
District of Maine. See Maine
Dix, Samuel, 275
Dollars, Continental. See Money, Continental
Dorrelites, 276
Dorrell, William, 210
Douglass, Mass., 234
Dresser, David, 224
Dudley, Mass., 234
Dutch, 52
Dwight, Timothy, 190, 309, 310
Easthampton, Mass., 233
Easton, Mass., 275
East Pelham parish (Mass.), 241–43, 244–45. See also Pelham, Mass.
Economy: in 1780s, 7, 217; and Am. Rev., 18, 22, 58, 68, 79, 133–35, 241; of backcountry, 14, 16, 22, 189–90, 192–93, 199, 295; and capitalism, 6; change in, 18, 208; Congress and, 112; of Conn., 193; courts and, 10; and debt, 101; of eastern Mass., 189; elites and, 8; farmers and, 186; Federalists on, 117; and foreign credit, 54; growth of, 59, 62, 65, 112; Henry Knox on, 169; Henry Lee on, 169; ideology and, 62; and King George’s War, 66; and loans, 65; of Maine, 295–96; of Mass., 3, 7, 133, 193–94; Mass. General Court and, 135; merchants and, 58; and money supply, 62; and political culture, 14, 169; and religion, 251–52; scholarship on, 7; and Shays’s Rebellion, 7–8, 79, 194–95, 208, 217, 241; and society, 304; state role in, 59; of towns, 134, 190; of U.S., 54
Egremont, Mass., 232, 263, 267, 277
Election (Calvinist doctrine), 307
Elections: in 1776, 69; Antifederalists and, 292–93; in backcountry, 70; Bowdoin administration and, 21, 139; Federalists and, 113–114; Friends of Government on, 12; in Maine, 157–58
Elites: and Am. Rev., 199; in backcountry, 16, 136, 199; in Boston, 258, 313; and change, 18; and class, 189; clergy and, 207, 310; and commerce, 157; in Conn. Valley, 310; as creditors, 218, 228; and culture, 22, 188, 316; and deception, 309, 310–11; and economy, 8; and education, 150, 216, 223; factions among, 22; and farmers, 311; and Freemasonry, 209; and government, 7, 150; and government 8; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 189, 195–96; in literature, 19; in Maine, 156; and militias, 224; in N.C., 188; in N.H., 218; occupations of, 8, 113; in Pa., 188; and political culture, 15, 22, 146, 150–52, 157–58, 310; and political office, 22, 216; and religion, 188, 216, 253; scholarship on, 8; as Shaysites, 130, 156; and Shays’s Rebellion, 15, 22, 146, 152, 206; stereotypes of, 303; in Va., 188; values of, 157; wealth of, 22, 150, 151; in Worcester Co., Mass., 218
Ellis, John, 275
Ely, Samuel, 200, 267–69, 297, 298
Embargoes, 283
Emerson, John, 276
Emerson, Joseph, 275
Emmons, Nathaniel, 254
Enfield, Conn., 262
Essex Co., Mass., 68, 106, 138, 329 n. 43
Excise, 52–53, 103. See also Taxes
Exeter, N.H., 145–48, 150, 153, 157
Factors, British, 11, 52, 106, 110, 116
Falmouth, Maine, 283–85, 291. See also Portland, Maine
Falmouth Gazette, 284, 286, 290
Farmers: and Am. Rev., 22, 68, 102, 103, 134; in backcountry, 22, 123, 134, 135, 188, 190; as bankers, 65; as clergy, 256, 258; as consumers, 102, 107, 109; and courts, 102, 117; and culture, 12, 19, 316; culture of, 103, 188; and debt, 11, 113, 117, 131, 145, 194, 297; in eastern Mass., 134; and economy, 102, 186; elites on, 311; and Federalists, 104–5, 111. 117; as Friends of Government, 124; grievances of, 7; imprisonment of, 297; and Maine, 19, 296; and Mass, government, 103, 117, 134; and merchants, 11, 12, 107, 109; Minot on, 197; and money, 61, 102–4, 110, 111, 115, 117; in N.H., 147; in Pelham, Mass., 14; and prices, 68, 69–72, 70, 74, 76; and property, 65, 102, 297; scholarship on, 101, 134; and Shays’s Rebellion, 3, 102, 145; as social group, 188; stereotypes of, 303; and taxes, 102, 103, 117, 145; and trade, 74, 102; values of, 103; wealth of, 134, 190
Farming, 17
Fathers of the People, 159
Federalism, 11–12, 114, 117, 203, 258, 317
Federalist, The, 6, 104, 142–43, 167, 172
Federalists: and Annapolis convention, 114; and Antifederalists, 292, 294, 295; and Articles of Confederation, 114; and British, 105–6, 116, 117; and class, 157, 218; and commerce, 103; and Confederation, 181; and Congress, 116; and county conventions, 114; and courts, 103, 114, 117; and Daniel Shays, 179–80; and debt, 117; in drama, 318; and economy, 117; education of, 103; and farmers, 104–5, 111, 117; and federal government, 115; as Friends of Government, 152; ideology of, 115; in Maine, 157, 159, 283, 291, 295; and Mass, government, 103, 104, 117; and money, 104, 111, 117; and newspapers, 111, 116; occupations of, 106, 113, 114, 118; organization of, 111; and political culture, 116, 157, 291; and property, 103, 104; and religion, 218; scholarship on, 240; and Shaysites, 104–5, 291; and Shays’s Rebellion, 5, 12, 102, 104–6, 114–18, 179–80, 295; and taxes, 117; and towns, 103; and trade, 111, 113; and U.S. bill of rights, 293; and U.S. Constitution, 179–80, 291
Federal political theology. See Political theology
Ferguson, E. James, 334 n. 12
Fessenden, John, 220
Finance, 58–59
Financiers, 114
First Baptist Church (Boston), 258
First Church (Amherst, Mass.), 251–52
First Church (Boston), 254
First Church (Templeton, Mass.), 276
First Parish (Rehoboth, Mass.), 275
First Presbyterian (Pelham, Mass.), 277
Fisher, Jabez, 277
Fiske, John, 161
Fitchburg, Mass., 235
Forbush, Robert, 205
Forrest, Uriah, 180
Forward, Justus, 131
Foster, Dwight, 218
Foster, Joel, 277
Foster, John, 276
Foye, William, 64
France, 52, 67, 102, 111, 112, 300
Franklin, Benjamin, 173, 188, 307–8
Franklin, Mass., 254
Freeholders, 145
Freeman, Samuel, 284
Freemasons, 209
French, Joseph, 148
Friends of Government: and Am. Rev., 13; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 277; clergy as, 263, 266, 267, 277; and community, 223; conservative republicans as, 168; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 223; creditors as, 16–17, 21, 22, 151–52, 218–21; debtors as, 17; as Federalists, 152; on Great Britain, 303; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 145, 263, 277; Henry Knox as, 157; local leaders as, 217, 220, 223; motives of, 20; in N.H., 145, 148–50; political culture of, 12–13, 274; and religion, 218–29, 240, 250, 255, 267; rioters as, 225; and Shaysites, 202, 303; wealth of, 214; in Worcester Co., Mass., 213–28, 245
Friends of the People, 15, 159
Gardner, Mass., 235
Garrick, David, 307
General Court (Mass.), 68; “Address to the People” of, 59, 135, 137, 265; and Am. Rev., 252; Antifederalists and, 284, 294; and backcountry, 103; and bankruptcy, 84; and banks, 61, 65; and bills of credit, 70, 72, 102; clergy and, 205; and Congress, 54–55, 74, 331 n. 52; and consumerism, 270; and creditors, 59; Daniel Shays and, 3; and debt, 22, 49, 59, 60, 73, 137; and East Pelham parish, 241; and economy, 69, 135; factions in, 103; farmers and, 103, 117, 134; Federalists and, 103, 116, 117; Friends of Government and, 13, 139; governors and, 127; and land claims, 159; and loans, 59, 63; location of, 125–26, 286; and Maine, 156, 158–60, 285–86, 288, 289–90, 294–95; and Mass. Constitution of 1778, 135–36, 200; merchants and, 9, 11, 61; and money supply, 102; and paper money, 9, 22, 53, 60, 67, 69, 265; and political theology, 69–70; and prices, 72; reform of, 125; and religion, 242, 246, 265–66; scholarship on, 98–99, 325 n. 8; and Shaysites, 132, 140–41, 146; and Shays’s Rebellion, 134–35, 137–38, 139, 171, 297–98; and silver, 63, 66; and taxes, 8, 22, 48, 51, 53, 60, 72, 137; and tenor notes, 78; and trade, 52, 65; and treasury notes, 72; and veterans, 48, 72
Georgetown, Maine, 283
Gibbs, Jonas, 94
Gloucester, Mass., 261
Goffe, William, 299
Good, public, 59, 74, 134, 317
Gore, Christopher, 290
Gorham, Maine, 284
Goshen, Mass., 233
Gould, John, 220
Government, federal: and army, 292; conservatives and, 105; and credit, 56; and debt, 8, 55–56, 115; Federalists and, 115; and foreign powers, 55–56; and legislation, 292; merchants and, 11–12; and North, 54; politicians and, 11–12; and Shays’s Rebellion, 4–6, 11–12, 19–20, 105, 115; and South, 54; and states, 8; and taxes, 56, 292; and trade, 11–12, 115, 292
Government, provisional (Mass.), 127
Government, republican, 55, 56, 99, 143, 166
Government, state, 19, 20, 21, 86, 105, 151
Government by the People, 161
Grafton Presbytery, 260
Graham, Richard Crouch, 243
Granby, Mass., 233
Granet, David, 324 n. 6
Grant, Charles, 190–91, 192, 193
Granville, Mass., 233
Gray, Daniel, 198, 243–44, 245, 267
Great Awakening: Congregationalists and, 253, 254, 255–56; in Conn. Valley, 308; dissenters and, 213, 241, 256, 305–6; in Pelham, Mass., 243; and politics, 206; scholarship on, 206; and society, 304, 305–6
Great Barrington, Mass., 232, 254
Great Britain: clergy in, 261; consumerism in, 107; corruption in, 60; credit in, 54, 131; debt in, 60, 67; emigration from, 261; finance in, 9, 58, 59, 60, 80; Friends of Government on, 303; government of, 9, 14, 58, 60, 61, 65–66; and Mass., 9, 52, 64; merchants in, 131, 217; military expenses in, 60; money in, 63, 270–71; officials of, 63; religion in, 262; and R.I., 64; and Shays’s Rebellion, 303; silver in, 67; trade with, 52, 60, 62, 106, 111, 283; wealth in, 60; and West Indies, 112
Great Proprietors: employees of, 154; Federalists and, 159; Henry Knox as, 157, 269, 288; and Mass, government, 156; and settlers, 146–7, 157, 159–60, 269, 288; and Waldo Patent, 269
Greenwich, Mass., 199, 200, 233, 276
Gross, Robert A., 190
Grosvenor, Daniel, 276
Grosvenor, Ebenezer, 275
Groton, Mass., 138, 252, 260, 275
Half-Way Covenant, 222, 229, 254, 261, 275
Hall, Percival, 220
Hall, Stephen, 284
Hamilton, Alexander, 6, 167, 172, 173, 174
Hammond, John, 95
Hampshire Co., Mass., 213; and border disputes, 267; class in, 213; Congregationalists in, 209, 211, 227, 233–34, 248–50, 255, 257–60, 263, 305–6, 308; county conventions in, 125, 127, 137; courts in, 200; East Pelham parish in, 241; Freemasons in, 209; Friends of Government in, 277; officials of, 195; sects in, 209, 211, 233–34, 248, 257–63, 276–77; settlement of, 188; and Shaysites, 209, 266–67, 276–77, 308; Shays’s Rebellion in, 71, 174, 187, 199, 244; and taxes, 329 n. 43; towns in, 187, 213, 233–34
Hampstead, N.H., 148
Hancock, John, 138, 139, 177, 272–73
Hancock, Thomas, 66
Hanover, N.H., 260, 300, 301, 311, 312
Harlow, Ralph V, 133–34
Harvard College, 94, 176, 245, 255, 301
Hatch, Nathan, 240
Hatfield, Mass., 125–26, 195, 233, 244, 266
Hawley, Joseph, 104
Hawley, Mass., 233
Hayden, Charles, 155
Heath, Mass., 233
Heimert, Alan, 206
Hemmenway, Moses, 265
Hemphill, Samuel, 307–8
Henry, Patrick, 175
Hey wood, Daniel, Jr., 89
Higginson, Stephen, 116–17
Hingham, Mass., 111
Historic Deerfield, Inc., 6
History of Augusta, 157
History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts, 104–5, 181
History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution, 181–82
History of Western Massachusetts, 122
Holland, Josiah Gilbert, 122
Holland, Park, 129
Holland, 111
Holland, Mass., 233
Hood, Otis, 122
House of Representatives (Mass.): and banks, 62; conservatives in, 103; Federalists in, 104; and Great Britain, 63; merchants in, 69; and money, 70, 92; and prices, 68, 70, 71, 74; and Shays’s Rebellion, 139. See also General Court (Mass.)
Howard, Bezaleel, 255
Howard, Simeon, 265
Hubbardston, Mass., 129, 227, 235, 275
Hunt, Ebenezer, 189
Huntington, Joseph, 311–12
Hutchinson, Edward, 64
Hutchinson, Thomas, Jr., 65, 66, 333 n. 8
Hutchinson, Thomas, Sr., 64
Hutchinson (family), 65
Hyde, Alvan, 277
Hyde, Ephraim, 275
Ideology: Am. Rev. and, 5–6, 20; in backcountry, 12–13; on bankers, 65; in Boston, 135; and class, 59; of clergy, 274; and commerce, 69; of community, 141; and conflict, 20; and consensus, 141; and credit, 58–59; and debt, 59; and economy, 62, 69; and Enlightenment, 299; Federalists and, 104, 115; and finance, 58–59; of Friends of Government, 21, 274; of merchants, 60, 61; and money, 58–63, 68–69, 74–75, 78; and political economy, 59; and prices, 58–59, 62, 74; and sectionalism, 133; of Shaysites, 21; and Shays’s Rebellion, 133; Shays’s Rebellion and, 104; and trade, 60, 62–63
Ilsley, Enoch, 284
Immigrants, 309
Immigration, 187–88, 191, 242, 260, 296
Imposters, 308–11
Imposts, 48, 50, 52–53, 56, 103, 111, 113. See also Taxes
Imprisonment, 85
Indentured servitude, 84
Independence, republican, 208
Independent Chronicle, 164, 167, 329 n. 43
Indians, White. See White Indians
Inflation, 58, 68–69, 72, 74–76, 92, 243. See also Economy
Ingalls, Elkanah, 262
Insurrections, 167. See also Protest, popular
Interest: concept of, 58; of debtors, 99; of General Court, 54; of merchants, 59, 111, 113; Minot on, 104–5; Shaysites and, 124
Interest (monetary): on consolidated notes, 53; on Continental notes, 77; on promissory notes, 83; on state debt, 49, 50; on treasury notes, 58, 67
Intolerable Acts, 135
Ireland, Shadrack, 210
Ireland, 187
Italy, Renaissance, 143
Ives, Jesse, 277
Jackson, Henry, 141–42
Jaffrey, N.H., 262
J. and J. Amory (import firm), 109–10
Jarvis, Charles, 138
Jefferson, Thomas, 159, 171, 177, 180, 182, 298
Jefferson, Maine, 154
Jeffersonianism, 240
Jeffersonians, 15, 158, 159, 361 n. 25. See also Republicans
Jennison, William, 96
Jensen, Merrill, 123
Johnson, Daniel, 275
Johnson, Henry, 155
Judd, Jonathan, 196
Judges, 81, 91, 128, 220, 267, 283
Justices of the peace, 127, 132, 136, 137, 200
Karsky, Barbara, 123, 131, 186
Keith, John, 91
Kelly, Richard, 219
Kennebec Co., Maine, 156
Kennebec Proprietors, 288. See also Great Proprietors
Kenyon, Cecilia, 124
King, Richard, 151
King George’s War, 66
Kingston, N.H., 147
Knox, Henry: on economy, 169; as Great Proprietor, 157, 269, 288; on Maine statehood, 290; on political thought, 162; and Shays’s Rebellion, 102, 117, 141–42, 167, 169; on U.S. Constitution, 290
Kramnick, Isaac, 162
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 1, 2, 3, 129, 309, 318
Lake (family), 288. See also Great Proprietors
Lamb, Reubin, 225
Lamson, Ebenezer, 262
Lancaster, Mass., 235
Land, 146, 159, 304. See also Property
Land speculation, 61, 65, 146, 284, 295
Lathrop, Joseph, 308
Laws, 12; on bankruptcy, 84; on currency, 66; on debt, 60, 194; during Am. Rev., 133; and economy, 68; on land, 146, 159; and legal fees, 113; on legal tender, 11, 53, 92, 163, 288; and liberty, 59, 168; in Maine, 15; merchants and, 59; on paper money, 60, 62, 67–68, 79; Privy Council and, 84; and property, 59; scholarship on, 92; on specie, 68
Lawyers: in backcountry, 102; as bankers, 65; as conservatives, 114; and courts, 201; and creditors, 137; and debtors, 93, 113, 137; education of, 94; as elites, 113; and farmers, 113; as Federalists, 113, 114; fees of, 91, 94, 113; as Friends of Government, 148; imposters as, 309; increase in, 102; and legal appeals, 93; in Maine, 154, 156, 288; and merchants, 114; in N.H., 147; number of, 18; popular opinion on, 11, 94, 97–98, 113, 114; and prices, 71; Royall Tyler as, 301; Shaysites on, 125, 303; and Supreme Judicial Court, 219; as sureties, 92–93, 220; visibility of, 18; wealth of, 113; in Worcester Co., Mass., 94, 220
Lee, Richard Henry, 169
Leicester, Mass., 95, 213–14, 220–22, 224, 235, 260
Leicester Academy, 223
Lenox, Mass., 232
Leominster, Mass., 235
Leverett, Mass., 199, 233, 276
Lexington, Battle of, 10, 130, 252
Lexington, Mass., 206
Liberals. See Arminianism
Liberty: and Am. Rev., 4, 133; and currency finance, 334 n. 12; definitions of, 168; in eastern Mass., 135; Friends of Government and, 4, 12, 21, 168; and laws, 168; in Maine, 159; protection of, 150–51; radical republicans on, 171; rulers and, 166; Samuel Ely on, 269; Shaysites and, 12, 21, 171
Liberty Men. See White Indians
Lincoln, Benjamin: army of, 13, 19, 21, 115, 130, 132; and Christopher Babbitt, 272; and Daniel Shays, 175; expedition of, 130, 132, 138, 139; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 141; Mercy Otis Warren on, 181; in Petersham, Mass., 130; and Royall Tyler, 19, 301; Samuel Holden and, 126; and Shaysites, 139, 140–41
Lincoln, Levi, 92–94
Lincoln Co., Maine, 154, 156, 288, 291
Lincolnville, Maine, 269
Literature, 6, 7, 19–20, 297, 301
Livermore, Jonathan, 91–92
Livestock, 225
Loans, 9, 58–59, 61–65, 76, 80
Locke, John, 165, 171, 209, 228
London, Eng.: banks in, 61; creditors in, 65; and Mass., 63, 64; and monetary policy, 66; religion in, 259, 271
Louden, Mass., 232
Loyalists, 163; in backcountry, 199, 209, 246; as clergy, 246, 252–53, 263, 275, 276, 277; departure of, 18; Federalists and, 116; Friends of Government and, 124; in Groton, Mass., 263; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 195–96; in Maine, 283; merchants and, 106; on New Englanders, 318; property of, 106, 147, 308
Ludwig, Walter, 324 n. 6
Lunenburg, Mass., 235
Luxury, 13, 60, 134, 137, 310, 315–17
Lyman, Joseph, 266–67, 271, 273
Lynde, Jonathan, 82
McCulloch, Henry, 131, 197, 198, 202, 299
McCulloch, Sarah, 197, 198, 299
McCusker, John J., 342 n. 1
McDonald, Forrest, 161
McKendrick, Neil, 107
McLoughlin, William G., 206, 239, 240, 270
McMaster, John Bach, 161
Madison, James: and Annapolis convention, 114; on monarchy, 173; on private interests, 104; on republican government, 143; on Shays’s Rebellion, 171, 177; and U.S. Constitution, 142–43; and Washington, 171, 177
Madison, James, Sr., 177
Magistrates: and farmers, 12; in Maine, 157; and merchants, 9; and petitioners, 165; and political culture, 13, 124; Shaysites on, 303; and Shays’s Rebellion, 8, 12–13, 124
Maier, Pauline, 123
Main, Jackson Turner, 131, 161
Maine: agrarian resistance in, 14–16, 145–47; Am. Rev. in, 283–85, 292, 295; Antifederalists in, 281–83, 291–94; backcountry of, 154; British in, 283–84; class in, 19; clergy in, 269; constitution of, 19; county conventions in, 286–92, 291, 294, 296; courts in, 283, 296; debt in, 296; economy of, 295–96; farmers in, 296; Federalists in, 291, 295; Great Proprietors of, 146, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160; immigration to, 288, 296; land speculation in, 61; law in, 15; lawyers in, 288; legislature of, 15; Loyalists in, 283; and Mass. General Court, 145, 285–86, 295; merchants, 284; merchants and, 19; merchants in, 283, 288; militia in, 283, 284; newspapers in, 284, 285; officeholders in, 288; paper money in, 288, 295; political culture in, 125, 146; political culture of, 157–60; property in, 137; reports of Shays’s Rebellion in, 283, 285, 290; Shaysites in, 295, 296; statehood movement in, 19, 283, 284–92, 294–95, 296; trade with, 283, 285; and U.S. Constitution, 281–82, 283, 290–94, 295; wealth in, 153, 288–89; “White Indians” in, 146–47, 153–58
Manchester, Eng., 262
Manufacturers, 111
Marblehead, Mass., 69
Markets, 6, 14, 16, 18, 59, 106–9
Marston, John, 110
Massachusetts, Commonwealth of, 163; agriculture in, 117; and backcountry, 7, 11, 13, 14, 22; Baptists and, 209; and Confederation, 54; and Congress, 8, 49–50, 51–52, 53, 73; credit in, 47, 49–50, 52, 57, 68, 73; critics of, 20–21, 138; currency in, 78; and Daniel Shays, 3; debt in, 7, 52, 79, 80; east of, 133–36, 186; economy of, 7, 117, 217; elections in, 70, 292–93; elites in, 8, 22; factions in, 6, 20; finances of, 53; fiscal policies of, 7–8; franchise in, 22; and Great Britain, 52; Jeffersonians and, 159; leaders of, 22; and Maine, 145, 159, 283–86, 294; and merchants, 9–10, 57, 58; militia of, 21, 115, 132, 138–41, 202, 205–6, 303; Minot on, 105; mobs in, 135; monetary policy of, 1; officials of, 49, 126, 177; paper money in, 9, 58, 78, 83; political culture of, 6, 124–25, 135; prices in, 57; and religion, 266; and Rev. War debt, 1, 47, 49, 50, 54, 83; scholarship on, 9–10, 186; and Shaysites, 21, 123, 124; and Shays’s Rebellion, 2, 21, 121–23, 136–41, 173, 202; specie in, 49–50, 53, 57, 68, 78, 80; taxes in, 1, 7–9, 48–50, 53, 77, 83, 102; towns in, 133, 136; and trade, 52, 102, 117; and U.S. Constitution, 5, 6, 179, 281–82. See also Constitution of 1780 (Mass.)
Massachusetts, Province of: and Am. Rev., 9, 48, 54, 58, 73, 133, 135; banks in, 61, 62; and centralized authority, 49; charter of, 135, 222; credit in, 57, 58, 62, 64, 67, 68; currency in, 57; debt in, 67; economy of, 58; finance in, 9, 57, 58, 67; gold in, 60; governor of, 127; and Great Britain, 9, 64; land speculation in, 61; merchants in, 9, 57, 58, 64; military expenses of, 60; monetary policy in, 66; paper money in, 9, 47–48, 60, 64, 67–68, 73–77; prices in, 57, 60; silver in, 60, 64, 66; specie in, 60, 61, 64, 67; sterling in, 60; taxes in, 9; trade with, 61, 64; treasury of, 60, 67
Massachusetts, western. See Backcountry
Massachusetts Centinel, 5, 135, 142, 177, 299, 310
Massachusetts Gazette, 163
Massachusetts Spy, 111
Mather, Cotton, 253
Mattoon, Ebenezer, 131, 202, 252
May, John, Jr., 86
Meacham, Joseph, 262
Medford, Mass., 307
Mediterranean (region), 112
Medway, Mass., 254
Memoirs of Stephen Burroughs, 301, 312, 315
Menard, Russell R., 342 n. 1
Mendon, Mass., 235
Mercantilism, 110
“Merchantile Interest,” 58, 60, 70, 78, 79. See also Merchants
Merchants: accounts of, 82; and advertising, 107–8; and Am. Rev., 9, 58, 67, 69, 71–72, 106; and artisans, 110–11, 113; and backcountry, 9, 12, 107, 190, 217; and banks, 61, 63, 64, 65–66, 80; and British, 111, 118; and British credit, 58, 60, 65–66, 109, 131, 160; and British factors, 11, 106, 110; and British government, 58, 61, 64; and Congress, 110; in Conn., 69; as conservatives, 105, 114; and Council, 61, 68, 69, 71; and credit, 71; as creditors, 10–11, 64, 82, 131, 217; and debtors, 11, 64, 131; and economy, 11, 18, 58, 72; as elites, 9, 124; and farmers, 11, 12, 107, 109; as Federalists, 11–12, 106, 111, 113–14, 118, 281; and fiscal policy, 57, 60, 80; in Great Britain, 131, 217; in Hingham, Mass., 111; ideology of, 60, 61; interests of, 57, 59–60, 75–76, 80, 113; Isaac Backus on, 271; and Maine, 19, 153, 283, 284; and manufacturers, 111; in Marblehead, Mass., 69; and Mass, government, 9, 11, 61, 64–65, 69, 71; and militia, 115, 138, 202; and monetary policy, 9. 57–58, 60–61, 67, 71–72, 75–76, 79–80; in Newburyport, Mass., 69; in N.H., 69; in Northampton, Mass., 189; as Patriots, 58, 118; and political culture, 59; and prices, 68, 69–72, 75 and R.I., 63, 64, 66, 69; in Salem, Mass., 111; and Shaysites, 124, 303; and Shays’s Rebellion, 8, 12–13, 67, 76, 105; and social mobility, 65; and taxes, 58, 69, 76, 80; in towns, 217, 218; and trade, 18, 71, 109, 110–11, 112–13; wealth of, 10, 124, 301; in Worcester Co., Mass., 94, 131, 218
Merchants’ money. See Notes, treasury
Merrimack Valley, 260
Metz, William, 333 n. 8
Michener, Ronald, 338 n. 29
Middleborough, Mass., 209, 257
Middlefield, Mass., 233
Middlesex Co., Mass.: clergy in, 250, 275; conventions in, 127; Friends of Government in, 133; and Gov. Bowdoin, 138; religion in, 263, 275; Shaysites in, 21, 139, 275
Middle States, 131
Middleton, Mass., 252
Milford, Mass., 235
Militias: and Am. Rev., 130, 284; captains of, 208, 210, 218–19; and Congress, 303; debtors in, 17; in Maine, 155, 156, 283, 284; merchants and, 202; in N.H., 148; officers of, 224; and religion, 221, 226; Shaysites and, 128, 131; and Shays’s Rebellion, 132, 202, 205–6, 218–19; in Worcester Co., Mass., 213, 218, 221, 224
Minot, George Richards: on courts, 98–99; and Fisher Ames, 181; on Mass. Constitution of 1780, 143; on monetary policy, 92; on religion, 239; on Shaysites, 197; on Shays’s Rebellion, 13, 79, 104–5, 117, 121–22, 142–143, 181; on U.S. Constitution, 181
Mississippi River, 112
Money, Continental, 49, 58, 68, 70–78
Money, hard. See Specie
Money, paper: Antifederalists on, 291; backcountry and, 9, 11; Congress and, 77, 101; conservatives and, 115; and consumer purchases, 107; county conventions on, 76, 126, 163; creditors and, 104; and debt, 60; in eastern Mass., 103; and economic development, 57–58; farmers and, 102, 103, 104, 110, 115, 117; Federalists and, 104, 117; Great Britain and, 63–65, 270–71; and ideology, 57–59, 63, 68, 78; issues of, 69, 107, 109; laborers and, 62, 70; law on, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68; in Maine, 288, 295; Mass. General Court and, 22, 53, 60, 67, 69, 265; Mass. governors on, 65, 66; merchants and, 9, 58, 60, 67, 70–71, 75, 79; in N.H., 147; in N.Y., 107, 109; opponents of, 62, 78; redemption of, 67, 77; R.I. and, 62, 64, 65; Shaysites and, 127; and specie, 62; sale of, 83, 109; speculation in, 308; supporters of, 57–58, 61, 62–63; and taxes, 65, 66, 68, 77, 109; and trade, 60; and trader, 70; and trades, 74; value of, 60, 65, 67–68, 77, 126, 217. See also Currency finance; Law: on legal tender; Specie; specific bills and notes
Montague, Mass., 233
Montgomery, Mass., 233
Moore, William, 108
Moral philosophy, 62
Morse, Joshua, 257
Morse, Royall, 301
Morse, Samuel, 149
Moss, Reuben, 277
Mount Washington, Mass., 232
Murray, John, 261
National Endowment for the Humanities, 6
New Braintree, Mass., 220, 224, 225, 235
Newburyport, Mass., 68, 69, 94
New Divinity Evangelicalism, 254–55, 260
New England: community studies on, 190, 193, 203; ethnicity in, 196; farms in, 131; Federalists in, 157; merchants in, 112–13; political culture in, 195; and Robert Morris, 113; and sectionalism, 112; and South, 112, 114; and Spanish-American treaty, 112; and trade, 112–13, 114
New England Way, 16
New Gloucester, Maine, 281
New Hampshire, 109; clergy in, 260–61, 300, 311; courts in, 163; elites in, 218; and fiscal policy, 69, 71; newspapers in, 163; publication in, 301; religion in, 210, 243, 260–61, 262, 311; Shaysites in, 146; uprisings in, 55, 145, 146, 147–50, 151, 153; and U.S. Constitution, 282, 294
New Hampshire Mercury, 163
New-Haven Gazette, 178
New Jersey, 6
New Lebanon, N.Y., 262
New Lights: Eden Burroughs as, 311; and Jonathan Edwards, 259; in Pelham, Mass., 243; and political theology, 270; and property, 225; and Separate Baptists, 256, 259–60; and Shays’s Rebellion, 272, 273; and Singing Controversy, 253
New Light Stir, 209–10, 247, 256, 257, 260, 261
New Marlborough, Mass., 232
Newport, R.I., 49, 64, 66, 215, 254
New Providence, Mass., 209, 232
New Salem, Mass., 233, 241, 258, 277
New Side Presbytery, 260
New York: Antifederalists in, 176; conservative republicans in, 172; Daniel Shays in, 1, 2; in drama, 317; frontiers of, 2; government of, 174; immigration to, 191; paper money in, 107, 109; prices in, 71; radical republicans in, 174; religion in, 210, 262; Shaysites in, 301; and Shays’s Rebellion, 174; and U.S. Constitution, 6, 174, 180
New York Evening Post, 2
North, James W., 157
Northampton, Mass.: Am. Rev. in, 195–96; class in, 189, 195–96; courts in, 104, 267, 285, 297; Freemasons in, 209; Friends of Government in, 233; merchants in, 189; newspapers in, 103; religion in, 233, 243; Shaysites in, 209, 233; Shays’s Rebellion in, 267; Stephen Burroughs in, 315; wealth in, 190
Northborough, Mass., 235
North Carolina, 188
North Yarmouth, Maine, 288
Norwich, Mass., 233
Notes, consolidated, 50, 52, 53, 79, 109
Notes, promissory, 67, 73, 82–83
Notes, tenor, 78
Notes, treasury, 67, 69, 72–76, 79, 338 n. 29
Nye, Ebenezer, 219
Nye, Timothy, 219
Oakham, Mass., 17, 213, 214, 218–20, 235, 275
Officeholding, 166, 208, 288, 292, 308
Officers, military, 103, 114, 132
Offices, public, 125, 216, 227
Onuf, Peter S., 325 n. 13
Orange, Mass., 233
Order, social, 15, 59, 150, 306
Orders, treasurers, 109
Orders-in-council, 52
Osborne, John, 64
Paine, Robert Treat, 71, 73, 130
Paine, Thomas, 55
Parker, John, 82
Parker, Nehemiah, 275
Parmalee, Elisha, 277
Parrington, Vernon Louis, 123
Parsons, David, Sr., 251
Parsons, David, II, 251–52
Parsons, Eli, 129
Parsons, Samuel Holden, 126
Partisanship, 163–64
Partridgefield, Mass., 232
Patronage, 206
Paxton Boys, 188
Peace of Utrecht, 213
Peckham, Samuel, 246
Pejepscot Company, 288. See also Great Proprietors
Pelham, Mass., 4, 306; agriculture in, 192–93; and Am. Rev., 195–97, 305; class in, 193, 212; clergy in, 19, 212, 242–44, 300, 304–5; Congregationalists in, 234; and county conventions, 198; culture of, 14, 15; Daniel Shays in, 129, 185, 187, 195–97, 299, 301; economy of, 14, 193–94, 243; ethnicity in, 14, 187–88, 189; farms in, 191–92; Friends of Government in, 234; in literature, 301; and Mass. constitutions, 14, 200; political culture of, 13–14, 187, 195–97, 198, 199; Presbyterians in, 14, 187–89, 212, 242–45, 248, 260, 277, 304–5; Scots-Irish in, 304–5; sects in, 234; settlement of, 187–88, 190, 191; Shaysites in, 131, 187, 194, 202, 234, 267, 298–99, 313; and Shays’s Rebellion, 187, 198, 302; and Stephen Burroughs, 19, 196, 212, 243–44, 299–30, 304–5, 308, 313–14; taxes in, 245; wealth in, 189, 191, 193
Peltason, J.W., 161
Pembroke, N.H., 148
Pennsylvania, 55, 127, 170, 180, 188, 316
Penobscot expedition, 49, 327 n. 14
Pepperell, Mass., 275
Petersham, Mass.: Am. Rev. in, 246; clergy in, 252; Friends of Government in, 235, 245; government troops in, 132; religion in, 235, 245–48, 252; Shaysites in, 132, 145, 150, 157, 235, 245; Shays’s Rebellion in, 121, 130, 132, 245, 298
Petitions, 125,165–66, 289–90, 294
Philadelphia, Pa., 291; currency in, 77; nationalists in, 113; Paxton Boys in, 188; regional conferences in, 76; religion in, 307–8; U.S. Constitutional Convention in, 4, 6, 56, 102, 161, 173, 179, 186, 292
Phillipston, Mass., 235
Pickering, John, 138
Pilgrim’s Progress, The, 299
Pittsfield, Mass., 136, 232, 257–58, 262, 272, 277
Placemen, 165
Plagiarism, 307–8
Plainfield, Mass., 234
Pluralism, 157, 222–23, 241, 274
Political culture: and Am. Rev., 18, 150, 199–200; of backcountry, 13, 15–16, 199–200, 203; change in, 162, 165; of community, 203, 207; and consensus, 141; elites and, 13, 151–52; Henry Knox on, 162; in New England, 195; of Pelham, Mass., 195–97, 198, 199; and political discourse, 165; and reform, 165; and religion, 206, 225–29, 261; and resistance, 165; and revolution, 165; Shaysites and, 146, 150–51, 152; and Shays’s Rebellion, 162, 202–3; in towns, 13; of White Indians, 146
Political science, 7
Political scientists, 12, 161–62
Political theology, 263–74
Politics, 162, 221–24, 240–41, 252–53, 255, 263–74
Polls, 53
“Popular Party,” 61
Porter, Nehemiah, 276
Portland, Maine, 284–85, 287, 288, 289, 295. See also Falmouth, Maine
Portsmouth, N.H., 148
Portugal, 112
Pownalborough, Maine, 283
Presbyterianism, 260–61
Presbyterians: in Bristol Co., Mass., 275; clergy of, 307–8; divisions among, 276; in folklore, 189; in Groton, Mass., 260, 263; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 260, 263, 276–77; immigration by, 187–88; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 275; in N.H., 243, 311; in Pelham, Mass., 14, 187–89, 212, 242, 244–45, 248, 304–5; political culture of, 261; and revivals, 256; Shaysites as, 244; in Worcester Co., Mass., 187, 275
Presbytery of Boston, 243
Presbytery of Londonderry, N.H., 243
Prescott, Oliver, 138
Prices: and Am. Rev., 74; backcountry and, 13; in Commonwealth of Mass., 68; controls on, 58, 68, 69–77, 74, 75; decline in, 72; in farm communities, 68; and ideology, 58–59; 62; of silver, 60, 64, 65; in towns, 68
Princeton, Mass., 235, 252, 253, 260, 276
Privileges, 165
Privy Council (Great Britain), 84
Property, 165; clergy and, 242, 249; conservatives and, 104, 127; of creditors, 105; as debt payment, 84, 137, 194, 297, 344 n. 6; of farmers, 102, 297; of Loyalists, 106, 147, 308; in Maine, 137, 159, 160; Mass. Senate and, 104; and officeholding, 292; protection of, 59, 150, 225; Shaysites and, 127, 130, 145; Shays’s Rebellion and, 169; and taxes, 69, 137; value of, 160
Protection covenant, 15–16, 136, 146, 150, 152, 157–59
Protest, popular: and Am. Rev., 14, 124, 126–28, 151–52, 163, 165, 286; in backcountry, 14–16; clergy and, 269; conservative republicans/Friends of Government on, 167–68; decentralization of, 147; and economy, 169; elites and, 150–51, 152; and Hatfield convention, 125; liberals on, 4; in Maine, 14–15, 125, 146–47, 153–58; in N.H., 14–15; in Pelham, Mass., 14; and political discourse, 163–64; and protection covenant, 150–51; radical republicans/Shaysites on, 13, 115, 124, 162, 172; as rebellion, 143, 162, 171–74, 180–82, 291, 298; and religion, 264–65; and republicanism, 6, 124–25, 152; as resistance, 162, 164, 165–67, 170, 182, 195; as revolution, 12, 16, 20, 162, 165, 170–72, 182; scholarship on, 7, 123; and Shays’s Rebellion, 174; in Va., 169; and wealth, 169
Providence resolves, 69–70
Pruitt, Bettye Hobbs, 192–93
Puritanism, 58–59, 207, 229, 242, 306
Pynchon, William, 130
Radical Sects of Revolutionary New England, 206
Rand, William, 306
Rawson, Edward, 220
Rawson, Grindall, 308
Rawson, Timothy, 87–89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99
Read, Samuel, Jr., 87
Reagan, Ronald W., 5
Reason, 167–68
Rebellion, agrarian. See Protest, popular
Recession. See Depression, economic
Reed, Solomon, 246
Reed, William, 275
Reeves, Ezra, 277
Reform, 69, 123, 162, 165, 175, 182
Reformation men, 225
Regulating acts, 70–71, 72, 76
Regulation. See Protest, Popular; Shays’s Rebellion
Regulators (Mass.). See Shay sites
Regulators (N.C.), 188
Regulators (N.H.). See Shaysites
Rehoboth, Mass., 275
Religion: in Amherst, Mass., 251–52; and Am. Rev., 206, 208–10, 240, 242, 246, 249–50, 255–57, 264, 272–73; in Andover, Mass., 265; and Anti-federalism, 206, 240; in backcountry, 16–18, 206, 210, 241, 255, 262, 272, 305, 312; in Bellingham, Mass., 258; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 209, 211, 248–49, 254, 257–58, 262–63, 277; in Billerica, Mass., 265; in Blackstone Valley, 225; in Boston, 243, 253–54, 258, 260–61, 265, 271; in Bristol Co., Mass., 257, 263, 275; change in, 17, 241, 245, 263; in Chileab, Mass., 258; and class, 213–21; and community, 207–8; in Concord, Mass., 255, 307; conflict in, 17–18; in Conn., 262, 267–68, 311–12; in Conn. Valley, 261, 308; Continental army and, 209, 210; and culture, 241, 258; Daniel Shays and, 244, 245; and economy, 251–52; elites and, 188; and ethnicity, 242, 245, 260; and Federalism, 218, 258; Friends of Government and, 218–29, 240, 250, 255; in Gloucester, Mass., 261; in Great Britain, 262, 271; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 209, 211–12, 227, 248–49, 252, 255, 257–59, 261–63, 306, 308; and Jeffersonianism, 158, 240; in Maine, 265; and Mass. constitutions, 217, 222, 241–42, 245, 247; Mass. government and, 242, 265–66; in Medford, Mass., 307; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 252, 263, 275; in N.H., 210, 243, 260–61, 262, 311; in N.Y., 210, 262; offices of, 207, 208, 244; in Palmer, Mass., 261; and parish system, 251–52; in Pelham, Mass., 300; in Philadelphia, 307–8; and pluralism, 241; and political culture, 206, 225–29, 259, 264–65; and politics, 221–23, 240–41, 252–53, 255, 263–74; in R.I., 256, 257; in Salem, Mass., 261; scholarship on, 7, 240, 248; Shaysites and, 207, 213–29, 244–45, 250, 255, 266–69, 274; and Shays’s Rebellion, 6, 17, 20, 205–7, 210, 230–31, 239–40, 248–49, 263–74; in Shirley, Mass., 262; and society, 17, 253, 304; in Suffolk Co., Mass., 254; and taxes, 17, 20, 207, 217, 241–43, 245, 251, 257, 260, 263, 311; in towns, 261, 262; and U.S. Constitution, 258; in Va., 188; in Vt., 257; and wealth, 216, 263; women and, 253; in Worcester Co., Mass., 94, 187, 209, 211, 213–29, 245–49, 252–53, 255, 257, 259–63, 275, 311. See also Clergy; New Lights; Sects, evangelical; specific denominations
Religion and the American Mind from the Great Awakening to the Revolution, 206
Relly, James, 261
Republicanism: and anarchy, 316; Anti-federalists and, 282–83; in backcountry, 12, 15, 135; and class, 3, 12, 15, 151, 157; conservative republicans and, 167; debtors and, 166; eastern Mass. and, 124, 133, 135; and factions, 169; Friends of Government and, 13, 14; in Maine, 157, 160, 282–83; Mass. government and, 22, 124–25; and popular protest, 124–25; rhetoric of, 308–9; scholarship on, 143; Shaysites and, 14, 124, 203; and Shays’s Rebellion, 3, 6, 316; and social order, 124; and U.S. Constitution, 282. See also Political culture
Republicans, 3, 15, 162, 166–79, 203
Republics, 1, 4, 13, 142–43, 172, 317
Resistance. See Protest, popular: as resistance
Revivals, 210, 246, 256, 257, 308
Revolution, American: achievements of, 47, 188; in Amherst, Mass., 209; anniversary of, 1, 2; army of, 128–29, 130, 132; backcountry and, 13–14, 20, 22, 133–35, 203; in Boston, 133; British sabotage of, 105–6, 116; and change, 18, 20, 102; clergy and, 205–6, 249–50, 252–53, 261, 298, 305, 307; and community, 186, 187; Congress and, 47–48, 74; conservative republicans on, 171; and county conventions, 104; and courts, 201; and credit, 51, 54, 58; and culture, 255, 319; Daniel Shays and, 1–3, 170, 212, 309; and debt, 47, 48, 55–56; and economy, 18, 22, 53, 58, 68, 74, 79, 133–35, 241, 243; elites and, 151; farmers and, 22, 102, 103, 134; and finance, 1, 47–48, 53, 58, 68–74, 77–78, 80; French and, 48; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 201, 209, 305; and ideology, 5–6, 20, 151; Isaac Backus on, 271; Lafayette and, 1; in Maine, 283–85, 292, 295; in Mass., 9, 133–35; in Mass, and, 54; and “Merchantile Interest,” 58; merchants and, 9, 58, 67, 72, 106; militias in, 130; and money, 57, 67, 68–72, 79; in Pelham, Mass., 195–97; and political culture, 18, 143, 150, 163, 199–200, 241, 310; and popular protest, 124, 126–27, 128, 151–52, 165, 286; and religion, 206, 208–10, 240, 242, 246, 249–50, 255–57, 264, 272–73; Samuel Adams on, 170; Samuel Thompson and, 283–84, 292; Shaysites and, 124, 125, 129–30, 135–36, 150, 194, 227; Shaysites on, 170; Shays’s Rebellion and, 3, 4, 7, 12–13, 186; and society, 18, 304, 308–9, 310; states and, 47, 48; and taxes, 54, 70; towns and, 133; veterans of, 2, 13, 103, 132, 165, 194, 227, 261, 284, 288; and wealth, 308; in Worcester Co., Mass., 209, 246, 247
Revolution, French, 182
Rhode Island: and Am. Rev., 49, 213; merchants in, 64, 66; and monetary policy, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69; and prices, 71; reformation men in, 225; religion in, 256, 257
Rice, Samuel, 227
Rich, Caleb, 261–62
Richardson, Tilly, 86
Riche, John, 124
Richmond, Mass., 232
Ripley, Ezra, 255
River Gods, 195, 212, 218, 310
Robinson Crusoe, 299
Rochambeau, Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de, 49
Rockingham Co., N.H., 147
Rogerson, Robert, 275
Rothenberg, Winifred, 342 n. 1
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 171
Rowe, John, 67
Royalston, Mass., 235
Russell, Benjamin, 5
Russell, Joseph, 276
Rutland, Mass., 107, 235, 244, 313, 314
Salem Village, Mass., 17
Salisbury, Stephen, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95–97, 131
Salisbury (brother of Stephen Salisbury), 96
Sandisfield, Mass.; 232
S. and S. Salisbury (importers), 108
Sanford, David, 254
Sargent, Winthrop, 138
Savage, Samuel Phillips, 138
Scarborough, Maine, 151, 284, 288
Scots-Irish: and class, 189; and discrimination, 187, 196; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 14, 187–89, 196, 242, 245, 260, 301; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 260; and religion, 14, 242, 245, 260, 287–89; Stephen Burroughs and, 301, 304–5, 313, 314; in Worcester Co., Mass., 187
Seaports: and Am. Rev., 133–34; debtors in, 217–18; in Maine, 288–89; merchants in, 217–18; prices in, 70; religion in, 261; and Shays’s Rebellion, 20; tax collectors in, 50; trade with, 70, 74
Second Church (Templeton, Mass.), 276
Second Parish (Rehoboth, Mass.), 275
Second Presbyterian (Pelham, Mass.), 277
Sectarianism, 207
Sects, evangelical: in backcountry, 16, 17–18, 29, 305–6; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 209, 211, 232; and clergy, 264; Friends of Government and, 239; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 211, 233–34; in Plymouth Co., Mass., 209; proliferation of, 210; and revivals, 241, 256; Shaysites and, 212, 213, 214–16, 217, 239; in Worcester Co., Mass., 211, 212, 213, 214–16, 234–35. See also Religion; specific denominations
Securities, 109, 217, 325 n. 8
Sedgwick, Theodore, 113
Sedition acts, 177
Selectmen, 70, 129, 208, 218–19, 223, 227
Sellon, John, 247
Senate (Mass.), 92, 104, 125, 127, 136, 139. See also General Court (Mass.)
Separates, 259, 267–69, 305, 311. See also Baptists, Separate
Separation movement (Maine), 284–92, 294–95, 296
Separatism, 19
Settling. See Clergy: employment of
Sewall, David, 291
Sewall, Samuel, Jr., 64
Shaftesbury, Vt., 257
Shaftesbury Baptist Association, 259, 260
Shakerism, 262
Shakers: in backcountry, 210; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 276; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 275; establishment of, 256, 261; and pacificism, 273; and public life, 18; in Rehoboth, Mass., 275; in Shaysite towns, 17; theology of, 270, 272, 274; in Worcester Co., Mass., 246–47, 275, 277
Shaw, Peter, 126
Shays, Daniel: and Am. Rev., 1–3, 129, 130, 170, 212, 251, 274, 309, 313; Anti-federalists on, 176, 180, 181–82; at Springfield arsenal, 121, 126, 139; and Benjamin Lincoln, 175; birth of, 129; in Brookfield, Mass., 194; Commonwealth of Mass, on, 197; contemporaries on, 1–4, 129, 170, 178, 198, 273, 309; and county conventions, 198; as creditor, 129; in culture, 4, 178, 185, 318, 319; death of, 1, 2; as debtor, 194; defeat of, 174, 177; elites on, 309–10; and expansion, 20; as farmer, 129, 185; Federalists / conservative republicans and, 172–73, 179–80; as Freemasons, 209; as fugitive, 302; goals of, 126; and Lafayette, 1, 129, 309, 318; letters of, 166; as local leader, 198; in Mass., 1, 6; in N.Y., 1, 2; in Pelham, Mass., 129, 185, 187, 195–98, 299, 301; political thought of, 126, 166, 170; punishment of, 2, 3; and religion, 244, 245; Royall Tyler and, 319; scholarship on, 3, 130, 197–98; and Shays’s Rebellion, 1–2, 115, 163, 175, 198–99, 201–2, 298–99, 303–4; in Vt., 2, 3, 180; wealth of, 1, 129, 181, 309
Shaysites: and Am. Rev., 60, 124, 125, 129–30, 131, 135–36, 150, 170, 194, 227; as armed force, 115, 125–27, 128–29; artisans as, 145; Benjamin Lincoln and, 140–41; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 211; casualties of, 121; characteristics of, 130–32, 149, 150, 194; and class, 217–21, 223; clergy as, 267–69; in Concord, Mass., 128; contemporaries on, 123, 131–32; and county conventions, 125, 127, 219–20, 244; and courts, 108–9, 125, 127–28, 145–46, 151; and creditors, 17, 194, 219–21; in culture, 297; culture of, 21–22; and debt, 16–17, 108–9, 123, 131, 145, 194, 219–21, 223–24; defeat of, 146, 152, 157; and elites, 130, 147–48, 156, 206, 303; farmers as, 145, 185; Federalists on, 101–2, 104–5, 291; as Freemasons, 209; and Friends of Government, 303; goals of, 123–28, 146, 151, 225; and Gov. Bowdoin, 124, 126, 127, 137, 140–41; grievances of, 125, 145, 186, 267; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 209, 210, 308; and Jeffersonians, 158; leaders of, 270, 303–4; and liquor, 197, 299; local leaders as, 208, 217, 219–21, 227, 228, 239; and Maine, 287, 288, 291, 295, 296; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 125, 133, 135–36, 141; and Mass. General Court, 125, 132, 137–38, 140–41, 146; and merchants, 124; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 139; Minot on, 99; in N.H., 147–48, 151, 153; in N.Y., 301; organization of, 123; and paper money, 127; in Pelham, Mass., 131, 187, 194, 202, 267, 298–99, 313; and political culture, 124, 145–46, 150–51, 152, 157, 166, 203; and property, 127, 1430–31, 145; punishment of, 121, 124, 126, 137, 139–41, 149, 152, 173, 177, 202, 267, 299; and religion, 205–7, 213–29, 239, 244–45, 250, 255, 266–69, 274; as Republicans, 203; rhetoric of, 170; and Royall Tyler, 301–3; scholarship on, 122–24, 197–98; in Springfield, Mass., 21, 150, 157, 267; and state government, 151; and taxes, 123, 127,145, 158; and U.S. Constitutional Convention, 130; in Vt., 129, 267, 301, 302; wealth of, 131, 158, 214, 239, 313; in Worcester Co., Mass., 128, 130, 132, 150, 157, 206, 211, 213–28, 245
Shays’s Rebellion: Adams on, 182, 193, 301; aftermath of, 176–79; and Am. Rev., 3, 4, 7, 12–13, 186; as anarchy, 177; Antifederalists and, 175–76, 180–82; backcountry and, 12–13, 20, 200, 282; Barbara Karsky on, 123, 186; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 174, 199, 287; Boston and, 115, 124, 138; British and, 105–6, 116, 303; Cambridge, Mass., and, 115; casualties of, 121, 224; and change, 20, 21–22, 103; and class, 15, 20, 22, 79–82, 117, 123, 212–16; clergy and, 205–7, 210, 220, 224, 227, 264–65, 270; commemoration of, 5, 324 n. 6; Commonwealth of Mass. and, 2–3, 102, 112–23, 163, 173, 197, 202; and community, 186–87, 207, 208, 212, 228, 248–49; Concord, Mass., and, 138; in Conn., 190; conservatives and, 115, 171, 177–78; contemporaries on, 2–5, 134–35, 138–39, 170; and county conventions, 114, 123, 127, 302; and courts, 2, 10–11, 81, 114, 122–23, 135, 139, 145, 151, 163, 199–202, 205–6, 213, 217, 224–25, 227, 285, 297–98, 302; creditors and, 16–17, 76, 117, 228; and culture, 103, 298, 315–19; Daniel Shays and, 1–2, 115, 163, 175, 298–99; David Szatmary on, 123, 161, 239; and debt, 55, 78; debtors and, 16–17, 76, 117, 228; and economy, 6–8, 79, 194–95, 208, 217, 241; elites and, 8, 22, 146, 152, 158; and factions, 104; farmers and, 76; and federal government, 105, 115; Federalists and, 101–2, 104–6, 114–18, 179–80, 295; in folklore, 122; Gordon Wood on, 123, 161; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 174, 199, 244, 267, 302; Henry Knox on, 117, 167, 169; Henry Lee on, 169; and ideology, 104, 133; James Warren on, 170; James Winthrop and, 176; Jeffersonians and, 361 n. 25; Jefferson on, 171; John L. Brooke on, 239–40; Joseph Warren on, 122–23; leaders of, 197, 198, 208; Leftist historians on, 4, 80; and literature, 6, 12, 122, 297; Madison on, 171, 177; and Maine, 283, 285, 286–87, 290, 295; Marion Starkey on, 239; Mass, and, 5, 6, 13; and Mass. Constitution of 1780, 102; Mass. General Court and, 134–35, 137–39, 171, 297–98; merchants and, 8–9, 67, 76, 105, 115, 124; in Middlesex Co., Mass., 21; as military contest, 127, 133; and militia, 205–6, 218–19; Minot on, 13, 79, 104–5, 121–22, 142, 143; and monetary policy, 9, 67; nationalist historians on, 4, 8; in N.H., 13, 174; and N.Y., 174; organization of, 115; in Pelham, Mass., 244–45; Peter S. Onuf on, 325 n. 13; and political culture, 105, 158, 162, 174, 197, 202–3, 207; political scientists on, 161–62; and politics, 224, 241; Progressive historians on, 7, 79–80, 123, 161; and property, 169; and public opinion, 116–17; radical republicans and, 169, 174; and reform, 123; and regionalism, 133, 189; and religion, 6, 17, 20, 205–7, 210, 230–31, 239–40, 248–49, 263–74; and republicanism, 143; results of, 22; Richard Brown on, 161; Robert Feer on, 123, 206; Robert J. Taylor on, 198; Ronald Reagan on, 5; and Rowe, Mass., 138–39; Royall Tyler and, 301–3, 315–19; Samuel Adams on, 169; scholarship on, 5–7, 51, 81, 101, 185–86, 299; scope of, 115, 174; Shakers and, 272; significance of, 6, 55, 123, 126, 143, 186; and society, 17, 20, 186, 298; in Springfield, Mass., 2, 103, 121, 123, 126, 129–30, 139, 150, 197, 201–2, 298; states and, 19; Stephen Burroughs on, 302, 314; Stephen Marini on, 206; suppression of, 55, 101–2, 121, 123–24, 145, 147–50, 174, 202; and taxes, 5, 7, 8, 55; towns and, 12–13, 20. 187; and U.S. Constitution, 3–5, 7, 102, 105, 161–62, 178–80, 185–86; Van Beck Hall, 206; and wealth, 105, 221; William G. McLoughlin on, 206, 239, 249; in Worcester Co., Mass., 199, 206, 213, 236–38, 245, 298
Sheffield, Mass., 232
Shelburne, Mass., 234
Shepherd, William, 129, 139–40
Sheridan, Richard, 302
Sherman, Asaph, 93
Sherman, David, 88
Shirley, William, 66
Shrewsbury, Mass., 235
Shurtleleff, James, 159
Shutesbury, Mass., 199, 209, 234, 252, 277
Sibley, Joseph, 88
Singletary, Amos, 220
Smith, Ebenezer, Jr., 258
Smith, Ebenezer, Sr., 258
Smith, Melancton, 175–76
Smith, Nathan, 298
Snow, Seth, 220
Society: and Am. Rev., 304; in backcountry, 186; change in, 18, 20, 304, 308; and communitarianism, 124; and culture, 19; and debt, 82, 225; and economy, 304; elites and, 310; and land pressures, 304; and religion, 17, 253, 304; and republicanism, 124; and Shays’s Rebellion, 17, 298; and taxes, 225
Solemn League and Covenant, 283
Sons of Liberty, 124
South Brimfield, Mass., 234, 277
Southgage, Isaac, 224
South Leicester, Mass., 226
South Sea Bubble Act, 66
Southwick, Mass., 234
Sparhawk, Ebenezer, 276
Sparta, N.Y., 1
Specie: and Am. Rev., 74; availability of, 66, 109, 136, 111; in backcountry, 109; and banks, 61; Board of Trade on, 65; in cities, 109; Commonwealth of Mass, and, 1, 78; Congress and, 52; and credit, 82; creditors and, 50, 53, 78; and currency, 57; and debt, 86; debtors and, 82; and debt payments, 48, 52, 60; farmers and, 111; Federalists and, 111; Hutchinson on, 66; and ideology, 58–59, 60, 62–63, 74–75; issues of, 60, 137; and loans, 58; Mass, government and, 50, 51, 66, 68; merchants and, 9, 57, 60, 80; opposition to, 74–75, 92; and paper money, 52, 62, 65, 67; and paper money supporters, 62; Province of Mass, and, 60, 61, 64, 67; and taxes, 8, 50, 51, 52, 53; and trade, 82; value of, 48, 49, 62, 83
Spencer, Mass.: creditors in, 17, 214, 216, 219–20; debtors in, 214–15, 219, 220; elites in, 218, 219–20; Friends of Government in, 214–16, 219; religion in, 17, 214–16, 222, 227, 253, 276; Shaysites in, 17, 213, 214–16, 218–20, 222, 227, 235, 253
Springfield, Mass.: Am. Rev. in, 201; artisans in, 103; clergy in, 255; counterfeiting in, 300; courts in, 201–2; culture of, 255; Friends of Government in, 234; newspapers in, 103, 107; regional conventions in, 71–72, 73; Shaysites in, 157; Shays’s Rebellion in, 2, 21, 121, 123, 126, 129–32, 139, 145, 150, 201–2, 267, 298; Stephen Burroughs in, 300; wealth in, 190
Springfield resolutions, 72
Squatters, 14, 15, 19, 269, 288, 296
Standing Order. See Congregationalism; Congregationalists; Religion
Standisfield, Mass., 257
Starkey, Marion, 239
State of nature, 12, 127, 159, 171, 209, 222
Steams, William Jennison, 89–90, 92, 94, 97
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 130
Steward, Antipas, 276
Stillman, Samuel, 258
Stockbridge, Mass., 121, 128, 232, 254
Stoddard, Solomon, 195–96
Storer, Ebenezer, 107
Storrs, Richard, 276
Streeter, Adams, 262
Strickland, John, 275
Sturbridge, Mass., 213, 214, 221, 222, 235
Suffolk Co., Mass., 68, 254, 329 n. 43
Supreme Court of Judicature (Mass.): closings of, 122, 128; debt cases in, 10, 81, 87–90, 97, 219–20, 223; reform of, 97–98, 127
Sutton, Mass., 87, 235, 259, 261, 262
Swan, James, 327 n. 16
Symmes, William, 265
System of Doctrines, 254
Szatmary, David: on Backus’s Address to the Inhabitants of New England . . . , 270; on Commonwealth of Mass., 12; on rural debt, 193; on Shaysites, 123, 129, 130, 131, 239; on Shays’s Rebellion, 186, 207, 248, 249
Taft, Aaron, Jr., 88
Taggart, Samuel, 276
Taxes: and Am. Rev., 54, 70; artisans and, 145; in backcountry, 14, 74, 135, 136; Concord convention and, 76; consumers and, 103; and credit, 69, 72; and creditors, 55; and debt, 60, 78, 125, 217; and debtors, 55; and depreciation, 69; Essex Co., Mass., and, 329 n. 43; farmers and, 69, 102, 103, 117, 145; federal government and, 49, 56, 292; Federalists and, 117; Friends of Government and, 132; Hampshire Co., Mass., and, 329 n. 43; on land, 69; and loan interest, 9; in Mass., 1, 7, 8; Mass, government and, 22, 49, 51, 60, 77, 102, 137; merchants and, 58, 69, 76, 80; in N.H., 147; officials of, 165; and paper money, 9, 49, 52, 58, 65–66, 68, 72, 77–78; payment of, 109, 137, 138; in Pelham, Mass., 245; on polls, 69; protests against, 19; relief from, 22; and religion, 17, 20, 207, 217, 241–43, 245, 251, 257, 260, 263, 311; and Rev. War debt, 1, 50; Shaysites and, 123, 125, 127, 145, 158; and Shays’s Rebellion, 7, 8, 55; and society, 225; in Southborough, Mass., 86; and specie, 8, 51, 52; and state currencies, 72; Suffolk Co., Mass., and, 329 n. 43; on towns, 53, 134; and trade, 52; types of, 48, 50, 56, 103; veterans and, 103, 132
Taylor, Robert J., 135, 198, 206, 325 n. 8
Templeton, Mass., 235, 263, 276
Testimonies of Mother Ann Lee, 246
Thacher, Peter, 138
Thacher, Thomas, 180
Thatcher, Samuel, 154
Thayer, Alexander, 276
Thayer, David, 87–88
Thayer, Ezra, 277
Theology, 17, 241, 245, 251. See also Political theology
Thetford, Vermont, 129
Thompson, James, 277
Thompson, Samuel, 282–84, 288, 289, 292–93, 294–96
Thompson, Stephen, 198
Thoreau, Henry David, 319
Tilly, Charles, 212
Todd, Samuel, 277
Tomlinson, Daniel, 275
Topsham, Maine, 282, 284, 292, 294
Tories. See Loyalists
Towne, Col., 206
Town meetings, 1, 71, 220, 285
Towns: and Am. Rev., 130; assets of, 53; in backcountry, 16–17, 20, 70, 103–4, 187–88, 190; banks in, 65; in Berkshire Co., Mass., 213, 232; and Boston, 213; collectors in, 50; in Conn., 190–91; county conventions in, 104; culture of, 19, 299; and debt, 53, 72–73; and debtors, 85; in eastern Mass., 53, 136, 189; economy of, 190; farming in, 190; Federalism in, 117; Federalists in, 103; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 187, 213, 233–34; and ideology, 21; increase in, 130; interests of, 124; Jeffersonians in, 361 n. 25; and Maine, 19, 153, 154; merchants in, 103; and paper money, 73; political culture of, 13; political power of, 53; and prices, 68, 70, 72; Revolutionary veterans in, 130; scholarship on, 186; and Shays’s Rebellion, 12–13, 20, 187; and taxes, 53, 73; trade with, 74; wealth in, 53, 190; in Worcester Co., Mass., 213, 234–35
Townsend, Mass., 275
Townshend acts, 106
Trade: and Am. Rev., 74; with backcountry, 22, 75, 106, 190; balance of, 52, 59, 60, 62–63, 82; with Boston, 74, 75, 96; British factors and, 116; with China, 112; Confederation and, 111; Congress and, 68, 110, 116; with Cuba, 49; elites and, 18; with Europe, 70, 75, 111, 112, 270; expansion of, 61; farmers and, 102; federal government and, 11, 115, 292; Federalists and, 111, 115; with France, 102, 111, 112; with Great Britain, 52, 60, 62, 106, 111, 283; with Holland, 111; ideology and, 62–63; with Maine, 285; with Mass., 49, 52, 61, 64; with Mediterranean, 112; and money, 60, 66–67, 82; with New England, 112–13; with Portugal, 112; protection of, 11, 52; regulation of, 22, 59, 102, 110, 112–16, 292; and revenue, 52; with R.I., 64; with South, 111, 112–13; with Spain, 111, 112; and taxes, 52; with towns, 74; with West Indies, 69, 75, 102, 106, 111–12, 270; with Worcester Co., Mass., 96
Trade goods, 102–3, 106–9, 111, 134
Traders, 70, 87, 105, 110, 285
Trask, Nicholas, 93
Treaty of Paris (1763), 58
Treaty of Paris (1783), 112, 143, 270
True, Benjamin. See Burroughs, Stephen
Tucker, Ebenezer, 276
Tucker, Samuel, 227
Turrell, Ebenezer, 307
Tyler, Lemuel, 131
Tyler, Royall, 19, 301–4, 315–19
Tyranny, 5, 152, 172, 174, 179, 264
Ulster, Ire., 187
United States, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 20
Universalism, 261–62
Universalists: and Am. Rev., 210, 305; and Baptists, 210, 217; in Charlton, Mass., 224, 311; confidence men as, 314; establishment of, 256; as Friends of Government, 223; as Shaysites, 225; in Shaysite towns, 17
University of Edinburgh, 243
Upton, Mass., 235
Uxbridge, Mass., 87, 225, 235, 260
Vaughan, Charles, 154
Vaughan, Elliot G., 154–55
Vermont: clergy in, 269; Daniel Shays in, 2, 180; legislature of, 127; religion in, 257; Royall Tyler in, 302, 303, 319; Shaysites in, 129, 267, 301, 302
Virtue: and Am. Rev., 133; and debt, 54, 60, 99; in eastern Mass., 133; Friends of Government and, 13; Mass, government and, 265; and money, 58–59, 68; republicanism, 309; Shaysites and, 170; and society, 124; and trade, 58–59
Voluntary associations, 20, 223, 224
Wadsworth, Peleg, 284
Wait, Thomas, 284, 286–87, 289
Waldo Patent (Maine), 269
War bonds. See Notes, treasury
Ware, Mass., 192, 227, 234, 263, 267, 277
Warner, Gen., 206
Warren, Daniel, 87
Warren, James, 70, 76, 170, 309
Warren, Mercy Otis, 181–82
Warren, R.I., 257
Warren Baptist Association, 209, 213, 257, 258–59, 260
Washington, George: Antifederalists on, 293; and Daniel Shays, 178; and Henry Lee, 177; and Lafayette, 1; and Madison, 171, 177; as potential dictator, 173; regiments of, 129; and slavery, 293
Washington, Mass., 232
Watkins, John, 308
Watson, Oliver, 219
Watson (family), 219
Watts, Isaac, 253
Wealth: and Am. Rev., 18, 134, 308; in backcountry, 134, 190, 192; in Boston, 124; and class, 22, 150, 151; in Conn., 190–91; of creditors, 81; of Daniel Shays, 129, 181; in eastern Mass., 123, 134; and farm size, 192; and federal government, 105; of Friends of Government, 214; in Great Britain, 60; in Hampshire Co., Mass., 189, 190, 191, 193; of lawyers, 113; in Maine, 153, 288–89; in Mass., 192; of merchants, 124; and religion, 216, 259, 263; of Shaysites, 169, 214, 239, 313; and Shays’s Rebellion, 105, 221; of Stephen Burroughs, 313; in Worcester Co., Mass., 187, 190, 216
Webster, Noah, 134
Wells, Rufus, 277
Wells, Samuel, 64
Wells, Maine, 288
Wendell, Jacob, 64
Wendell, Mass., 234
Werden, Peter, 257
Weson, John, Jr., 88–89
Weson, John, Sr., 89
West, Stephen, 254
Westborough, Mass., 235
West Church (Boston), 265
Western Massachusetts in Revolution, 198
Westhampton, Mass., 234
West Indies, 69, 75, 102, 106, 111–12, 270
Westminster Confession of Faith, 244
West Springfield, Mass., 129, 234, 308
West Stockbridge, Mass., 232, 277
Wetmore, Ephraim, 96
Whalley, Edward, 299
Wheeler, Adam, 126, 129, 168, 170–71, 227–28
Wheelock, Eleazar, 260–61
Whigs, 170, 196, 199, 283, 284
White, David, 247–48
White and Clap (store), 107
Whitefield, George, 261, 306–7
White Indians, 14, 146–47, 153–60
Whiteing, William, 130
White v. Trask, 91
Whitney, Phinehas, 275
Whittaker, James, 247, 262, 272
Widgery, William, 281, 282, 294
Wilbraham, Mass., 234
Wilkinson, Jemima, 210
Williams, Henry, 276
Williams, Israel, 195
Williams, Stephen, 276
Williamsburg, Mass., 234
Williamstown, Mass., 232
Winchendon, Mass., 235
Windsor, Mass., 232
Winslow, Jacob, 64
Winslow, Maine, 155
Winthrop, James, 176
Winthrop, John, 168
Wiscasset, Maine, 283
Wise, John, 62
Wiser, Joseph, 86
Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing, 308
Wood, Aaron, 247
Wood, Joseph, 109
Woodbury, Jeremiah, 95
Worcester Co., Mass.: Baptists in, 221, 222–26, 275, 276; class in, 213; clergy in, 209, 211, 213, 248, 250, 255, 275; Congregationalists in, 187, 217–24, 226–29, 253, 255, 275; county conventions in, 127, 311; courts in, 10, 81, 213, 285; creditors in, 10, 214, 216, 218–21; debt cases in, 10, 81–82, 85–99, 217; debtors in, 10, 214–15, 217, 218–21; ethnicity in, 187; Friends of Government in, 214–16; immigration to, 187; Jeffersonians in, 361 n. 25; justices in, 213; lawyers in, 220; and Maine, 286, 291; merchants in, 131; militia from, 213; newspaper in, 103; newspapers in, 107, 111; Presbyterians in, 187, 260; publishing in, 104; Quakers in, 260; religion in, 248–49, 275; scholarship on, 187; sects in, 211, 213–17, 220–26, 228–29, 263; Separate Baptists in, 213, 216, 257, 259; settlement of, 213; Shakers in, 275; Shaysites in, 122, 128, 130, 214–16, 275–76; Shays’s Rebellion in, 187, 199, 206, 236–38; and taxes, 329 n. 43; towns in, 213, 234–35; Universalists in, 223, 225, 261–62; wealth in, 187, 190, 216
Worcester Magazine, 131, 164, 168
Worthington, Mass., 234
Wroth, L. Kinvin, 93
Yale College, 247, 250, 255, 267, 298, 311
Yankee, 298–320
York Co., Maine, 291
York, Maine, 265, 285, 288, 294
Zobel, Hiller, 93