Index
Adams, Eliphalet, 205–206
Adams, Jeremy, 42
African Americans
Indian prejudices against, 279
intermarriage of with Indians, 278–283
legal designations of, 127–128, 136
pauper apprenticeships and, 140–141
population of, 163
race constructs and, 126–128
slavery and, 126–128
agriculture, women in, 180–184, 217. See also subsistence economy
American Revolution, 21
Indian/Black intermarriage after, 278–283
Mashpees and, 305–306, 310–311, 323, 328
Amos, Blind Joe, 283, 319, 323
Amos, Israel, 278
Anderson, Virginia DeJohn, 18, 24–51
animals
as decorative motifs, 34–35
hunting rituals and, 30–33
impact of domestic, 25
Indians’ response to European, 24–51
in Indian worldview, 26–36, 47
manitous, 29–30, 31–33, 34, 37–38
as property, 39–42
Anne (sunksquaw), 196, 200, 210–211, 212–213, 222
in Mashpee autonomy struggle, 299, 319–320, 321–322
Aquinnah, 273–275
Arminianism, 234–235, 248, 258
Ashurst, Henry, 200
Avery, John, 356
Avery, Samuel, 210–211
Babcock, Peleg, 143
Bahktin, M.M., 67
Baptist church, 280–282, 319, 329
Mashpees and, 300
Barber, Jonathan, 210
basket prevalence and, 349–350
the blind in, 363
chair bottoming and, 342–344
in penal institutions, 345–346
women as, 193
Yankee vs. Indian, 342–345
design of, 352–355
as Indian icon, 360–361
prevalence of, 349–350
in probate listings, 350
souvenir, 356
Belcher, Jonathan, 206
Bellin, Joshua David, 18–19, 52–83
Bradford, William, 35
Bradshaw, Harold Clayton, 215
Bragdon, Kathleen, 182–183, 183, 266, 275
career of, 324–325
Mashpee and, 300–301
Brigs, John, 101
brooms, 348–349
Brotherton settlement, 258
Brown, Andrew, 345
Brown, Isabel, 153
Brown, John, 153
Brown, Kathleen, 127
Bruchac, Marge, 15
Brushet, William, 148
Burgess, Benjamin, 316
Burke, Peter, 89
Bush, George W., 16
Bushnell, Benajah, 206–208
Calvin, Hezekiah, 239–240, 245, 248
Calvinism, 257–258
Campisi, Jack, 221
Cape, Elisha, 280
Carpenter, Esther Bernon, 344
catechism, 65
censuses, 149, 163, 207–208, 328
Cesar, 203
chair bottoming, 342–344, 346, 348, 349, 356–359
Champlin, John, 158
Champlin, Lydia, 159
Champlin, Mary Fowler, 158–160
Chanameed, 181–182
“Charity,” 351
Cheyfitz, Eric, 56, 57, 60, 74
Chickwallop cow and, 24, 42–43
Christianity. See also
Antinomianism;
Arminianism; Congregationalism as civilization, 237–238
coercion vs. support in, 266–267
confession in, 233–235
congregationalism, 86
on dreams, 93
egalitarianism and, 96–97
Eliot and, 52–83
gender roles and, 185
Great Awakening and, 185, 186–187, 281–282
Indian identity and, 232–263, 234–235
Indian survival and, 283–285
interpersonal relations mediation and, 278–283
leadership in, 268–269
Mohegans and, 187–188, 201–202
Narragansetts and, 186–187
the power of words in, 57–59
prayer and, 72–74
role of Indian churches and, 264–298
will and reason in, 235
women in, 183–185
Church, Benjamin, 121
Clapp, Elisha, 316
Clapp, Jonas, 346
Clinton, Bill, 16
Cobb, Peter, 147–148
Cogenhew, Hepzibath, 275
Cogenhew, Reuben, 276, 303, 304
Cogenhew, Samuel, 275
Coggeshall, Daniel, 125–126
Coggswell, Julia, 193–195
Cogley, Richard, 53
Cohen, Charles L., 78
Colby, Betwey, 363
Colman, Benjamin, 205–206
colonialism
censuses and control in, 149
consciousness and, 84–99
control over history and, 13–15
domination in, 214–215
dreams under, 95–97
land encroachment and, 195–213
pauper apprenticeships and, 139–140
power in, 235–239
translation as power in, 56–60
Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 15–16
Comaroff, Jean, 97
Comaroff, John, 97
Comer, John, 87
condensation, in dreams, 88
confession, 233–235
in letters, 244–246
power and, 236–239
Reformed doctrine and, 246–252
Congdon, Ailse, 344
congregationalism, 86, 260, 280–281, 339
consciousness and colonization, 84–99
Coombs, Isaac, 276
Cooper, Sarah, 346
Coquit, Judah, 276–277
Cotton, John, Jr., 271
creation stories, 174–176
Crocker, Jabez, 209–210
culture
disparagement of Indian, 199–201
intermarriage and, 279–283
Danforth, Keyes, 344
Davenport, Samuel, 108
Davis, John, 344
Day-Breaking, if Not the Sun-Rising, Of the Gospel with the Indians in New England, The (Wilson), 72
Deake, Edward, 239
De Forest, John W., 189
Den Ouden, Amy, 20, 174–177, 195–213, 221–222
detribalization, 160
Devotion, Jonathan, 365
Dialogues (Eliot), 19
Diamond, Jared, 25
Dickinson, Levi, 349
diet, 47
disease, 90
displacement, in dreams, 88
cultural anthropology on, 88–89
as divine revelation, 86–87
egalitarianism in, 96–97
Freud on, 88
performative, 92–93
Puritanism and, 90–92
the sould and, 93
voice of God in, 95–96
ability of, 70–71
approaches to the work of, 52–54
catechisms of, 65–66
on dangers of translation, 63–65, 68–71
on dreams, 87
Hutchinson trial and, 58–59
images of Indians in, 53–54, 72–74
on Indian animal words, 39
Indian assistants of, 67
on mutability of Indian languages, 61–63
power of over Indians, 74–76
slavery and, 112–113
textual study of, 52–55
epidemics, 90
ethnohistory, 78
extinction, 203–204
Fawcett, Melissa, 187–188
Fish, John, 315–316
Fish, Phineas, 319–320
Fish, Reuben, 307–308
Fiske, Josiah, 320–321, 322–323
Forbes, Harriette Merrifield, 342, 345
Forrest, Edwin, 321–322
Foucault, Michel, 235–236, 238
Fowler, David, 252–253
Fowler, Mary Cummock, 158–160
Francis, Solomon, 316
Freeman, John, 281–282
Freeman, Nathaniel, Jr., 310–311
Further Accompt (Eliot), 74
Gardner, Isaac, 153
Garrison, William Lloyd, 322
gender roles, 184–185, 200–201. See also women
land heritability and, 201–202
missionaries and, 183–185, 219
Gigger, Simon, 342
“Girl with Painted Splint Basket of Fruit and Corn,” 351
Goddard, Ives, 275
Gookin, Daniel, 112–113, 174–176
Great Awakening, 185, 186–187, 281–282
Green, David, 126
Greenblatt, Stephen, 56
Green Corn Ceremony, 212
Greenman, Deborah, 87
Hall, John, 203
Hallett, William, 321–322
Handsman, Russell, 181–182
Hatchett, Molly, 346, 349, 350
Havens, Patience, 147
Hawes, Benjamin, 277
Hawley, Gideon, 281–282, 300, 302–310, 312–313, 327
Hawley, Gideon, Jr., 315
Hendricks, Bets, 342
Herndon, Ruth Wallis, 20, 137–173
Herring Pond petition, 315–316
hidden transcript, 241–246, 249–251
Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Gookin), 174–176
history
colonialism and control over, 13–15
effects of encounter on writing about, 54–55
ethnohistory, 78
native peoples’ understanding of, 14, 15
women in, 178–180
History of Sexuality, The (Foucault), 236
History of the Indians of Connecticut (De Forest), 189
History of the Town of Ledyard (Avery), 356
Hossueit, Zachariah, 277
Howwoswee, Zachariah, Jr., 280
hunting rituals, 30–33
Huntington, Sarah, 187
Hutchinson, Ann, 58–59
identity
Christian/Indian, 232–263
crafts in, 359–360
indentured service, 20. See also slavery
heritability of, 124–128
immigrants in, 138
types of, 138
Indian Charity School, 237, 240. See also Wheelock, Eleazar
Indian Converts (Mayhew), 85, 268
Indian Dialogues, The (Eliot), 59, 65–66
Indian Grammar Begun (Eliot), 66
Invasion of America, The (Jennings), 52–53
Jack, Betty, 145–146
Jackson, Andrew, 365–366
Jeffers, Thomas, 280, 282, 300, 312
Jefferson, Thomas, 321
Jennings, Francis, 52–53
John Eliot’s Mission to the Indians before King Philip’s War (Cogley), 53
Johnson, Edward, 27
Johnson, John, 347–348
defiance by, 249–251
letters of, 252–257
Sweetland and, 242–244
Johnson, Richard, 280
Johnson, Simon, 276
Josselin, Ralph, 87
Josselyn, John, 27, 30–31, 32–33
Judd, Sylvester, 343
Justices of the Peace, 120–121
Juvenile Institution of South
Boston, 345
Kesoehtaut, Abigail, 84–85
Keteanummin, 272
Key into the Language of America, A (Williams), 28–29, 178
Kibbey, Ann, 57–58
King Philip’s War (1675–76)
the Church in peace brokering during, 267–268, 269–271
Indian military service in, 123, 269
Indian resistance and, 176, 215
Indian’s legal status after, 128–129
internment during, 114
pauper apprenticeships and, 160
slavery after, 107, 111–116, 128–129
Kirkland, Samuel, 239, 249, 252–253, 263
Kracke, Waud, 89
Krupat, Arnold, 74
land
Christian reserves, 272–273
English encroachments on, 283–285
losses of, 183–184
Mohegan struggle regarding, 195–213
reservation, encroachment on, 196–213
as wilderness, 188–189
Larkin, David, 143
Late and Further Manifestation of the Progress of the Gospel (Eliot), 63, 65–66, 68
leadership roles, 218, 268–269
legal system
apprenticeships in, 141–142, 149–153, 152
corruption in, 121
dreams as evidence in, 87, 101
indentured service in, 124, 141
Indian-run courts in, 120
livestock in, 41–42
proximity of settlers and, 118–119
reservation law in, 195–213
Legislative Temperance Society, 339
Lepore, Jill, 131
Leverich, William, 61–63
Lincoln, Levi, 320
Lippard, Lucy, 221
Mahomet I, 197–198
manitous, 29–30, 31–33, 34, 37–38, 46
Mann, Barzaleel, 364
Mann, Emily, 364
marriage, 155–156, 158–159, 168
as political alliance, 180, 210–211, 225–226
Mashantucket Pequots, 317
Mashpee people, 276–298, 299–340
American Revolution and, 305–306, 310–311, 313–314, 328
Apess and, 299
communal resources of, 301–302
economic control over, 308–310
guardians for, 300, 301, 304–305
Herring Pond petition, 315–316
petitions to George III, 303
relief measures for, 303–304
self-rule by, 304
women, 312
Mason, John, 206
Matantuck, 179
Mather, Increase, 271
Mather, Richard, 68–69
Mauwee, Eunice, 191–193
Mauwee, Gideon, 190
Indian Converts, 268–269
orthodoxy in, 90–91
Mayhew, Thomas, Sr., 269–270
McKinstry, Joseph, 341
McMullen, Ann, 360
Messer, Stephen, 344–345
Metamora, 321–322
military service
forced draft into, 114
French recruitments into, 122–12
Indian, in King Philip’s War, 123, 269
Mashpee, in the American Revolution, 305–306
Miller, Perry, 235
missionaries
coercion by, 266–267
Eliot, 52–83
insecurities of, 97–98
Moravian, 190–191
Schaghticoke people and, 190–191
Wheelock, 234–235
Mittark, 273–275
Mittark, Josiah, 274
Mohegan Indians, by their Guardians v. The Governor and Company of Connecticut, 224, 225
Mohegan people, 187–188
as colonial allies, 221–222
guardians of, 203–205
land heritability and, 201–202
land struggle of, 195–213, 224, 225, 228–229
leadership ceremony of, 208–213
petitions of, 197–198
Queen Anne and, 200
sunksquaw Anne and, 196, 200, 210–211, 212–213, 222
Momoho, Mary, 226–227
Mooch, Sarah, 365
Moor’s Charity School, 237, 240.
See also Wheelock, Eleazar
Moravian missionaries, 190–191
Morrison, Dane, 78
mortality rates, 90
Morton, Thomas, 90
Mumford, George, 126
names
pauper apprentices and, 157
Narragansett Indian Church, 186–187
Narragansett people, 160, 164, 186–187
Newell, Margaret Ellen, 19–20, 106–136
New England Company, 265, 277–278, 283, 284
Aquinnah under, 274–275
New England Frontier (Vaughan), 52
Norton, Peter, 147
Norton, Rose, 147
Norton, Samuel, 125
Oldtown Folks (Stowe), 360
Ononharoia (Feast of Fools), 103
pauper apprenticeship, 20, 126, 137–173
age of children in, 154–155, 172
age of freedom in, 172
contracts in, 141–142, 149–153
cultural education and, 161
data on, 138–139, 157–158, 160–161, 162
as domination, 139–140
freedom dues and, 152–153, 170
gender and, 139, 140, 142–143, 150–151, 155
grandchildren in, 171
illegitimate children/orphans in, 146–147, 147–148, 166
initiation of, 143–144
legislation on, 141
marriage and, 155–156
masters in, 153–154
mothers in service and, 143–144, 145–146
naming in, 157
paternalism and, 147–149
poverty and, 146–147
race and, 138–139, 140–141, 147–148
siblings in, 145–146
skill/literacy training in, 150–152, 168–169
treatment of children in, 157
work involved in, 156
Pequot War (1637), 107, 108–109
Percival, John, 307–308
Pero, Moll, 145
Perry, E. G., 323
Perry, Mary, 157
Peters, Russell, 15
Poetics of Imperialism, The (Cheyfitz), 56, 57
Pognit, Zaccheus, 315
Pointing, William, 41
Pomit, Tobish, 279
Ponit, Josiah, 278
Popmonet, Simon, 276
Popmoney, Simon, 123–124
power
missionaries and, 235–239
prayer, Eliot on Indian’s thoughts about, 71–74
private apprenticeships, 138
property rights. See also legal system
animals in, 39–42
judicial enslavement and, 118–122
Mashpee struggle and, 332–333
Mohegan land struggle and, 197–200
slavery and, 127
psychoanalysis of dreams, 88–89
public transcript, 241–246
Puritanism. See also Christianity
catechisms and, 65–66
divine providence in, 38
dreams and, 90–92
intolerance in, 58–59
orthodoxy and, 56–60
the power of words in, 57–60, 76
salvation in, 90–92
Pynchon, John, 42
Quaiapan, 179
Quince, Samuel, 147–148
Quocco, Jehu, 140
race
of basket makers/bottomers, 364
detribalization and, 186–187
land rights and purity of, 204
legal designation of, 127–128, 136, 140–141
pauper apprenticeships and, 138–139, 140–141
relations among, 140–141
in tax and legal codes, 108
resettlements, 118
resistance, 20
King Philip’s War and, 176
Narragansett, 186–187
Schaghticoke, 188–195
of women, 174–231
Reinterpreting the Indian Experience in Colonial New England conference, 15–18
Richmond, Trudie Lamb, 20, 174–195, 231
Riis, Jacob A., 368
Ronda, James, 266
Rubertone, Patricia, 179
sachems. See also sunksquaws
as church and political officials, 268–269
definition of, 217
leadership roles and, 218
territory limits placed on, 272–273
women as, 178–180
Salem, Peter, 342–343, 346, 357, 362–363
Saltonstall, Gurdon, 203
Sassamon, John, 114
Schaghticoke people, 188–195
Scheick, William, 59–60
Scott, James C., 235–236, 236–237, 241
Secutor, Mary, 246–248
Seeknout, 268
Seeknout, Jacob, 275
Sekatau, Ella Wilcox, 20, 137–173, 187
Selesky, Harold, 215
Sergeant, John, 184–185
Sewall, Samuel, 86–87
shamans, dreams and, 92–93
Shays’s Rebellion (1786), 307
Shelton Basket Company, 361
Shepard, Thomas, 61–62, 68, 93
Silverman, David J., 21, 264–298
Sissetom, Thomas, 271
slavery, 19–20, 106–136. See also indentured servants; pauper apprenticeship as criminal penalty, 108, 111, 117–122
French recruiting and, 122–123
Indian sovereignty and, 113–116
kidnapping and, 112–113
legal framework for, 107–110, 112–116, 116–117, 124
opposition to, 122–124
prevalence of, 106–107, 116, 129
Rhode Island ban on, 115
trade in, 108–109, 115–116, 116–117
women and children in, 110, 112
Sobel, Méchal, 97
Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge, 185
Society for the Improvement of the Mohegan Indians, 187
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 205, 302
South-County Neighbors (Carpenter), 344
sovereignty, 16–17
Mashpee efforts for, 276–298, 299–340
Narragansett detribalization and, 160
slavery and, 113–114
spirituality. See also Christianity
translation and, 57–59
Sprague, Angela, 358–359
Sprague, Sarah (Brown), 357–359
Spywood, Sampson, 169
Stoughton, Israel, 108
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 360, 366
Strength out of Weaknesse (Eliot), 63–64
subordination, 241
subsistence economy
crafts in, 359–360
land resources and, 118
sunksquaws, 178–180
Anne, 196, 200, 210–211, 212–213, 222
leadership roles and, 218
Mary Momoho, 226–227
political power of, 216–217
Sweetland, Eleazar, 242–244
Sweetser, Octavia, 359
symbolization, in dreams, 88
synecdoche, 74
Talcott, Joseph, 196, 204–208, 210–211, 229, 230
Talman, Peter, 143
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 218
tattoos, 34
Tears of Repentence (Eliot), 68–69
Tedlock, Barbara, 89
Thornton, Thomas, 121
Tookonchasm, 272–273
Town officer, The (Freeman), 169, 170
Tracy, Joseph, Jr., 209–210
Translation
colonialism and power in, 56–60
the divine and, 57–59
effects of encounter on, 52–55, 56–57, 71–75
of Indian’s thoughts on prayer, 72–74
nature of Indian languages and, 61–63
possible dangers of, 63–65
as power, 74–76
Trat, Robert, 122
Tuntiahehu, 157
Tyler, John, 15
Uncas, Ben I, 187, 195, 197–198, 203
Uncas, Ben II, 196, 206–208, 210–211, 228–229, 230
Underwood, Josiah, 145
Vaughan, Alden, 52
Vickers, Daniel, 122
“View of Quebec,” 356
Wadsworth, James, 203
Waldron, Richard, 115
Wampanoag people
influence of church officers, 276–278
language of, 280
New England Company and, 277–278
outsider marriages among, 278–283
petitions by, 276–278
rise of the church among, 267–268, 271–273, 275–278
role of the church among, 264–298
survival of, 283–285
Wapock, George, 123–124
Watson, Jeffrey, 159
Weeden, Dan, 145
Weepquish, 272–273
Weetamoo, 179
Weinstein, Laurie, 215
Wequashcook, 225–226
whaling, 122
Wheelock, Eleazar, 21
congregationalism and, 260
on Indian conversion, 237–238
letters to as public record, 239–246
relationship of with students, 233–235, 242–244
view of Indian character of, 247–248
Wheelock, Ralph, 239
Whitfield, Henry, 63–64
Wigwam Festival, 187–188
Williams, Roger
on animals and Indians, 26, 27, 28–29, 31, 36–37
on sunksquaws, 178
on Wequashcook, 225–226
on women, 181
Wilson, John, 72
Winslow, Edward, 26–27
Winthrop, John, 37–38, 41, 108–109
Woddell, William, 121
Wolverton, Nan, 21–22, 341–368
women
in agriculture, 180–181
in chair bottoming, 346
cultural roles of, 180, 181–184
European gender roles and, 184–185
as heads of households, 207–208
in Indian languages, 182–183
in Indian worldview, 174–176
land heritability and, 201–202, 207–208
literacy training and, 150–152
in Mashpee struggle, 312
Mohegan, 187–188
Momoho, 226–227
Narragansett, 186–187
outsider marriages and, 279–283
pauper apprenticeship and, 139, 140, 142–143, 150–151, 155
political power of, 178–180, 225–226
resistance by, 174–231
Schaghticoke, 188–195
sunksquaws, 178–180
Wompom, Jenney, 157
Wood, Peter, 127
Wright, Judah, 343
Writing Indians: Literacy, Christianity, and Native Community in Early America (Wyss), 54
Wuttununohkomkooh, 269
Wyss, Hilary, 54